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Giới thiệu về Giải phẫu và Sinh lý học, Cấp độ tổ chức hóa học, Cấp độ tổ chức tế bào, Cấp độ tổ chức, Hệ thống tích hợp, Cấu trúc xương và xương, Bộ xương trục, Bộ xương ruột thừa, Khớp, Mô cơ, Hệ thống cơ bắp , Mô thần kinh, Tủy sống, Thần kinh cột sống và Phản xạ cột sống, Thần kinh não và sọ, Đường dẫn truyền cảm giác và Hệ thần kinh Somatic, Hệ thần kinh tự chủ và Chức năng bậc cao, Các giác quan đặc biệt, Hệ thống nội tiết, Máu Tim, mạch máu và tuần hoàn, hệ thống bạch huyết và miễn dịch, hệ hô hấp, hệ tiêu hóa, trao đổi chất, dinh dưỡng và năng lượng, hệ thống tiết niệu, chất lỏng, chất điện giải và cân bằng axit, hệ thống sinh sản The Chemical Level of Organization, The Cellular Level of Organization,The Tissue Level of Organization,The Integumentary System,Bones and Bone Structure,The Axial Skeleton,The Appendicular Skeleton,Joints, Muscle Tissue,The Muscular System,Nervous Tissue,The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes,The Brain and Cranial Nerves,Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System,The Autonomic Nervous System and HigherOrder Functions,The Special Senses, The Endocrine System,Blood, The Heart,Blood Vessels and Circulation,The Lymphatic System and Immunity,The Respiratory System, The Digestive System,Metabolism, Nutrition, and Energetics,The Urinary System,Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid—Base Balance, The Reproductive System
Chapterȱ12 NervousȱTissue Multiple Choice Questions 1) Theȱ ȱnervousȱsystemȱisȱcomposedȱofȱtheȱbrainȱandȱspinalȱcord A) autonomic B) peripheral C) central D) efferent E) afferent Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 2) Theȱ ȱnervousȱsystemȱcontrolsȱtheȱskeletalȱmuscles A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) afferent D) somatic E) autonomic Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 3) TheȱpartȱofȱtheȱperipheralȱnervousȱsystemȱthatȱcarriesȱsensoryȱinformationȱtoȱtheȱCNSȱis designated A) motor B) afferent C) efferent D) autonomic E) somatic Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 4) Theȱefferentȱdivisionȱofȱtheȱperipheralȱnervousȱsystemȱinnervatesȱ ȱcells A) skeletalȱmuscle B) smoothȱmuscle C) heartȱmuscle D) glandular E) Allȱofȱtheȱanswersȱareȱcorrect Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ12ȱȱNervousȱTissueȱȱȱ365 5) Theȱnervousȱtissueȱoutsideȱofȱtheȱcentralȱnervousȱsystemȱcomposesȱtheȱ ȱnervous system A) somatic B) peripheral C) autonomic D) afferent E) parasympathetic Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 6) Theȱ ȱdivisionȱofȱtheȱperipheralȱnervousȱsystemȱbringsȱsensoryȱinformationȱtoȱthe centralȱnervousȱsystem A) somatic B) peripheral C) autonomic D) afferent E) parasympathetic Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 7) Theȱ ȱdivisionȱofȱtheȱnervousȱsystemȱcarriesȱmotorȱcommandsȱtoȱmusclesȱandȱglands A) spinal B) peripheral C) autonomic D) afferent E) efferent Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 8) Theȱ ȱnervousȱsystemȱprovidesȱinvoluntaryȱregulationȱofȱsmoothȱmuscle,ȱcardiac muscle,ȱandȱglandularȱactivity A) somatic B) peripheral C) autonomic D) afferent E) motor Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 366ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 9) ȱcarryȱmotorȱinformationȱtoȱperipheralȱeffectors A) Unipolarȱneurons B) Efferentȱneurons C) Multipolarȱneurons D) Afferentȱneurons E) Interneurons Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 10) ȱnervesȱareȱnervesȱthatȱconnectȱtoȱtheȱspinalȱcord A) Spinal B) Cranial C) Afferent D) Multipolar E) Autonomic Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 11) ȱnervesȱareȱnervesȱthatȱconnectȱtoȱtheȱbrain A) Spinal B) Unmyelinated C) Myelinated D) Cranial E) Interneural Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-1 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 12) Theȱaxoplasmȱofȱtheȱaxonȱcontainsȱwhichȱofȱtheȱfollowing? A) neurotubules B) mitochondria C) vesicles D) neurofibrils E) Allȱofȱtheȱanswersȱareȱcorrect Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 13) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱisȱnotȱaȱrecognizedȱstructuralȱclassificationȱforȱneurons? A) anaxonic B) bipolar C) multipolar D) pseudopolar E) unipolar Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ12ȱȱNervousȱTissueȱȱȱ367 14) Theȱmostȱabundantȱclassȱofȱneuronȱinȱtheȱcentralȱnervousȱsystemȱis A) anaxonic B) bipolar C) multipolar D) pseudopolar E) unipolar Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 15) Theȱcytoplasmȱthatȱsurroundsȱtheȱnucleusȱofȱaȱneuronȱisȱcalledȱthe A) protoplasm B) nucleoplasm C) sarcoplasm D) neuroplasm E) perikaryon Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 16) ClustersȱofȱRERȱandȱfreeȱribosomesȱinȱneuronsȱareȱcalled A) neurofilaments B) neurofibrils C) perikaryon D) Nisslȱbodies E) microglia Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 17) Theȱaxonȱisȱconnectedȱtoȱtheȱsomaȱatȱthe A) telodendria B) synapticȱterminal C) collaterals D) axonȱhillock E) synapse Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 18) Branchesȱthatȱmayȱoccurȱalongȱanȱaxonȱareȱcalled A) telodendria B) synapticȱterminals C) collaterals D) hillocks E) synapses Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 368ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 19) Axonsȱterminateȱinȱaȱseriesȱofȱfineȱextensionsȱknownȱas A) telodendria B) terminals C) collaterals D) dendrites E) synapses Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 20) Theȱsiteȱofȱintercellularȱcommunicationȱbetweenȱaȱneuronȱandȱanotherȱcellȱisȱthe A) telodendria B) axolemma C) collateral D) hillock E) synapse Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 21) TheȱrabiesȱvirusȱtravelsȱtoȱtheȱCNSȱvia A) anterogradeȱaxoplasmicȱtransport B) retrogradeȱaxoplasmicȱtransport C) bloodȱvessels D) subcutaneousȱconnectiveȱtissue E) cerebrospinalȱfluid Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 22) Neuronsȱthatȱareȱrare,ȱsmall,ȱandȱlackȱfeaturesȱthatȱdistinguishȱdendritesȱfromȱaxonsȱareȱcalled A) anaxonic B) unipolar C) bipolar D) tripolar E) multipolar Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 23) Neuronsȱinȱwhichȱdendriticȱandȱaxonalȱprocessesȱareȱcontinuousȱandȱtheȱsomaȱliesȱoffȱtoȱone sideȱareȱcalled A) anaxonic B) unipolar C) bipolar D) tripolar E) multipolar Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ12ȱȱNervousȱTissueȱȱȱ369 24) Neuronsȱthatȱhaveȱoneȱaxonȱandȱoneȱdendrite,ȱwithȱtheȱsomaȱinȱbetween,ȱareȱcalled A) anaxonic B) unipolar C) bipolar D) tripolar E) multipolar Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 25) Neuronsȱthatȱhaveȱseveralȱdendritesȱandȱaȱsingleȱaxonȱareȱcalled A) anaxonic B) unipolar C) bipolar D) tripolar E) multipolar Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 26) SensoryȱneuronsȱofȱtheȱPNSȱare A) unipolar B) bipolar C) anaxonic D) multipolar E) tripolar Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 27) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱactivitiesȱorȱsensationsȱis/areȱnotȱmonitoredȱbyȱinteroceptors? A) sight B) pain C) activitiesȱofȱtheȱdigestiveȱsystem D) cardiovascularȱactivities E) urinaryȱactivities Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 28) ȱareȱtheȱmostȱnumerousȱtypeȱofȱneuronȱinȱtheȱCNS A) Sensoryȱneurons B) Motorȱneurons C) Unipolarȱneurons D) Bipolarȱneurons E) Interneurons Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 370ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 29) Howȱdoesȱblockingȱretrogradeȱaxoplasmicȱtransportȱinȱanȱaxonȱaffectȱtheȱactivityȱofȱaȱneuron? A) Theȱneuronȱbecomesȱunableȱtoȱproduceȱneurotransmitters B) Theȱneuronȱbecomesȱunableȱtoȱproduceȱactionȱpotentials C) Theȱsomaȱbecomesȱunableȱtoȱexportȱproductsȱtoȱtheȱsynapticȱterminals D) Theȱsomaȱbecomesȱunableȱtoȱrespondȱtoȱchangesȱinȱtheȱdistalȱendȱofȱtheȱaxon E) Theȱneuronȱbecomesȱunableȱtoȱdepolarizeȱwhenȱstimulated Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Figureȱȱ12-1ȱTheȱNeuron UseȱFigureȱ12-1ȱtoȱanswerȱtheȱfollowingȱquestions: 30) TheȱstructuresȱlabeledȱȈ1Ȉȱareȱdendrites.ȱTheirȱmembranesȱcontainȱnumerousȱchemically -gated ionȱchannels A) Theȱfirstȱstatementȱisȱtrueȱbutȱtheȱsecondȱstatementȱisȱfalse B) Theȱfirstȱstatementȱisȱfalseȱbutȱtheȱsecondȱstatementȱisȱtrue C) Bothȱstatementsȱareȱtrue D) Bothȱstatementsȱareȱfalse Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 31) TheȱstructureȱlabeledȱȈ2Ȉȱisȱa(n) A) neurofilament B) dendrite C) initialȱsegment D) perikaryon E) axon Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ12ȱȱNervousȱTissueȱȱȱ371 32) WhichȱtypeȱofȱmembraneȱchannelsȱareȱfoundȱatȱlabelȱȈ3Ȉ? A) voltage-gatedȱNa+ ȱchannels B) voltage-gatedȱK+ ȱchannels C) chemically-gatedȱNa+ ȱandȱK+ ȱchannels D) voltage-gatedȱCa2+ ȱchannels E) bothȱvoltage-gatedȱNa+ ȱchannelsȱandȱvoltage-gatedȱK+ ȱchannels Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 33) IdentifyȱtheȱstructureȱlabeledȱȈ4.Ȉ A) synapticȱterminals B) telodendria C) dendriticȱspines D) collateralȱbranches E) axons Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 34) IdentifyȱtheȱstructureȱlabeledȱȈ5.Ȉ A) axons B) telodendria C) dendriticȱspines D) synapticȱterminals E) collateralȱbranch Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 35) WhatȱisȱcontainedȱinsideȱtheȱstructureȱlabeledȱȈ5Ȉ? A) neuroglia B) sodiumȱions C) acetylcholinesterase D) calciumȱions E) neurotransmitterȱmolecules Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 36) Whichȱpart(s)ȱofȱtheȱneuronȱcanȱpropagateȱanȱactionȱpotential? A) B) 1ȱandȱ2 C) 2ȱandȱ3 D) Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 372ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 37) Onȱwhichȱstructureȱdoȱmostȱneuronȱtoȱneuronȱcommunicationsȱoccur? A) B) C) D) E) Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 38) ȱmonitorȱtheȱpositionȱofȱskeletalȱmusclesȱandȱjoints A) Proprioceptors B) Internoceptors C) Photoreceptors D) Exteroceptors E) Pressoreceptors Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 39) ȱcarryȱsensoryȱinformationȱtoȱtheȱCNS A) Motorȱneurons B) Efferentȱneurons C) Multipolarȱneurons D) Afferentȱneurons E) Interneurons Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 40) ȱprovideȱinformationȱaboutȱtheȱexternalȱenvironment A) Spinalȱnerves B) Anaxonicȱneurons C) Internoceptors D) Exteroceptors E) Proprioceptors Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 41) ȱmonitorȱtheȱdigestive,ȱrespiratory,ȱcardiovascular,ȱurinary,ȱandȱreproductive systems A) Spinalȱnerves B) Unipolarȱneurons C) Internoceptors D) Exteroceptors E) Proprioceptors Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ12ȱȱNervousȱTissueȱȱȱ373 42) Theȱplasmaȱmembraneȱofȱanȱaxonȱisȱcalledȱthe A) axonȱterminal B) neurilemma C) myelinȱsheath D) sarcolemma E) axolemma Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 43) Theȱbasicȱfunctionalȱunitȱofȱtheȱnervousȱsystemȱisȱthe A) neuron B) axon C) nerve D) glialȱcell E) receptor Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 44) Theȱmostȱcommonȱneuronȱofȱtheȱnervousȱsystemȱisȱthe A) interneuron B) externoceptor C) bipolarȱneuron D) unipolarȱneuron E) microglialȱcell Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 45) Mostȱneuronsȱlackȱ ȱandȱsoȱareȱpermanentlyȱblockedȱfromȱundergoingȱcellȱdivision A) ribosomes B) endoplasmicȱreticula C) aȱnucleus D) centrioles E) cytoplasm Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 46) Deterioratingȱchangesȱinȱtheȱdistalȱsegmentȱofȱanȱaxonȱasȱaȱresultȱofȱaȱbreakȱbetweenȱitȱandȱthe somaȱisȱcalledȱ ȱdegeneration A) neural B) central C) peripheral D) Wallerian E) conduction Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 386ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e Figureȱ12-2ȱTheȱNerveȱActionȱPotential UseȱFigureȱ12-2ȱtoȱanswerȱtheȱfollowingȱquestions: 99) Whatȱisȱoccurringȱatȱtheȱareaȱlabeledȱ#4? A) Anȱinhibitoryȱstimulusȱhasȱoccurred B) Chemicallyȱgatedȱpotassiumȱchannelsȱhaveȱopened C) Excessiveȱpotassiumȱhasȱdiffusedȱoutȱcausingȱhyperpolarization D) Sodiumȱionsȱhaveȱbeenȱpumpedȱoutȱofȱtheȱneuron E) Excessiveȱdepolarizationȱofȱtheȱaxonȱhasȱoccurred Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 100) Whatȱisȱoccurringȱinȱtheȱareaȱbetweenȱ#2ȱandȱ#3? A) Anȱexcitatoryȱgradedȱpotentialȱisȱoccurring B) Potassiumȱionsȱareȱenteringȱtheȱaxonȱandȱcausingȱdepolarization C) Chemicallyȱgatedȱsodiumȱchannelsȱareȱopenȱandȱsodiumȱisȱdiffusingȱintoȱtheȱaxon D) Sodiumȱionsȱareȱenteringȱtheȱaxonȱandȱcausingȱdepolarization E) Repolarizationȱofȱtheȱaxonȱdueȱtoȱsodiumȱionsȱleavingȱtheȱaxonȱisȱoccurring Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ12ȱȱNervousȱTissueȱȱȱ387 101) Whichȱareaȱofȱtheȱgraphȱshowsȱwhenȱchemicallyȱgatedȱsodiumȱchannelsȱareȱopen? A) B) C) D) E) Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 102) Whichȱareaȱofȱtheȱgraphȱshowsȱwhenȱvoltage -gatedȱsodiumȱchannelsȱareȱopen? A) B) C) D) E) Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 103) Whichȱareaȱofȱtheȱgraphȱshowsȱwhenȱpotassiumȱchannelsȱopen? A) B) C) D) Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 104) Inȱwhichȱareaȱofȱtheȱgraphȱdoȱyouȱseeȱaȱsuddenȱrushȱofȱsodiumȱionsȱintoȱtheȱneuron? A) B) C) D) Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 105) Whichȱareaȱofȱtheȱgraphȱshowsȱwhenȱmembraneȱpotentialȱapproachesȱtheȱpotassium equilibriumȱpotential? A) B) C) D) Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 388ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 106) Whichȱpointȱofȱtheȱgraphȱshowsȱwhenȱpotassiumȱionȱoutflowȱexceedsȱsodiumȱionȱinflow? A) B) C) D) Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 107) Whenȱisȱtheȱneuronȱinȱtheȱrelativeȱrefractoryȱperiod? A) B) C) D) Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying 108) RapidȱimpulseȱconductionȱfromȱȈnodeȈȱtoȱȈnodeȈȱisȱcalled A) spatialȱpropagation B) saltatoryȱpropagation C) divergentȱpropagation D) synapticȱtransmission E) continuousȱpropagation Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 109) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱdoesȱnotȱinfluenceȱtheȱtimeȱnecessaryȱforȱaȱnerveȱimpulseȱtoȱbe transmitted? A) lengthȱofȱtheȱaxon B) presenceȱorȱabsenceȱofȱaȱmyelinȱsheath C) diameterȱofȱtheȱaxon D) presenceȱorȱabsenceȱofȱnodes E) whetherȱorȱnotȱtheȱimpulseȱbeginsȱinȱtheȱCNS Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 110) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱtypesȱofȱnerveȱfiberȱpossessesȱtheȱfastestȱspeedȱofȱimpulse propagation? A) typeȱA B) typeȱB C) typeȱC D) typeȱD E) typeȱE Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ12ȱȱNervousȱTissueȱȱȱ389 111) Typeȱ ȱfibersȱhaveȱtheȱlargestȱdiameterȱaxons A) S B) F C) A D) B E) C Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 112) Sensoryȱinformationȱfromȱskeletalȱmusclesȱtravelsȱoverȱ ȱfibers A) typeȱA B) typeȱB C) typeȱC D) typeȱD E) typeȱE Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 113) Inȱwhichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱwouldȱtheȱrateȱofȱimpulseȱconductionȱbeȱtheȱgreatest? A) aȱmyelinatedȱfiberȱofȱ10-ΐmȱdiameter B) aȱnonmyelinatedȱfiberȱofȱ20-ΐmȱdiameter C) aȱmyelinatedȱfiberȱofȱ1-ΐmȱdiameter D) aȱnonmyelinatedȱfiberȱofȱ10-ΐmȱdiameter E) Itȱwouldȱbeȱtheȱsameȱinȱallȱbecauseȱofȱtheȱall-or-noneȱprinciple Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 114) Theȱminimumȱstimulusȱrequiredȱtoȱtriggerȱanȱactionȱpotentialȱisȱknownȱasȱthe A) threshold B) all-or-noneȱresponse C) potential D) incentive E) summation Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 115) Theȱ ȱprincipleȱstatesȱthatȱtheȱsizeȱandȱspeedȱofȱtheȱactionȱpotentialȱareȱindependentȱof theȱstimulusȱstrength A) threshold B) all-or-none C) summation D) polarization E) potential Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 390ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 116) Theȱperiodȱduringȱwhichȱanȱexcitableȱmembraneȱcannotȱrespondȱtoȱfurtherȱstimulationȱisȱthe ȱperiod A) relativeȱrefractory B) absoluteȱrefractory C) resting D) lag E) stationary Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 117) Theȱperiodȱduringȱwhichȱanȱexcitableȱmembraneȱcanȱrespondȱagain,ȱbutȱonlyȱifȱtheȱstimulusȱis greaterȱthanȱtheȱthresholdȱstimulus,ȱisȱtheȱ ȱperiod A) relativeȱrefractory B) absoluteȱrefractory C) resting D) lag E) stationary Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 118) Theȱpresenceȱofȱ ȱdramaticallyȱincreasesȱtheȱspeedȱatȱwhichȱanȱactionȱpotentialȱmoves alongȱanȱaxon A) aȱcapsule B) plasmaȱprotein C) neurilemma D) glialȱcells E) myelin Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 119) Belowȱareȱtheȱeventsȱthatȱoccurȱduringȱcontinuousȱpropagationȱofȱactionȱpotential.ȱȱSelectȱthe correctȱorderȱinȱwhichȱtheȱeventsȱoccur 1.ȱAdjacentȱmembraneȱsegmentȱdepolarizes 2.ȱLocalȱcurrentȱspreadsȱtoȱadjacentȱvoltageȱgatedȱchannel 3.ȱThresholdȱisȱmet 4.ȱLocalȱcurrentȱdevelopsȱdueȱtoȱsodiumȱmovingȱinȱtheȱcytosol A) 2,4,3,1 B) 2,4,1,3 C) 4,2,3,1 D) 4,2,1,3 E) 1,4,2,3 Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-5 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ12ȱȱNervousȱTissueȱȱȱ391 120) Aȱneuronȱthatȱreceivesȱneurotransmitterȱfromȱanotherȱneuronȱisȱcalled A) theȱpresynapticȱneuron B) theȱmotorȱneuron C) anȱoligodendrocyte D) aȱsatelliteȱcell E) theȱpostsynapticȱneuron Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 121) Whichȱtypeȱofȱsynapseȱisȱmostȱcommonȱinȱtheȱnervousȱsystem? A) chemical B) electrical C) mechanical D) processing E) radiative Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 122) Theȱionȱthatȱtriggersȱtheȱreleaseȱofȱacetylcholineȱintoȱtheȱsynapticȱcleftȱis A) sodium B) potassium C) calcium D) chloride E) magnesium Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 123) Cholinergicȱsynapsesȱreleaseȱtheȱneurotransmitter A) norepinephrine B) adrenalin C) serotonin D) acetylcholine E) GABA Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 392ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 124) Theȱfollowingȱareȱtheȱstepsȱinvolvedȱinȱtransmissionȱatȱaȱcholinergicȱsynapse.ȱWhatȱisȱthe correctȱsequenceȱforȱtheseȱevents? 1.ȱChemically-gatedȱsodiumȱchannelsȱonȱtheȱpostsynapticȱmembraneȱareȱactivated 2.ȱCalciumȱionsȱenterȱtheȱsynapticȱterminal 3.ȱAcetylcholinesteraseȱhydrolyzesȱacetylcholine 4.ȱAnȱactionȱpotentialȱdepolarizesȱtheȱsynapticȱterminalȱatȱtheȱpresynapticȱmembrane 5.ȱTheȱpre-synapticȱterminalȱreabsorbsȱcholine 6.ȱAcetylcholineȱisȱreleasedȱfromȱstorageȱvesiclesȱbyȱexocytosis 7.ȱAcetylcholineȱbindsȱtoȱreceptorsȱonȱtheȱpostsynapticȱmembrane 8.ȱCalciumȱionsȱareȱremovedȱfromȱtheȱcytoplasmȱofȱtheȱpre-ȱsynapticȱterminal A) 4,ȱ2,ȱ6,ȱ7,ȱ8,ȱ5,ȱ3,ȱ1 B) 4,ȱ2,ȱ6,ȱ7,ȱ1,ȱ8,ȱ3,ȱ5 C) 2,ȱ4,ȱ6,ȱ7,ȱ1,ȱ8,ȱ3,ȱ5 D) 2,ȱ5,ȱ4,ȱ6,ȱ7,ȱ1,ȱ8,ȱ3 E) 6,ȱ4,ȱ2,ȱ7,ȱ1,ȱ8,ȱ3,ȱ5 Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 125) Ifȱtheȱchemicallyȱgatedȱsodiumȱchannelsȱinȱtheȱpostsynapticȱmembraneȱwereȱcompletely blocked, A) synapticȱtransmissionȱwouldȱfail B) releaseȱofȱneurotransmitterȱwouldȱstop C) smallerȱactionȱpotentialsȱwouldȱresult D) theȱpresynapticȱmembraneȱwouldȱbeȱunableȱtoȱreachȱthreshold E) theȱpresynapticȱneuronȱwouldȱreleaseȱaȱdifferentȱneurotransmitter Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 126) Theȱeffectȱthatȱaȱneurotransmitterȱhasȱonȱtheȱpostsynapticȱmembraneȱdependsȱonȱthe A) frequencyȱofȱneurotransmitterȱrelease B) natureȱofȱtheȱneurotransmitter C) characteristicsȱofȱtheȱreceptors D) quantityȱofȱneurotransmittersȱreleased E) Allȱofȱtheȱanswersȱareȱcorrect Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 127) Whenȱcholinergicȱreceptorsȱareȱstimulated, A) sodiumȱionsȱenterȱtheȱpostsynapticȱneuron B) sodiumȱionsȱleaveȱtheȱpostsynapticȱneuron C) chlorideȱionsȱenterȱtheȱpostsynapticȱneuron D) chlorideȱionsȱleaveȱtheȱpostsynapticȱneuron E) norepinephrineȱdeactivatesȱacetylcholine Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ12ȱȱNervousȱTissueȱȱȱ393 128) Whatȱtriggersȱtheȱreleaseȱofȱacetylcholineȱfromȱaȱsynapticȱterminal? A) releaseȱofȱcalciumȱionsȱfromȱtheȱsynapticȱvesicles B) gradedȱpotentialsȱinȱtheȱsynapticȱterminal C) synapticȱvesiclesȱfuseȱtoȱdendrites D) diffusionȱofȱsodiumȱionsȱoutȱofȱtheȱsynapticȱterminal E) diffusionȱofȱcalciumȱionsȱintoȱtheȱsynapticȱterminal Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 129) Atȱa(n)ȱ ȱsynapse,ȱaȱneurotransmitterȱisȱreleasedȱtoȱstimulateȱtheȱpostsynaptic membrane A) electrical B) cell C) chemical D) osmotic E) gap Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 130) Inȱa(n)ȱ ȱsynapse,ȱcurrentȱflowsȱdirectlyȱbetweenȱcells A) electrical B) cell C) chemical D) osmotic E) gap Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 131) Atȱaȱsynapseȱtheȱ0.2-0.5ȱmillisecondsȱitȱtakesȱforȱcalciumȱinfluxȱandȱneurotransmitterȱreleaseȱis called A) latencyȱperiod B) synapticȱdelay C) recoveryȱperiod D) repolarization E) synapticȱdiffusion Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 394ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 132) Synapticȱdelayȱisȱcausedȱby A) neurotransmitterȱdiffusion B) bindingȱofȱacetylcholineȱtoȱpost-synapticȱreceptors C) calciumȱinfluxȱandȱneurotransmitterȱrelease D) productionȱandȱtransportȱofȱneurotransmitterȱwithinȱtheȱneuron E) theȱlackȱofȱpermeabilityȱofȱtheȱpost-synapticȱmembrane Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 133) Adrenergicȱsynapsesȱreleaseȱtheȱneurotransmitter A) acetylcholine B) norepinephrine C) dopamine D) serotonin E) GABA Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 134) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱisȱtheȱmostȱimportantȱexcitatoryȱneurotransmitterȱinȱtheȱbrainȱthatȱis importantȱinȱlearningȱandȱmemory? A) glutamate B) gammaȱaminobutyricȱacid C) serotonin D) noradrenaline E) glycine Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 135) Afterȱacetylcholinesteraseȱacts,ȱtheȱsynapticȱterminal A) reabsorbsȱtheȱacetylcholine B) reabsorbsȱtheȱacetate C) reabsorbsȱtheȱcholine D) reabsorbsȱaxoplasm E) pinchesȱoffȱandȱaȱnewȱterminalȱgrows Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 136) AȱdeficiencyȱinȱwhichȱneurotransmitterȱwouldȱcauseȱParkinsonȇs-likeȱsymptoms? A) dopamine B) norepinephrine C) serotonin D) GABA E) endorphins Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ12ȱȱNervousȱTissueȱȱȱ395 137) Whichȱneurotransmitterȱhasȱaȱdirectȱeffectȱonȱopeningȱchlorideȱchannels? A) dopamine B) norepinephrine C) serotonin D) GABA E) endorphins Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 138) Whichȱneurotransmitterȱhasȱwidespreadȱeffectsȱonȱaȱpersonȇsȱattentionȱandȱemotionalȱstate? A) dopamine B) norepinephrine C) serotonin D) GABA E) endorphins Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 139) Whichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱneurotransmittersȱisȱaȱdissolvedȱgas? A) serotonin B) glutamate C) aspartate D) nitricȱoxide E) histamine Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 140) WhichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱneurotransmittersȱareȱknownȱtoȱbindȱtoȱG-proteinȱcoupledȱreceptors? A) epinephrine B) serotonin C) dopamine D) GABA E) AllȱofȱtheseȱbindȱtoȱG-proteinȱcoupledȱreceptors Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 141) TheȱmoleculeȱresponsibleȱforȱmakingȱcyclicȱAMPȱisȱcalled A) adenylateȱcyclase B) adenosine C) anandamide D) adenosineȱsynthase E) G-protein Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 396ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 142) WhichȱofȱtheȱfollowingȱisȱtheȱprimaryȱsecondȱmessengerȱinȱG-proteinȱcoupledȱpost-synaptic cells? A) NO B) CO C) cAMP D) GABA E) ATP Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-7 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 143) Aȱpostsynapticȱneuronȱwillȱhaveȱanȱexcitatoryȱpostsynapticȱpotentialȱ(EPSP)ȱwhen A) chemicallyȱregulatedȱpotassiumȱchannelsȱareȱopenȱandȱpotassiumȱisȱdiffusingȱoutȱofȱthe cell B) moreȱcalciumȱionsȱthanȱusualȱdiffuseȱintoȱtheȱneuron C) chemicallyȱregulatedȱsodiumȱchannelsȱareȱopenȱandȱsodiumȱisȱdiffusingȱintoȱtheȱcell D) theȱneuronȱisȱhyperpolarized E) moreȱpotassiumȱionsȱthanȱusualȱdiffuseȱoutȱofȱtheȱneuron Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 144) TheȱsiteȱinȱtheȱneuronȱwhereȱEPSPsȱandȱIPSPsȱareȱintegratedȱisȱthe A) chemicalȱsynapse B) electricalȱsynapse C) axonȱhillock D) dendriticȱmembrane E) synapticȱterminal Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 145) EPSPsȱ(excitatoryȱpostsynapticȱpotentials)ȱoccurȱwhen A) moreȱpotassiumȱionsȱthanȱusualȱleakȱoutȱofȱaȱcell B) moreȱcalciumȱionsȱthanȱusualȱleakȱoutȱofȱaȱcell C) chlorideȱionsȱenterȱaȱcell D) extraȱsodiumȱionsȱenterȱaȱcell E) hyperpolarizationsȱoccur Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ12ȱȱNervousȱTissueȱȱȱ397 146) IPSPsȱ(inhibitoryȱpostsynapticȱpotentials) A) areȱlocalȱdepolarizations B) areȱlocalȱhyperpolarizations C) increaseȱmembraneȱpermeabilityȱtoȱsodiumȱions D) blockȱtheȱeffluxȱofȱpotassiumȱions E) blockȱtheȱeffluxȱofȱcalciumȱions Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 147) WhenȱaȱsecondȱEPSPȱ(excitatoryȱpostsynapticȱpotential)ȱarrivesȱatȱaȱsingleȱsynapseȱbeforeȱthe effectsȱofȱtheȱfirstȱhaveȱdisappeared,ȱwhatȱoccurs? A) spatialȱsummation B) temporalȱsummation C) inhibitionȱofȱtheȱimpulse D) hyperpolarization E) decreaseȱinȱspeedȱofȱimpulseȱtransmission Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 148) Summationȱthatȱresultsȱfromȱtheȱcumulativeȱeffectȱofȱmultipleȱsynapsesȱatȱmultipleȱplacesȱon theȱneuronȱisȱdesignated A) spatialȱsummation B) temporalȱsummation C) inhibitionȱofȱtheȱimpulse D) hyperpolarization E) impulseȱtransmission Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 149) Aȱneuronȱwhoseȱmembraneȱpotentialȱshiftsȱcloserȱtoȱthresholdȱisȱsaidȱtoȱbe A) hyperpolarized B) depolarized C) facilitated D) repolarized E) atȱequilibrium Answer: C LearningȱOutcome: 12-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 398ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 150) Inȱ ,ȱactivityȱatȱanȱaxoaxonicȱsynapseȱincreasesȱtheȱamountȱofȱneurotransmitter releasedȱwhenȱanȱactionȱpotentialȱarrivesȱatȱtheȱaxonȱterminus A) presynapticȱinhibition B) presynapticȱfacilitation C) spatialȱsummation D) temporalȱsummation E) spatialȱfacilitation Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 151) Inȱoneȱformȱofȱpresynapticȱinhibitionȱtheȱreleaseȱofȱ ȱinhibitsȱtheȱopeningȱofȱvoltage gatedȱcalciumȱchannelsȱinȱtheȱaxonȱterminus A) glutamate B) GABA C) serotonin D) dopamine E) aspartate Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 152) TheȱreleaseȱofȱGABAȱandȱsubsequentȱinhibitionȱofȱvoltageȱgatedȱcalciumȱchannelsȱis associatedȱwith A) presynapticȱinhibition B) presynapticȱfacilitation C) spatialȱsummation D) temporalȱsummation E) spatialȱfacilitation Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-8 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering In-Text Figure Based Questions 1) Theȱaxonȱhillockȱisȱaȱregionȱbetweenȱwhatȱtwoȱgeneralȱregionsȱofȱaȱneuron?ȱ(Figureȱ12 -2) A) dendritesȱandȱcellȱbody B) nucleolusȱandȱnucleus C) axonȱandȱaxonȱterminals D) cellȱbodyȱandȱaxon E) dendritesȱandȱtelodendria Answer: D LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc Chapterȱ12ȱȱNervousȱTissueȱȱȱ399 2) WhichȱneurogliaȱmyelinateȱCNSȱaxonsȱandȱwhichȱneurogliaȱmyelinateȱPNSȱaxons? (Figureȱ12-4) A) oligodendrocytes;ȱSchwannȱcells B) Schwannȱcells;ȱoligodendrocytes C) astrocytes;ȱsatelliteȱcells D) satelliteȱcells;ȱastrocytes E) astrocytes;ȱSchwannȱcells Answer: A LearningȱOutcome: 12-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering 3) Whichȱpartȱofȱanȱacetylcholineȱ(ACh)ȱmoleculeȱundergoesȱreuptakeȱbyȱtheȱaxonȱterminalȱtoȱbe reusedȱinȱanotherȱacetylcholineȱmolecule?ȱ(Figureȱ12-16) A) acetate B) choline C) coenzymeȱA D) calcium E) acetyl-CoA Answer: B LearningȱOutcome: 12-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Remembering Essay Questions 1) Rabiesȱisȱcausedȱbyȱaȱvirusȱthatȱattacksȱtheȱcentralȱnervousȱsystem.ȱTheȱvirusȱisȱnormally introducedȱbyȱanȱanimalȱbiteȱthatȱbreaksȱtheȱsurfaceȱofȱtheȱskin.ȱSinceȱtheȱvirusȱisȱnotȱmotile, howȱdoesȱitȱtravelȱtoȱtheȱcentralȱnervousȱsystem? Answer: Whenȱtheȱskinȱisȱbrokenȱbyȱanȱanimalȱbiteȱsomeȱcutaneousȱreceptorsȱareȱphysically damaged.ȱItȱisȱthroughȱtheseȱdamagedȱaxonsȱthatȱtheȱvirusȱgainsȱentranceȱtoȱthe neuron.ȱRetrogradeȱaxoplasmicȱtransportȱcarriesȱtheȱvirusȱtoȱtheȱcentralȱnervousȱsystem, whereȱitȱcanȱreproduceȱandȱspread LearningȱOutcome: 12-2 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding 2) Theȱmyelinationȱofȱcentralȱandȱperipheralȱaxonsȱoccursȱrapidlyȱthroughȱtheȱfirstȱfewȱyearsȱof life.ȱHowȱcanȱthisȱdevelopmentalȱprocessȱexplainȱtheȱimprovedȱmotorȱabilitiesȱofȱinfantsȱand toddlers? Answer: Withoutȱfullȱmyelination,ȱinformationȱaboutȱlimbȱmovementȱandȱbodyȱpositionȱmoves slowlyȱtoȱtheȱCNS,ȱandȱmotorȱcommandsȱmoveȱslowlyȱandȱerraticallyȱtoȱtheȱmuscles.ȱBy theȱtimeȱtheȱbrainȱisȱawareȱofȱmovementȱorȱpositionȱandȱcanȱissueȱaȱmotorȱcommand, theȱlimbȱhasȱalreadyȱmoved.ȱWhenȱtheȱmotorȱcommandȱreachesȱtheȱskeletalȱmuscle,ȱthe responseȱisȱnoȱlongerȱappropriate.ȱAsȱtheȱneuronsȱbecomeȱfullyȱmyelinated,ȱinformation processingȱspeedsȱup,ȱsoȱweȱobserveȱimprovedȱbalance,ȱcoordination,ȱandȱmovement LearningȱOutcome: 12-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 400ȱȱȱTestȱBankȱforȱFundamentalsȱofȱAnatomyȱ&ȱPhysiology,ȱ11e 3) AȱdrugȱthatȱblocksȱATPȱproductionȱisȱintroducedȱintoȱanȱisolatedȱaxonȱpreparation.ȱTheȱaxon isȱthenȱrepeatedlyȱstimulated,ȱandȱrecordingsȱareȱmadeȱofȱtheȱresponse.ȱWhatȱeffectsȱwould youȱexpectȱtoȱobserve? Answer: Initially,ȱtheȱrecordingȱwouldȱshowȱnormalȱactionȱpotentialsȱinȱresponseȱtoȱthe repetitiveȱstimulation.ȱAfterȱ50,000ȱtoȱ100,000ȱactionȱpotentialsȱhaveȱpassed,ȱthe recordingȱwouldȱstartȱtoȱindicateȱlessȱresponsivenessȱfromȱtheȱaxon;ȱultimately,ȱthe axonȱwouldȱfailȱtoȱrespond.ȱBecauseȱveryȱfewȱionsȱactuallyȱmoveȱacrossȱtheȱmembrane duringȱanȱactionȱpotential,ȱaxonsȱcanȱcarryȱthousandsȱofȱactionȱpotentialsȱbeforeȱthe concentrationsȱofȱsodiumȱandȱpotassiumȱionsȱmustȱbeȱreestablishedȱbyȱthe sodium-potassiumȱpump.ȱWithoutȱATPȱproduction,ȱtheȱsupplyȱofȱATPȱwouldȱbe consumed,ȱtheȱpumpȱwouldȱshutȱdown,ȱandȱsoȱtheȱcellȱcouldȱnotȱrestoreȱtheȱsodium andȱpotassiumȱionȱgradients.ȱTheȱresultingȱslowȱdepolarizationȱwouldȱinactivate voltage-gatedȱsodiumȱchannels,ȱleadingȱtoȱaȱpersistentȱabsoluteȱrefractoryȱstate.ȱThe lossȱofȱtheȱelectrochemicalȱgradientsȱdeniesȱtheȱaxonsȱtheirȱmeansȱofȱgeneratingȱan actionȱpotentialȱandȱtransmissionȱwouldȱstop LearningȱOutcome: 12-6 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Applying Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc ... Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 374ȱȱ Test Bank for Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 11e 47) Which of theȱfollowingȱisȱnotȱaȱfunction of theȱneuroglia? A) support B) memory C) secretion of cerebrospinalȱfluid... Demyelinationȱcanȱbeȱcausedȱbyȱarsenic,ȱdiphtheria,ȱmultipleȱsclerosis and mercury Answer: E LearningȱOutcome: 12-3 BloomȇsȱTaxonomy: Understanding Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 378ȱȱ Test Bank for Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 11e 67) Which of theȱfollowingȱisȱnotȱtrueȱregardingȱtheȱestablishment of aȱneuronȇsȱrestingȱmembrane... Copyrightȱ©ȱ2018ȱPearsonȱEducation,ȱInc 382ȱȱ Test Bank for Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 11e 84) Ifȱacetylcholineȱ(ACh)ȱcausesȱinhibition of aȱpostsynapticȱneuron,ȱtoȱwhatȱtype of membrane channelȱdidȱtheȱAChȱbind?