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KẾ TOÁN 26E giúp nâng cao tư duy của học sinh với nội dung giải quyết từng giai đoạn của quá trình học tập từ động lực đến thành thạo. Hệ thống tích hợp này thúc đẩy sinh viên học tập, cung cấp các cơ hội thực hành để chuẩn bị tốt hơn cho các kỳ thi và giúp sinh viên đạt được thành thạo với các công cụ để giúp họ tạo kết nối và nhìn thấy bức tranh lớn. Hệ thống học tập hoàn chỉnh được xây dựng xung quanh cách sinh viên sử dụng sách giáo khoa và tài nguyên trực tuyến để học, nghiên cứu và hoàn thành bài tập về nhà, cho phép họ đạt được thành công cuối cùng trong khóa học này. Nội dung mới bao gồm Triển lãm động do tác giả viết cho phép sinh viên thấy các kết nối và mối quan hệ hơn bao giờ hết Triển lãm động cho phép sinh viên thay đổi các biến trong một kịch bản và xem cách thay đổi gợn qua hệ thống kế toán, giúp sinh viên hiểu các khái niệm liên quan đến nhau như thế nào. Ngoài nhiều tài sản kỹ thuật số mới được tạo cho phiên bản này, nội dung sách giáo khoa cũng đã được sửa đổi để bao gồm tiêu chuẩn ghi nhận doanh thu mới và nhấn mạnh hơn vào các công ty dịch vụ trong các chương kế toán quản lý.
CHAPTER Process Cost Systems Warren Reeve Duchac ©2016 human/iStock/360/Getty Images Accounting 26e Process Cost Systems • A process manufacturer produces products that are indistinguishable from each other using a continuous production process o o • The cost accounting system used by process manufacturers is called the process cost system A process cost system records product costs for each manufacturing department or process A job order manufacturer produces custom products for customer or batches of similar products o o The cost accounting system used by process manufacturers is called the job order cost system A job order cost system records product cost for each job, using job cost sheets ©2016 Comparing Job Order and Process Cost Systems • Process and job order cost systems are different in several ways: o o A process cost system accumulates (records) product costs in work in process accounts for each department In contrast, a job order cost system accumulates (records) product costs by jobs, using job cost sheets In a job order cost system, the work in process at the end of the period is the sum of the job cost sheets for partially completed jobs In a process cost system, the work in process at the end of the period is the sum of the costs remaining in each department account at the end of the period ©2016 Cost of Production Report (slide of 3) • In a process cost system, the cost of units transferred out of each processing department must be determined along with the cost of any partially completed units remaining in the department o The cost of production report summarizes the production and cost data for a department as follows: The units the department is accountable for and the disposition of those units The product costs incurred by the department and the allocation of those costs between completed (transferred out) and partially completed units ©2016 Cost of Production Report (slide of 3) • A cost of production report is prepared using the following four steps: o o o o Step Determine the units to be assigned costs Step Compute equivalent units of production Step Determine the cost per equivalent unit Step Allocate costs to units transferred out and partially completed units ©2016 Cost of Production Report (slide of 3) • Preparing a cost of production report requires making • a cost flow assumption Like merchandise inventory, costs can be assumed to flow through the manufacturing process using the firstin, first-out (FIFO), last-in, first-out (LIFO), or average cost methods o Because the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method is often the same as the physical flow of units, the FIFO method is used in this chapter â2016 Compute Equivalent Units of Production Whole units are the number of units in production • • during a period, whether completed or not Equivalent units of production are the portion of whole units that are complete with respect to either materials or conversion (direct labor and factory overhead) costs Equivalent units for materials and conversion costs are usually determined separately o This is because materials and conversion costs normally enter production at different times and rates ©2016 Determine the Cost per Equivalent Unit • The direct materials and conversion costs per equivalent unit are computed as follows: ©2016 Allocate Costs to Units Transferred Out and Partially Completed Units • Product costs must be allocated to the units transferred out and the partially completed units on hand at the end of the period o The product costs are allocated using the costs per equivalent unit for materials and conversion costs that were computed in Step ©2016 Preparing the Cost of Production Report • A cost of production report is prepared for each • processing department at periodic intervals The report summarizes the following production quantity and cost data: o o The units for which the department is accountable and the disposition of those units The production costs incurred by the department and the allocation of those costs between completed (transferred out) and partially completed units ©2016 Frozen Delights Cost Flows â2016 Yield In addition to unit costs, managers of process • manufacturers are also concerned about yield The yield is computed as follows: Quantity of Material Output Yield = Quantity of Material Input ©2016 Just-In-Time Processing • Just-in-time (JIT) processing is a management • approach that focuses on reducing time and cost and eliminating poor quality A JIT system obtains efficiencies and flexibility by reorganizing the traditional production process â2016 Traditional Production Process With a traditional manufacturing process, workers are • assigned a specific job, which is performed repeatedly as unfinished products are received from the preceding department The product moves from process to process as each function or step is completed ©2016 Traditional Production Line ©2016 Just-In-Time Production Process (slide of 2) • In a just-in-time system, processing functions are combined into work centers, sometimes called manufacturing cells o These work centers complete several functions Thus, workers are often cross-trained to perform more than one function • The activities supporting the manufacturing process • are called service activities In a JIT manufacturing process, service activities may be assigned to individual work centers, rather than to centralized service departments ©2016 Just-In-Time Production Process (slide of 2) • In a JIT system, the product is often placed on a movable carrier that is centrally located in the work center After the workers have completed their activities with the product, the entire carrier and any additional materials are moved just in time to satisfy the demand or need of the next work center o In this sense, the product is said to be “pulled through.” • Each work center is connected to other work centers through information contained on a Kanban, which is a Japanese term for cards ©2016 Just-In-Time Production Line ©2016 Appendix: Determining Costs Using the Average Cost Method • Under the average cost method, all production costs (materials and conversion costs) are combined together for determining equivalent units and cost per equivalent unit ©2016 Cost of Production Report for S&W’s Mixing Department—Average Cost ©2016 ... through.” • Each work center is connected to other work centers through information contained on a Kanban, which is a Japanese term for cards 201 6 Just-In-Time Production Line 201 6 Appendix:... preceding department The product moves from process to process as each function or step is completed 201 6 Traditional Production Line 201 6 Just-In-Time Production Process (slide of 2) • In a just-in-time... costs remaining in each department account at the end of the period 201 6 Cost of Production Report (slide of 3) • In a process cost system, the cost of units transferred out of each processing department