Dietary Protein and Energy Utiiization by Juvenile American Eel (Anguills msfrata) Sean M Tibbetts Subrnitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at The Nova Scotia Agriwltural College, Truro, Nova Scotia and Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Q Copyright by Sean M Tibbetts, 1999 1+1 National Library of Canada Bibliothéque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Bibliographie Services Acquisitions et services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street Ottawa O N K I A ON4 Canada 395 rue Wdliigtm OtiawaON K l A W Canada The author has granted a nonexclusive Licence allowing the National Library of Canada to reproduce, loan, distribute or seii copies of this thesis in microfom, paper or electronk formats L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive permettant la Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de cette thèse sous la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique The author retains ownership of the copyright in this thesis Neither the thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it may be p ~ t e or d otherwise reproduced without the author's pennission L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans son autorisation This thesis is dedicated to my niece Kathleen Rose Dehmel born December 12, 1996 iv 2.1.7 2.1.8 2.1.9 2.1.10 2.7.11 Vitamins 18 Minerals -18 Feed Attractants -19 Nutrient Requirements of Arneriwn Eel -20 Rationale and Objectives -20 2.2 Materials and Methods 20 2.2.1 Sample Preparation -20 2.2.2 Chernical Analysis 21 2.3 Results and Discussion -22 Chapter Optimum Dietary Crude Protein Requirement 3.1 Literature Review -26 3.1- Structure and Classification of Protein and Amino Acids -26 3.1.2 Dietary Protein and Essential Amino Acids .28 3.1-3 American Eel Culture Conditions and Diets 33 3.1.4 Rationale and Objectives -34 3.2 Materials and Methods 35 3.2.1 -rimental Diets -35 Growth Performance 37 3.2.2 3.2.3 Nutrient Digestibiiity 39 3.2.4 Nutrient Retention -40 3.2.5 Statistical Analysis -40 3.3 Results and Discussion 42 3.3.1 Growth Performance 42 3.3.2 Nutrient Digestibility -45 3.3.3 Nutrient Retention -47 3.4 General Discussion -49 Conclusion -50 Chapter 4.1 Optimum Dietary Protein:Energy Ratio Literature Review -51 Dietary Energy -51 4.1 -1 4.1.2 Bioenergetics -52 vi List of Tables Table 1: Proximate composition of commercial diets used to feed eels in Atlantic Canada and comparison to known requirements 23 Table 2: Name abbreviation and classification of the twenty amino acids 27 Table 3: Essential amino acid requirements of juvenile Japanese eel -31 Table 4: Estimated dietary protein requirements for maximal growth of juvenile fish .32 Table 5: Composition of experimental diets used to determine optimum dietary protein requirement of juvenile American eel -36 Table 6: Average weight, growth rate and feed conversion of Arnerican eel fed diets containing graded levels of protein for 84 days 43 Table 7: Apparent digestibility of organic matter, protein and gross energy in the diets containing graded levels of protein 45 Table 8: Body composition of American eel fed the five diets antaining graded levels of protein after 84 days 48 Table 9: Carcass protein lipid and gross energy gain of Arnerican eel fed the five diets containing graded levels of protein -48 after 84 days Table 10: Reported optimum protein:energy ratio for various fish .59 Table 11: Composition of experimental diets used to detemine optimum dietary protein:energy ratio for juvenile American eel 64 Table 12: Average weight, growth rate and feed conversion of American eel fed diets containing varying proteimenergy ratios for 84 days 69 Table 13: Apparent digestibility of organic matter, protein, gross energy, lipid and phosphorous in the five diets containing varying protein:energy ratios .71 viii Table 14: Phosphate (PO excretion rates of juvenile Arnerican eel fed the five diets containing varying protein:energy ratios -74 Table 15: Body composition of American eel fed the five diets containing varying protein:energy ratios af'ter84 days 75 Table 16: Carcass protein lipid and gross energy gain of American eel fed the five diets containing varying protein:energy ratios after 84 days 76 List of Figures Figure 1: Basic chernical structure of an amino acid -27 Figure 2: Condensation reaction of two amino acids 28 Figure 3: Effect of dietary protein level on growth of American eel at various sarnpling times during the experiment -43 Figure 4: Partitioningof dietary energy in food consumed by fish 53 Figure 5: Effect of dietary protein:energy ratio on growth of American eel at various sampling times dunng the expriment -68 List of Appendices Appendix 1: Deviations from the method of Suzuki and Early (1991) for determination of chrornic oxide content in feeds and faeces -82 Appendix 2: Chernical composition of diets and faecal samples for the digestibility trial (protein requirement experiment) 83 Appendix 3: Deviations from the method of AOAC (1984) for determination of phosphorous content in feeds and faeces -84 Appendix 4: Chernical composition of diets and faecal samples for the digestibility trial (protein:energy ratio experiment) -85 Appendix 5: R2values for data analysis for the protein and proteimenergy trials -86 xi Dabrowski, K R 1977 Protein requirements of grass carp fry (Ctenophaïyngodon idella) Aquaculture 1263-73 Dabrowski, KR 1981 Tryptophan requirernent of common carp (Cyptinus carpio L.) fry Z Tierphysiol., Tierernaehr Futterrnittelkd 46:64-71 Daniels, W.H and Robinson, E.H 1986 Protein and energy requirements of red drum Aquaculture 53:232-243 Das, KM., Mohanty, S.N and Sarkar, S 1991 Optimum dietary pr0tein:energy ratio for Labeo rohifa fingerlings In Fish Nutrition Research in Asia Proceedings of the FourVi Asian Fish 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Reported optimum protein :energy ratio for various fish .59 Table 11: Composition of experimental diets used to detemine optimum dietary protein :energy ratio for juvenile American eel 64 Table