KhAo sdt mitc ctO theo Coi cac phuong tien truybn rh6ng dai chring thirnh phd Hb Chi Minh TRAN HOU QUANC Ngodi v'ai trb la rnQt trung tAm kinh td quan trpng cria khu vrtc e6ctlnh phfa Nam vi cria ca nudc, thdnh phd Hb chf Minh cr:ng dbng thdi cbn ld m6t trung tdm thdng tin vi b6o g5i(l)' Crj hoc giA cbn chr: ring ctay Ih trung tarn brio chi ldn nhdt ntrdc, tdt lhi6n li ndu chl xdt vE m6t b6o in, vA gqi dAy ln mQt "thdnh phd bao chf" - noi mh ngudi dAn cri tAp qurin "ghibn" xem brio tir hdng trim nd.m nay, vA truybn thdng ndy da dac bi6t drloc nAng l6n m6t budc mdi hon 10 nnm QU&, song song vdi c6ng cudc ddi mdi vd phrit tridn ddt nudc(2), Trong sinh hoat thrrdng nhat cria d6 thi vira trdn 300 tudi niy, ngudi c6ng nhdn hay 1' Vai trb "trung tam kinh te" cda phei Hb chi Minh d5 dtlQcxic dinh ti lau, vai trir,,trung tam th6ng tin" thi m6i day, Nghi quydt sd l6lNQ-TlJ ngiy 25-12-lgg7 vE vi€c "ti€!p rr;c nang cao chdt trtgng va hi€u qui cda b5o chi thAnh phfi" cila Ban Thuong vu ThAnh dy rhanh phci l-tii Chi Minh, cung cO doan nhf,c d6n rhAnh phei Hb Chi Minh v6i tu cdch ld "mQt trung tam th6ng tin c0a khu vrtc vi crja ci nddc,, 2' Tran Bach Ding, "cAm nghi vb bdo chi thinh ph6 Hb chi Minh nrm 1996" D{c san Nghb b6o cfia H6i NhA b6o thinh ph6 Hb Chi Minh, XuAn Dinh Siru, 1997 Tr ,./cil {^-HIt, ,d,e( 6a), ,/Egg, t*Vx{ _ 9g Trd,n Hrtu Quang B9 vi6n chrlc s6ng thrrdn g cd tdp qurin gh6 sap bd.o mua mot hai td trudc di udng ci-ph6 rbi di ldm; ngudi ta cflng thrldng xuy6n bit g4p cAnh ngudi dap x{ch 16, ngudi stla xe doc dtrdng hay ngudi thg hdt tcfc mAi m€ ngbi xem b6o hic v6ng khrich, hay cAnh bi b6n hing t4p hcia d cho vita gid m6t td b6o, vita bdn trin huy6n thuyOn vb dibu gi dci vita doc tr6n b6o vdi b4n hdng kd b6n , thinh phd Hb Chi Minh cci m6t m4ng lrtdi sap bd,o ven drrdng kh6 dny dac nem rdi r6c tai cac quan, huy6n (thnnh phd hiQn cci khoAn g L70 dai ly ph6t hdnh b6o, khoAng 700 sap b6o cd dinh vi vdi ngdn didm b6n b6o 16 nh6 hon vA it cd dinh hon), vd mdt ltrc ltrong hing chuc ngirn ngudi brin b6o dao d6ng dAo, dci phbn ldn lA trd em, len l6i kh6p cdc hang cung, ng6 h6m d6' b6n b6o N6t d6c ddo cria thi tnJdng b6o chi d thinh ph6 ndy ln d chinh thdi quen n1.ua bao ud, dqc bd,o hdng cria ngudi dAn Nhibu td b6o cria thdnh phd d5 cci sd ph6t hdnh vrldt qu6 crii ngudng 100 ngin bAn m6i kj' Tinh tdi th6ng 10-1997, td nhdt b6o S&i gbn Gid,i phong cta DAng b0 thdnh phd dat khoAng 120,000 td mdi ngay, Td Tudi trd, bao c6ch ngdy (ba ' ';ubn), thuQc Thdnh Doin ni6n cQng sAn Hb Chi Minh, ccf sd dn bAn l6n tdi 3u0.000 td m6i k' Td Kidn thrtc Ngity nay, ta ba kj' m6i th6ng, d?t sd tr6n 100,000 bAn/ki MQt td b6o hang tuhn rdt tr6 tudi (rndi ddi hon hai nam nay), khai ph6 m6t thd loai mdi ld nhim vA.o ddi tdong rQng rdi nhtng ngudi ti6u dirng, td Sd,i Gbn Tidp Thi, ctng cci ltic dat gbn 100.000 bAn X6t vb sd lrrong dn bfln, hhng c:ic td b6o ,8 thdnh ph6 Hb Chi Minh in dn vd phdt hinh thi trttdng gbn nrla triQu dn bAn, chidm khoAng 1/3 tdng s6 dn bAn b5.o chi cric loai cira cA nrldc hing ngdy(3), Vdi m6t d6i ngri khoAng 800 ngrrdi lim b6o chuy6n nghiQp (chua kd hon 200 nhi b6o thudc c6.c b6.o, ddi trung udng dcfng t4i thdnh phd), va khoAng gdp 10 ihn sd dct la nhttng ngUdi vidt b:io kh6ng chuy6n ho{c cd.c cdng td.c vi€n, thinh phd Hb Chi Minh tinh d6n thdng l2-I997 c6 40 don vi b6o chi, dci cci 37 don d b6o vidt, mQt dei phdt thanh, mQt dhi truybn hinh vA m6t tap chi bd.ng bSng hinh vid6O, vdi tdng cQng 65 dn phdm b6o in B cac thd loai kh6c Nhim mUc ti6u nghiOn cfu vb rlng xrl cria cac g16i cdng chung d thdnh phd Hb Chl Minh ddi vdi ba phttong ti6n truybn thdng dai chring chri ydu lir b6o in, truybn hinh vd phrit thanh, x6t m6i quan hO vdi y6u chu phat tri6'n ddt nrldc thdi k' ddi mdi hiQn nav, chring t6i da tidn hhnh vdo thdng 9-1997 mdt cu6c dibu tra ndi dAn cu ti{ '16 tudi trd I tai don vi phrrdng va x5 thu6c qufn, huy6n cria thAnh ph6 dci cci quAn n6i thinh vd mQt huydn ngoai thA.nh Bdi vidt sau dAy s6 sit dqng mQt phhn kdt quA cta cuQc dibu tra niy dd trrrdc hdt, khAo sdt vb c6c mtlc dO doc bd.o, xem truybn hlnh vd nghe dAi phdt cta crJ dAn thAnh phd Hb Chi Minh, sau dci xem xr5t rndi trrong quan g1ta c{,e mrlc d6 theo doi ba phttong tiQn nay, vA cu6i cung so s5.nh nhrlng sd li6u cta cudc dibu tra ndy v6i mQt sd cudc dibu tra trd6c day dd thrl tim hidu dQng th:ii phrit tridn ctia titng phttong ti6n truybn t\dng dai chring ney qua nhAn thrlc va thrii dd cdc gidi cOng chring Do han chd cria khu6n khd bai vidt ndy, n6n chirng t6i sG kh6ng db cdp t6i tinh hlnh ngudi dAu dgc gi, xem gl vi nghe gi, cring nhrt h9 thrrdng doc nhrlng td b6o nAo, vd xem hay nghe nhrrng ddi truybn hinh vd phdt nio, md chi khAo srit chri ydu vb mtc dQ theo d,oi ba phuong ti6n b6o in, bdo hinh va bdo ncji md th6i hodc 6n sring Ndm 1997, theo sti li€u cda Cuc Thdng k€ thinh phii Hb Chi Minh thinh phd Hb Chi Minh c6 tdng cQng tri€u dn bAn b6o chi c6c loqi, t(c li binh quin 0,47 rriQu iin bin m6i ngAy Cdn tr€n ph3m vi ci nu6c, theo 6ng Biri Huy Lan, Vu ph6 Vu 86o chi, BQ VAn h6a - Th6ng rin, m5i ngAy co khoAng 1,5 tri€u dn bAn bd,o chi drlQc in dn vi phr{t hinh (xem Kidn tfuic Ngdy nay, s6 ngiy 20-6-1997 trang 3) 170,78 Di€n dd,n CuQc dibu tra niy dE sil dUng ki thuAt ph6ng vdn bing bAn cau h6i, vb chgn mdu thi rip dung phuong phrip chgn mdu didn hinh, k6t hgp gnla chon phAn tbng vd chon m6y mcic Cdc don v! dugc diEu tra bao gbm: phrtdng Nguy6n Th6i Blnh (qu4n 1), phudng 11 (quAn Gb Vdp), phudng (qufn 11), vd x6 Tdn T4o (huy6n Blnh Ch6nh) Tdng sd mdu dibu tra ld 697 ngudi Li€n quan tdi mQt s6 d{c didm cria miu diEu tra: vb gidi tlnh, tdng sd 6gT ngudi, c6 49,7o/olA nam, vd,50,37o li nrt Vb tudi tl.c, c6 14,67o thu6c nhcim L6-20 tudi, 28,7To nhcfm 2l-30 tudi, L9,5Vo nhcim 31-40 tudi, 26,4Vo nhcim 41-60 tudi, vd, L0,6Vo nhcim tt Gl tudi trd l6n \G hoc vdn, 28,6Vo ccf trinh dQ cdp I, 27,L7o cdp II, 29,77o 6p III, l2,ITo D4i hgc vd Cao ding, vd L,6Vo cbn mir chfr \E nghb nghi6p, mdu diEu tra cci lL,6Vo dang lm nhfng nghb lao d6ng tri cjc vi quAn l!,, 8,9Vo li c6ng nhdn, 24,77o lao dQng tiO'u thfr c6ng nghiQp vi lao d0ng chdn tay t{ do, 9,6Vo buOn brin nhd, 6,6Vo ldm n6ng nghiQp,l3,9Vo n6i trg, 9,0Vo huu tri, grA ydu, 5,2o/o sinh vi6n vA 6,7Vo hoc sinh, I Mtlc dQ dgc b6o K6t quA cu6c dibu tra thring 9-1997 cho bi6t ln phbn l6n cu d5n m5u dibu tra dbu tr6 ldi lA It nhiEu cd dgc b6o (khohng 65Vo), ri€ng s6 ccf dgc b6o hAng chi6m 34Vo mdu dibu tra, vA sd cci doc m6i tubn vdi lbn Ld 2SVo Edng l: H0c tlO dqc b{o cria mlu - C6 dqc dllu tra cu d&n thlnh ph6 Hb ChI ilinh phtn td thro df a bln cu trd hAng ngAy - Mdl tuhn vAi thn - M6i thdng vAi thn - Hhu nhrJ kh6ng - Kh6ng trA loi Tdng cOng t} ts tudi trd tan, NOi thdnh Ngoqi thAnh Tdng c$ng 206 28 234 38,6 17,1 33,6 154 19 173 28,9 1,6 24,8 36 16 52 6,9 9,8 7,5 134 101 235 25,1 61,6 33,7 3 0,6 o,4 533 164 697 76,5 23,5 100,0 Ghi chtL Deii v6i cric bing drtgc trinh biy bii nay, m6i o c6 hai s6: sd d ning rr€n lA sfi luQng tuyQr deii, cbn sti d nang du6i le t! lQ phhn rrlm (Vo) - tyi l€ niy drJdc tinh theo tdng cQng cria m5i cqt Ngubn s6 lipu: CuQc dibu tra thdng 9-1997 BAng cho thdy cci stl ch6nh l6ch rdt 16 gita ctt d6.n nQi thinh vi cd dAn ngo4i thdnh: Trd,n Httu Quang 91 ndu cci t6i 68Vo nhtng ngUdi dtroc h6i d nQi thdnh ccf doc b6o hdng ngiry ho{c vdi lhn m'6i tubn, thi s6 ndy d ngoai thdnh chi dat 29Vo; dbng thdi cci t1i 62Va ngudi drroc h6i d ngogi thdnh trA ldi la hbu nhu kh6ng doc b6o bao gid, ti le ndy d nQi thdnh la 25Vo Chring ta bi6t ld dAn cu d ngoai thinh cci trinh d6 hoc vdn binh qudn thdp hon so vdi ndi thinh, dia bin crl tni vila xa, lai vita phAn t5n, mang lttdi phdt hdnh b6o l4i rdt m6ng, n6n cci it ngudi doc b5o thudng xuy6n cung ld dibu de hidu Don vi dibu tra d ngo4i thd.nh cu6c aiau tra niry ld x5 TAn Tao, chi c5.ch xa khoAn g 12-15 km so vdi trung tdm thhnh ph6; nhrt vdy, ndu Ie d'nhrtng vung nOng thdn xa x6i, h6o l6nh hon nhu d virng dbng bing s6ng Crlu Long ching han, thi cci 16 ti l€ co dgc b6o s6 cbn thdp hon nrJa, Kdt quA di6u tra cring cho bidt lir nam gidi doc b6o hAng nhibu hon nrr gidi (40Eo so vdi 287o), vd ng-Ioc I?i, s6 kh6ng cloc b6o noi nrJ gi6i ddng hon nam g-rdi (43Va so vdi 24Vo) Nhrtng ngUdi cci trinh dd hoc vdn cao hon dgc bao thudng xuy€n hon so vdi nhrlng ngUdi hoc vdn thdp hon: ti l0 doc b6o hing ngey ld 69Vo ndi s6 ngudi cci trinh d0 Dai hoc vh Cao d&ng, 47Vo ndi sd ngUdi ccf crinh dd' hoc vdn cdp III, 27Vo ndi cdp II, vi chi cd L47o ndi cdp L Phdn theo ngh6 nghi6p, chung ta thdy nhrlng ng,rJdi idrn c;ic nghb lao ddng tri rjc vh quAn ly c6 ti t€ doc bdo hdng ngd3, cao nhdt, 697o ,trong dd, ti le ndy chi dat 217a ndi c6ng nhfln, ZBVa ndi lao dQng tidu thri cdng nghi6p vd lao dQng tr.I do, 257o noi nhilng ngudi bu6n bzin nh6, rzd chi cci IIVo ndi nhttng rlgudi lA.m n6ng nghi6p Ri€ng ndi sinh vi6n, hgc sinh, thi cci 43Va ccj doc bao hdng ngey Khi duoc h6i vE ngubn bdo dd cloc, nhr.tng nguiJi cd doc b5o trA idi cho bi6't la 557o thrldng rnua brio 16 tai cdc s4p brio, ISVo dat rnua dai h4n, LIVo mua tir ngudi bdn b6o d4o, IZVo doc d thu vi6n hod.r: d co quan, xi nghi6p, vi cci tdi 277o lh mrron doc Th.iti gian dgc bdo binh qud.n hitng ngdy cria m6i ngudi ccj doc b6o md chring t6i tinh to6n drloc qua kdt quA dibu tra li 39 phftt, dci tAp trung chtr ydu ld nhcfm 15-30 phdt (28,LVo), vk nhcim tir 30 phut tdi 1'giir (25,57o) Ci>n ndu tinh binh qu6,n tr6n toirn bO mdu dibu tra (trlc la kd cA nhtng ngubi khdng doc b5o), thi thdi gran doc brio binh quAn ctra mdu dibu tra cd dan thinh phd Hb Chi Minh tU 16 tudi trd l6n lA 26 phdt (Ti lQ ndy d Phap vdo nam 1990 lh khoAng 30 phut(+); Phdn tich theo c6c phAn td, chung ta thdy crj nhftng khdc bi6t rO n6t vb thdi gian doc b6o hing ngey binh qudn m6i ng:ldi gitta c6c khu vrtc dAn cu dd thi vd n6ng th6n (d quan la 33 phrlt/ ngudi, d huy6n Binh Ch6nh la 13 phut/ngUdi), giiia nam so nfr 9nam 30 phrit/ngudi), cbn ntt ld 22 phrit/ngudi), girra c6c nhcim trinh d6 hqc vdn (43 phrit/ngUdi noi nh[lng ngudi ccf trinh dO Dal hoc, giAnr dbn cho ddn 11 phrit/ngudi noi nhtlng ngudi cci hgc vdn cdp I), crlng nhu gitta cdc nhcjrn nghe nghiep (lao dQng tri cic vd quAn l! 37 phirt/ngldi, cOng nhAn 2l phutlngudi, ldm nOng nghiQp 10 phut/ngudi ), II Mrlc dd xem truybn hinh CuQc di6u tra 9-L997 cho bidt c6 70o/o cri dAn tit 16 tudi trd l6n rndu dibu tra tr6 ldi lir ccj xem ti-vi hdng ngiy, I Vo xern m5i tuhn vdi lhn, 37o xem m5i th6ng vhi lhn, vd chi cci LSVo hl.:u nhu kh6ng xenr, Isabelle Mandraud, *Comment les Francais lisent-ileleurs journaux ?, in Jean-Marie Charon, L'dtat des mddias, Paris, La Ddcouverte, Mddiaspouvoirs CFPJ, 1991, trang227 92 Di6n dd,n Bdng 2: il0c rl0 rrm truyln hlnh nol mlu dilu tra cu d0n thlnh ptr6 Hb Ghf ltinh tir 16 tudt trd tln, ph0 n td ttrro dfa bln cu tr6 Gbn nhu hAng ngAy M€ii tuhn vAo thn M6i thAng vAi thn Hbu nhu khOng Kh6ng trA tdi Tdng cQng Ngubn sd li|u: CuQc dibu NOi thAnh Ngoqi thAnh 380 105 485 71,3 64,0 69,6 75 25 100 14,1 15,2 14,3 14 20 2,6 3,7 2,9 60 28 88 11,3 17,1 12,6 Tdng cQng 4 0,8 0,6 533 164 697 76,5 23,5 100,0 tra th6ng 9-1997 BApg cho bi6t la nhln chung kh6ng cci khric biet gi l6n mQt cdch dec biQt vb mric dd xem tmyBn hlnh grita hai khu vrIc ndi thAnh vil ngo?i thhnh, ryt kh:ic, ndu khAo sd.t chl b6o nty theo cric phAn td gidi tinh, tudi hic, kd cA trinh d0 hq-c vdn vd nghb nghiQp, tht chring ta cring cd th6' nhfln thdy li hhu nhtt cring kh6ng eci kh6c biCt gi ddng kd gifra cric nhdm vb tf l€ xem tnrybn hinh Ift thdi lrtgng xem truyEn hinh cta cdc cd nh6n, thi t4p trung dOng nhdt li ba nhcim sau: nhcim xem tir 30 phft t6i gid (chidrn ZTVo ftong mdu dibu tra), ttr t6i Z gtil (357o), vA tir t1i grd (14E") Binh qu6n m6i ngudi cci xem truyEn hlnh thudng xem 89 phrit, trlc I gid 29 phdt m6i ngiry; crf dAn ndi thdnh vh crJ dan ngoai thdnh dbu cd mrlc blnh quAn niy xdp xl ngang nhau, kh6ng cci khdc bi6t dring kd x6t vb met thdi gran b6 tntdc mrly thu hlnh Ndu tinh binh quAn trdn toA.n bO mdu dibu tra nhrlng ngudi tir 16 tudi trd l6n (trlc ld kd ci nhfing ngudi kh6ng xem) thi thdi gran m6i ngudi dan phd ddnh dd xem ti-vi la I gid l5 phfrt hhng nghy Ndu khAo s6t theo cdc ph6n td gidi tfnh, tudi tdc, hoc vdn vi nghb nghiQp, chring ta ctng nhin thdy ld khdng cci ch6nh lQch gi l6n ddng kd nhtt chrin g ta khAo sdt vb thdi lugng dinh d€' dgc b6o Chting ta c6 thd qua day nhfn dinh ring vi6c xem truybn hlnh dd trd thdnh m6t sinh hoat phd bi6n ddi vdi hhu h6t cac gtr6i ctt dAn d thAnh phd Hb Chi Minh, tat tu4n nam phg lao 6u, bdt luAn trinh hoc vdn hay nghb nghiQp xa h6i, kd cA nqi lhdnh vA ngoai thinh Trd.n III Mtlc Hilu Quang 93 dQ nghe dhi phdt tra 9- 1997 cho bidt c6 lSVo trA ldi ld cci nghe radio hing ngdy, ISVo c6 nghe vii lbn m6i tubn, dci ngudi dAn ngo4i thnnh cci tj'16 nghe hdng ngey ttldng ddi nhibu hon mQt chrit so vdi cu dAn ndi thinh (247o so v6i 97o) Cudc dibu Bdng 3: ltric d0 nghr radio nsi mlu cibu tra cu d0n thlnh ptr6 Hb Chf llinh ti lc tudl trd lan, ph0n td thso df a bln cu tr6 Ghn nhu hAng ngAy MOi tuhn vAi lhn v6i tnAng vAi lbn Hhu nhut kh6ng Kh6ng tra lai Tdng c$ng Ngubn sd li|u: CuQc dibu NOi thdnh Ngoai thAnh I ong cQng 48 39 87 on 23,8 12,5 a1 19 90 13,3 11,6 12,9 28 33 5,3 3,0 4,7 38s 100 485 ( 1,1 61,0 69,6 1 0,2 0,6 0,3 533 r64 697 76,5 23,5 100,0 tra thring 9-1997 BAng cho thdy crJ dAn ngoai thnnh ccf ty 16 cci nghe radio Id 397o cao hdn so vdi tf ndi ctr ddn 13 n6i thinh Ri6ng s6 cci nghe radio hirng lb 24Vo d ngoai thirnh, d nQi thdnh, sd chi dat 9"/o lQ 277o Vi6c phAn td theo cdc nhdm gidi tinh, dd tudi, trinh C6 hr:c vdn c0ng nhtt nghb nghiQp dbu cho thdy ld hhu nhrr khdng cci khdc biet gi dang kd vb mrlc dg nghe dhi ph6t grfia cdc nhcim xe hQi niy, ngo4i trit nhcim nhrlng ngudi lim ndng nghiQp (d n6ng th6n) thi cci tf lQ nghe radio hing ngey (227") ttldng d6i cao hon c6c nhdm nghb nghiQp khric kdt quA dibu tra crlng cho bidt binh quAn mQt ngudi ccj nghe radio thudng nghe Cbn ndu tinh binh quin mdi ngudi tr6n toin bd mdu dibu tra, thi sd ndy phft/ngh.y, dd d ngoai thdnh le 18 phrit/ngny, vd d n6i thdnh la 11 phrit/ngdy Sd li6u 43 phft/nghy la l3 IV Tuong quan gifra ba viQc dgc brio, xem ti-vi vi nghe radio Kdt quA cudc dibu tra thdng 9-1997 da cho chung ta thdy la tdng s6 mdu dibu tra, cci 347o ng.di ccj doc b6.o hdng ngiy, dni ph:it hdng 70Va coi truybn hinh hdng ngdy, vd chi c6 l37o nghe 94 Di6n dd.n Chring toi da xrl ly tdng hgp cA ba chi b6o trdn dd xem x6t mdi quan hO dan xen gita cric nhcim ngudi theo doi hir.ng ngdy ba phuong ti6n brio ch{, truybn hinh vd ph6t Kdt qui xit ly cho bi6t cci 77vo mdu diEu tra ccf theo doi hdng ngey {t nhdt mot ba phuong ti6n truybn thdng dai chring (xin coi so db 1) so db /: Tf lf nhtrng ngudl thro d6t hlng ngly bdo chf, ti.vi vl radto, r6t m6l tuong quan gifra ba phuong ilfn nly v6l (ddn vi: '/.; ti, l0 nAy duOc tinh tr$n tdng sd m$u dibu tra) Xem ti-vi hAng ngAy (= 69,6%) DOc bAo hAng ngAy (=33,6%) =\_\- Tdng c$ng nh0ng ,' r-t'' Nghe radio hAng ngdy ngu&i c6 theo d6i m$t ba phudng tiQn nAy hAng = ngAy 76,9"/" (=12,5"/"1 Ngubn sd li,Eu: Cudc dibu tra thring g-1gg7 So db l t:ho thdy 16 ld hi€n nay, vd tuydn truybn hinh dA trd thdnh mot phuong tidn truybn th6ng phd bi,€n v6i tf 1€ rip dAo cu ddn thdnh ptr6 Nhcim nhirng ngudi chi xom truybn hinh hAng ngey chi6m ty le cao nhdt (70Vo), dd, phd,n ldn nhttng ngub .6 doc b5o hdng ngAy l6n nhfing ngudi cci nghe radio hdng ngey cring dbu cci xem truybn hlnh hhng ngdy Cbn nhrirn nhrlng ngrldi chl dqc b:io hing ngey ho4c nhdm chi nghe radio hing dbu c"hi6m ti lc2 khd it (eae t! 16 tuong rlng lA \Va vit 2Vo), Cung d:ing ghi nhan sd db nAy lA chi ccf 6Vo theo doi hing cA ba phuong ti€n brio in, ti-vi vA radio N6u tinh chung cA sd ngudi theo doi ba phtrong ti6n truyEn th6ng d?i chring ney "hirng ngdy" ldn "mdi tuhn vii lhnn, thi ti IQ ndy lon tdi 89To tuong m6u dibu tra Ncfi c6ch kh6c, qua k6t quA dibu tra nhy, chring ta crj thd nhdn dlnh ring hiQn nay, d4i da sd ngrrdi ddn thinh ph5 dbu ccf tidp xric khri thudng xuy6n vdi c6,c phttong ti6n thdng tin d4i chting Vdy ctf hoin todn khdng theo doi bdt ctl phrrong tiQn truyEn th6ng d4i chring niro hay khdng? Kdt quA xtt ly th6ng kO cho bidt le ccf Vi ti le niy chidm I0,0Vo tdng s6 mdu dibu tra Sd ngudi niy hbu nhtt hoin tohn kh6ng dgc b6o, kh6ng nghe radio, mi cring khOng coi ti-vi Xt l)t thdng k6 theo cdc phAn td vb dac didm nhAn khdu dd tim hidu coi nhcfm ndy gbm nhfrng thdnh phbn nio ld ch{nh, chring tdi nhAn thdy ln khd d6ng lDr cu ddn ngoai thdnh Trd.n Hilu Quang 95 (chi6m 34Vo ttong s6 ndy); mat kh6c, nhibu ngUdi dd Ia ngudi Hoa (chidm 43Vo ftong sd ndy) (nhibu ngudi ldn tudi khdng bi6t doc tidng Vi6t hoec ndu cci thl dgc k6m) Trong tdng sd nhcim kh6ng theo doi gi hdt nAy, vb gi6i tinh, c6 63Vo lir nil; cbn vE trlnh dQ hgc vdn, c6 tdi 6oqo la cdp 1, vi 20Vo cdp 2, cdn mir chtr thl 7vo R6 rdng li nhtng bidn sd vira kd dbu li nhitng nhAn td cci tric dOng ddn ddn tinh trang khOng tidp xric vdi ci.c phuong tiQn truybn thdng dai chrlng Ddn ddy, mQt cdu h6i khric cci thd duoc dat li: li6u c6 tdc dQng hay Anh hrtdng gi ldn hay khdng girta c6.c mrlc dO theo d6i ba phrrong ti6n thdng tin dai chring niy noi ddn ctl thdnh phd? GiA thuydt cria chung tdi d day le cci: cring tudng tg nhu xu hrl6ng chung cdc ntldc khdc, srr phrit tridn khd rn4nh ctia phuong ti6n v0 tuydn truybn hinh nhtng n[m gbn dAy cci lAm grAm di phbn nAo mrlc d0 dqc b6o vh nhdt ld mric d6 nghe dai phat noi c6ng chring d thinh ph6 Hb Chi Minh V Di6n bi6n cfra cdc mtic dO theo d6i b6o in, ti-vi vh radio nhfing nfi.m gbn day Khi so sdnh v6i thdi kj' tru6c ddt nrJdc buirc vi.o c6ng cu6c ddi mdi kinh td - xd (nem hQi 1986), trlc li c6ch hon 10 ndrn, qua cu6c diEu tra thring 9-1997,66Vo nhfrng ngudi drroc h6i cho bi6t la h9 cci xern truybn hinh nhibu hon; cbn ddi voi brio in thl cd ty 16 it hon, 47Vo cho bidt cci doc b6o nhibu hon, vA chi ccj I77a trh ldi Ie cd nghe dei ph6t nhibu hon trrrdc, Chring ta bidt li hon 10 ndm qua, hh.u hdt c6c b6.o, d}.i d thinh phddbu cci nhtng n6 lrrc rdt ldn dd khdng ngitng ddi mdi nhirn th6a m6n nhttng nhu cbu ngAy cing phong phri vd da dang ci,a cdc thng l6p xA hdi, dbng thdi nhim d:ip fng nhtng y6u chu ngiy cirng cao vi s6i d6ng cira qud trinh ph6t tridn kinh td vi xa hQi cua ddt nrr6c Thd nhrtng, s6 liQu dibu tra cho thdy m6t thrJc td le, d phd Hb Chi Minh, truyEn hinh dang thu hrit cOng chring m4nh hon so vdi c6c phuong tiQn b6o in vd phrit Trong dd x6t vE rnllc dQ trang bi, thi vA.o ndm t997, theo sd liou dibu tra cfia CUc Thdng kO thAnn phd Hb Chi Minh, toi.n thinh cd 87,.57o hO cci ti-vi (n6i thhnh 9L,8?c,, va ngoai thdnh 8A,9Vo), vh cci 80,3Vo hO cci radio cdt-xdt (nQi 83,2Vo, vA ngoai thinh 74,2Vn) Chring ta hAy so s5.nh vb chi ti6u sd ngudi doc b6o, xem truybn hinh, vA nghe radio '"'lg ndi crJ dAn nQi thinh ctta cu6c dibu tra nam 1997 nAy vdi nhfrng sd li6u trldng rlng cua hai cuQc dibu tra khric cring d nQi thdnh vio ndm 1989 vA nam 1993, Trudc hdt, vil b6o in, chring ta nhdn thdy la ti 16 nhrlng ngU'Ji ccj doc b6o hing ngey vi m5i tuhn vii lhn hbu nhrr kh6ng thay ddi bao nhi€u, la cd vd giAm mQt it: s6 ngudi dAn nQi thdnh ccf doc brio hb.ng ngiy n5.m 1997 lit, 39Vo, ti l9 ndy Id 437o vdo ndrn 1989 Tuy nhi6n, dibu cring dring luu tAur le phdn td theo c6c tbng lop nghb nghi6p, chring tdi nhfln thdy rdng xu huong dqc bao it di chi di6n chil ya'u noi cac thd,nh phd,n Iao dQng chd.n tay nhibu hon lit noi cd.c thd.nh phAn lao dQng tri oc Ch&ng h?n, nhcim c6ng nhAn (xi nghiOp cOng nghiep) c6 ty l0 dqc bao hing ld 4IVo theo cu6c dibu tra nam 1989, vd tf lQ chi dat 2IVo vd.o cuOc dibu tra nam 1997 " Trong dd, d nhcim trf thfc (lao d6ng tri ric) thi ti le nhy la 6IVa vdo nam 1989, nhrrng ddn nAm L997 thi lai tnng l6n tdi 77Vo Nhrtng ddi v6i phuong tiQn phat thanh, thi phuong hudng sryt gid,nr di6n khri 16 r6t Ty le ngudi dAn nOi thdnh cci nghe radio hdng ngay, tir 407o nern 1989 grAm di cdn 27Ee, nAm 1993, vi xudng chi cdn 97o vd,o nam 1997 Trong dd, ddi v6i truybn hinh, di6u dang chri y Ia, ngugc lai vdi vi6c nghe radio, Didn dd.n ti lC dAn nQi thinh cci xem ti-vi hnng lai gia tdng m4nh m6, nLm 1993, vA giAm di m6t chrit cbn TLVo vi.o n6m L997 tit 5L7o ndm 1989 l6n t6i 79Vo llf c tlO doc b{o, r.m tl-yl, vl nghr radlo nol cu dtn nOl thlnh thtnh ptr6 xl Cht lilnh tU tc iudl trd lln, ro rlnh clc t|t qut dllu tre nlm 1997(') v6l nrm 19E9(") vl nlm 1993("') Edng 4: Xem ti-vi Oqc b6o Nghe radio 1997 - Htng - trtdii ngAy tubn vAi thn tvtlii tn6ng vAi titn - Hlu nhrt khOng 1997 380 206 452 798 380 354 274 48 42,8 38,6 s10 78,5 71,3 39,9 26,9 9,0 263 154 208 135 75 203 171 71 29,7 28,9 23,5 13,3 14,1 22,9 16,8 13,3 109 36 66 25 14 75 36 28 12,3 6,8 7,4, 2,5 2,6 8,5 3,5 5,3 B5 134 161 59 60 255 536 385 15,2 25,1 19,2 5,8 11,3 28,8 52,7 72,2 Kh6ng trA tii Tdng cOng 1993 0,6 0,2 887 533 887 1017 533 887 1017 533 p0,0 n0,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 Ngubn sd lifu: r Cu0c diBu tra thdng 9-L997: chi tinh ri€ng d nQi thAnh rr Cu0c diBu tra thdng 5-1989: S0 li€u thting k€ kdt quA cuQc dibu tra vb 'Vi€c st dr,rng thdi gian nhan r6i vi ,! nghi ngoi giAi trf c0a rrhAn din phti Hb Chi Minh", Vi€n Khoa'hgc Xa hoi tai rhinh phfi Hb Chi Minh phdi h v6i ViQn Quy hoqch thAnh phci Hb Chi Minh ridn hAnh dibu tra vao rhdng 5-1989, v6i tdng sd m6u le 887 ngudi tir t6 tudi trd l€n, phAn bd t4i qu{n nQi thAnh phei Hb Chi Minh rrr CuQc dibu tra th6ng 7-t993: Sti li€u thting k€ kdt quA cugc dibu tra vb "Ddi sdng vtrn h6a ctia ctt dln th4nh Hb Chi Minh", Sd Vdn h6a vi Thdng tin thinh Hb Chi Minh pheii h{p vdi vien Khoa hsc Xa hoi tqi thirnh phd Hb Chi Minh tidn hAnh dibu tra vio th6ng 7-lgg3, vdi uing sd mau lA 1.640 nguoi tri 16 rudi trd l€n, t4i phrJdng, x5 thu0c cdc quNn l, 10 vd huy€n Thri Dftc Ri€ng bing tr€n dAy chi tdng h{p sti li€u trl hai quNn nQi thAnh 1, vA 10, v6i phCi tting sd'mlu li 1.017 ngrldi VI NhAn dinh CuQc dibu tra th6.ng 9-1997 cho ph6p chfng ta nhfln dinh ring dai da s6 nggdi ddn thdnh phd dbu cci ti6'p xric khd tht/dng xuydn vdi c6,c phrrong ti6n truybn th6ng dai chring, 34Vo mdu dibu tra cd doc bdo hirng ngiy, l37o nghe dii phdt hAng ngiy, vd cci t6i 70Vo coi truybn hlnh hAng N6u tinh chung sd ngudi theo doi mot ba phttong tiQn truybn th6ng ney "hAng ngdy" lin "m5i tuhn vAi lhn", thi ti lQ ndy l6n tdi 897o mdu diEtr tra Cbn ndu tinh ri6ng sd ngudi cci theo doi hang nga.y {t nhdt mQt ba Trd.n Hftu Quang ptnrbng ti6n truybn th6ng niy, thl s6 crlng l6n tdi 77Vo, Chl sd L|Vo hoitn toFrn khOng theo d6i bdt cf phuong tiQn truyEn thdng d4i chring nho Nhitng dtt ki6n dci chrlng t6 viQc mua b6o vd dgc b6o, nghe radio vi coi truybn hlnh da trd thdnh mQt tQp qu6.n sinh hoat thdng dqng ddi sdng thudng nhflt ctia ngUdi dAn thinh phd Hdng ngiy h9 bu6c phAi drta vio cdc phuong tiQn'th6ng tin dai chring dd theo doi tin trlc, dd giAi tr{, dd hoc h6i, md mang kidn thrlc, dd ldm 6n buOn brin Td brio, chidc radio vir chidc ti-vi trd thdnh nhrlng thrl thdn thuQc vd chidm mQt vi trl ghn nhu kh1ng thd thi€u cuQc sdng cria m5i ngudi vd m6i gia dinh Ngoii khia c4nh ld nhrtng kdnh cung cdp cho ho nhtng chuong trinh sinh hoat vd.n giAi tri, cric phrtong tiQn truybn th6ng dai chring cbn Ih nhrrng ch6 dqa cho ngudi dAn thAnh phd vl gifp hq hidu bi6t thdi sg, gnip ho dinh vi duoc ch6 drJng cira mlnh, xric l6p drrgc suy nghi cta mlnh, vi dinh hudng hoat dQng ctra mlnh cuQc sdng vir lao d^ng - dibu niy d4c biQt cci y nghia d mdt khu vrJc dd thi nhu thinh ph6 Hb Chl lllinh, n li ndi mir nhung chuydn dQng kinh td - x6 hQi diCn hAng ngey hdt srlc s6i dQng, d6n mrlc khidn cho ngUdi ddn cd thd cAm thdy nhrr mlnh bi lac hAu n6u cci ngdy nio dd hcia vi kh6ng dugc dgc b6o HAnh vi theo ddi tin ttlc, thdi s{ tr6n b6o, dii, nhrt nhibu hoc gie da nhgn xdt, kh6ng phAi chl ld mdt hAnh vi nhim hidu biSt tin trlc, thdi su, md cbn ld mQt hlnh thdi d6' ngudi ddn tri m6i li6n hQ thuatng xuy€n vdi c6ng dbng mi minh dang sdng Chring ta thtfdng ncii rlng b6o ch{ ld m6t nhfing thi6t ch6 mang chrlc nhng xd hQi h6a c:iua xi hQi, nhrrng chring ta cflng kh6ng duoc qu6n ring ch{nh ngudi dAn c'ing ludn lu6n chtr dQng vd tU ninlt tham gia vio qu6 trlnh x6 h6i hcfa niy, Cd thd khing dlnh ring truyEn thdng dai chrin g, v6i trt c6ch li m6t bQ phfln hfru co cuQc sdng hing ngey cira ngrrdi dAn, da thgc sU ld mQt thidt chd x5 hQi quan trgng ddi v6i crJ ddn thAnh phd Chfng tdi cho ring mQt, nhitng ly quan trgng khi6n c6ng chdng theo d6i vi tiSp c{n cdc phuong tiQn truyEn thOng d4i chfing cAng d6ng dAo hon chlnh lil nhd udo s4 cd.i ti6n ud, ddi mdi cfia chinh cdc phuong tiQn nd,y nhung na.m qua Ngudi ddn chl mua b6o vd doc b6o nhibu hdn, coi ti-vi hay nghe radio nhibu hdn, ndu td b6o ngdy cing l hon, cic chrrong trlnh truybn hlnh vi phrit hdp ddn hon Giai doan chuydn minh cria gidi b6o chl thnnh ph6 ncii ri6ng vi b6o chf cA n{6c ncii chung kd tit ndm 1986 cr5 mQt tbm quan trgng vd y nghla h6t sfc d{c biet ddi vdi c6ng chring DAy ro ring li nhtng phrrong ti6n rdt hfru hi6u n6 lgc nAng cao dAn tr{, phdt tridn y thfc dAn chfi quAng d4i ngUdi ddn Vn dibu quan trgng lA nhung s6 liQu kdt quA dibu tra da gr6n tidp kh&ng dlnh ring c6ng chting da chdp nh{n vA ring hQ c6ng cuQc ddi m6i ndy b6o chf Vi6c so s6nh kdt quA cu6c dibu tra n[m 1997 vdi cac cuQc dibu tra ndm 1989 nim 1993 d thdnh ph6 Hb Chl Minh cd thd cho ph6p chring ta ndu l6n giA thuydt vb xu hudng phdt tridn rdt manli'vd th$m ch{ ldn lu6t cria vi6c coi ti-vi ddi vdi vi6c nghe radio ndi c6c gidi c6ng chung d thAnh phd ndy mQt sd ntrm ghn d4y CuOc dibu tra 9-1997 t4i thinh phd Hb Chl Minh di cho bidt la blnh qudn mdi h0 cci ti-vi thtldng md ti-vi gid 31 phrit m6i ngiy, vd tinh tr6n todn b0 mdu dibu tra thi m6i c6 nh6n tit 16 tudi trd l6n coi ti-vi binh qudn grd 15 phrit mdi ngAy Nhitng sd niry chrta phAi li ldn Ndu chring ta so sdnh Ching han, vdi thbi lrrgng xem ti-vi noi ngudi NhAt tt tudi trd l6n blnh qudn la gid 47 phffi m6i ngAy vho nam 1996, ho4c ndu so vdi thdi lrrong md ti-vi ndi cric h0 gia dinh d Mt blnh quAn la ? gid 48 phtit m6i ngAy Didn dd,n c0ng vio nim 1996(s) Chring tOi nghi ring, tudng lai, thdi lugng xem truybn hlnh cta ngudi ddn thdnh phd se cbn tiSp tgc gia td.ng, chrl kh6ng dirng lai d *,t" nhu irien Sd dl nhu vgy ld vl, mQt m4t, c6'c dii truybn hlnh d ViCt Nim, hi6n dang cbn cci nhibu kdho4ch ph6t tridn rgng rdi hon nfla, mat khric, mOt kinh td tang trtldng vd ddi sdng ctt ddn kha lon, thi ngudi dAn sE dinh nhibu thdi gid hon tnt6c cai mdn Anh nh6 gia Alnh 4' Trong xu thd thd gidi hiQn nay, quA lA chring ta chn nhanh chcing ph6t tridn mQt ngdnh truybn thdng nghe - nhin qudc gia vttng manh, dec bi6t ln linh vuc truybn hinh Tuy nhi6n, theo thidn y chrlng tdi, chring ta vdn ch.n tidp tuc chant s6c ud dh.u tu hon nta cho ctu ltnh u4c hao in ud, ddi phdt Bda in t& mOt k€nh th6ng tin truybn thdng, nghia ld chri ydu vfin dua tr6n chtt vidt ld ch{nh, nhung chlnh vl nci dga tr6n chrl vidt, n6n nci l,6n lA mQt k6nh hdt sfc quan trong qu6 trinh ndng cao dAn trl vd v6.n hcfa, gcip phhn d6c luc vao vi6c md mang kidn thrlc vA khA ning th0ng hi6'm ly giAi cdc vdn db thdi su noi cac gldi c6ng ghring, Cdn vb llnh vuc phdt thanh, chring ta da thdy qua cdc s6 li6u dibu tra ld cd chibu hudng stit giarn vbng vai nam qua, vd ti le thfnh gie dei phdt d thdnh phd If6 chl Minh hi6n khd thdp (chi cci LBvo nghe raclio hAng ngdy); cci 16 tinh hinh khon g xhy ho6c chua xay I 6c dia phuong khric Dring la tha;h ph6 I{b Chi Minh, cac phtrcrng tiQn b6o in v& truybn hlnh da vi dang ph:it tridn khri m4nh vi duoc c6ng chring theo d6i v