a LANGE medical book CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment Neurology THIRD EDITION Edited by John C.M Brust, MD Professor of Neurology Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons New York, New York New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City  Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney Toronto Brust_FM_p00i_pxiv.indd 14/11/18 11:34 AM Copyright © 2019 by McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher ISBN: 978-1-25-983532-2 MHID: 1-25-983532-4 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-1-25-983531-5, MHID: 1-25-983531-6 eBook conversion by codeMantra Version 1.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a 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McGraw-Hill Education and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill Education nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill Education has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill Education and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise Contents Authors ix Preface xiii   Aphasia, Apraxia, & Agnosia John C.M Brust, MD Aphasia 37 Apraxia 39 Agnosia 40 Section I Neurologic Investigations  1 Electroencephalography   Hearing Loss & Dizziness Tina Shih, MD General Considerations When to Order Findings 1 Continuous EEG Monitoring   Electromyography, Nerve Conduction Studies, & Evoked Potentials Dora Leung, MD Electromyography & Nerve Conduction Studies Nerve Conduction Studies Needle Electromyography Single-Fiber Electromyography Evoked Potentials Visual Evoked Potentials Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials Somatosensory Evoked Potentials  3 Neuroradiology 41 Jack J Wazen, MD, FACS, Soha N Ghossaini, MD, FACS & Benjamin J Wycherly, MD Hearing Loss 41 Tinnitus 43 Dizziness 44   Epilepsy & Seizures 50 Tina Shih, MD Incidence & Pathogenesis 50 Seizure Types 50 Epilepsy Syndromes 55 Clinical Findings 57 Differential Diagnosis 59 Treatment 60 Prognosis 65 4 11 12 12 12 12 Headache & Facial Pain 14 66 Mark W Green, MD, FAAN & Anna Pace, MD Approach to the Patient with Headache 66 Primary Headache Syndromes 66 Migraine 66 Tension-Type Headache 72 Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalgias 73 Other Important Headache Syndromes 75 Medication Overuse Headache 75 New Daily Persistent Headache 75 Secondary Headaches 76 Meningitis 76 Sinus Headache 76 Ocular Causes of Headache 76 Hypertension 76 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 76 Brain Tumor 77 Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis 77 Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension 77 Intracranial Hypotension 77 Giant Cell Arteritis 77 Exertional Headache 78 Sexually Induced Headache 78 Cardiac Cephalalgia 78 Maria J Borja, MD & John P Loh, MD Plain Films 14 Computed Tomography 14 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 17 Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques 24 Myelography & Postmyelography Computed Tomography 24 Catheter Angiography 26 Interventional Neuroradiology 27 Ultrasonography 27 Nuclear Medicine 29 Section II Neurologic Disorders  4 Coma 37 31 John C.M Brust, MD General Considerations 31 Pathogenesis 31 Clinical Findings 31 Differential Diagnosis 33 iii Brust_FM_p00i_pxiv.indd 14/11/18 11:34 AM iv Contents Carotid or Vertebral Artery Dissection & Carotidynia 78 Cold Stimulus Headache 78 Headaches Associated with Sleep 79 Pain in the Face, Pharynx, Joint, & Ear 79 Trigeminal Neuralgia 79 Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia 80 Yawning Headache 80 Eagle Syndrome 80 Red Ear Syndrome 80 Temporomandibular Joint Disorder 81 Primary Stabbing Headache 81 Nummular Headache 81 Dementia & Memory Loss 82 Karen Marder, MD, MPH, Lawrence S Honig, MD, PhD, William C Kreisl, MD, Nikolaos Scarmeas, MD, MS, Chen Zhao, MD, Edward Huey, MD, Juliana R Dutra, MD, James M Noble, MD, MS, & Clinton B Wright, MD, MPH Alzheimer Disease 82 Mild Cognitive Impairment 89 Vascular Cognitive Impairment 90 Frontotemporal Dementias 92 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy 95 Corticobasal Degeneration 97 Parkinson Disease Dementia 99 Dementia with Lewy Bodies 101 Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus 103 Transient Global Amnesia 105 Huntington Disease 107 10 Cerebrovascular Disease: Ischemic Stroke & Transient Ischemic Attack 109 Joshua Z Willey, MD General Considerations 109 Pathogenesis 109 Clinical Findings 110 Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment 113 Prevention 117 Prognosis & Rehabilitation 119 11 Cerebrovascular Disease: Hemorrhagic Stroke 120 Richard A Bernstein, MD, PhD & Philip Chang, MD Intraparenchymal Hemorrhage Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Infected (Mycotic) Aneurysms Vascular Anomalies Arteriovenous Malformations Cavernous Malformations Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas Brust_FM_p00i_pxiv.indd 120 131 131 139 139 140 140 141 142 Vein of Galen Aneurysm Developmental Venous Anomalies Capillary Telangiectasias 12 Central Nervous System Neoplasms 142 142 143 144 Christopher E Mandigo, MD & Jeffrey N Bruce, MD Brain Tumors Primary Brain Tumors Metastatic Tumors Tumors of the Skull Spinal Cord Tumors 144 144 156 158 159 13 Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes 161 Ugonma N Chukwueke, MD, Alfredo D Voloschin, MD, Andrew B Lassman, MD, & Lakshmi Nayak, MD Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration 164 Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis and Encephalitis 165 Paraneoplastic Opsoclonus-Myoclonus 167 Paraneoplastic Myelitis 169 Paraneoplastic Motor Neuron Disease 169 Stiff Person Syndrome 170 Paraneoplastic Visual Syndromes 171 Peripheral Nerve Hyperexcitability 172 Paraneoplastic Peripheral Neuropathy 172 Paraneoplastic Syndromes of the Neuromuscular Junction 173 Dermatomyositis & Polymyositis 174 Acknowledgments 174 14 Trauma Katja E Wartenberg, MD, PhD & Stephan A Mayer, MD Head Trauma Spinal Trauma 15 Movement Disorders 175 175 192 199 Blair Ford, MD, Howard Geyer, MD, PhD, & Susan B Bressman, MD Parkinsonism & Parkinson Disease 199 Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes 207 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy 207 Corticobasal Degeneration 208 Multiple System Atrophy 209 Essential Tremor 209 Dystonia 211 Myoclonus 217 Tourette Syndrome & Tic Disorders 219 Tardive Dyskinesia & Other Drug-Related Movement Disorders 222 Acute Syndromes Caused by Neuroleptics 223 Neuroleptic-Induced Parkinsonism 224 14/11/18 11:34 AM v Contents Tardive Syndromes Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Restless Legs Syndrome 16 Ataxia & Cerebellar Disease Harini Sarva, MD & Claire Henchcliffe, MD, DPhil Approach to the Ataxic Patient Acquired Ataxias Cerebellar Ischemic Stroke Syndromes Cerebellar Hemorrhage Toxins & Nutritional Deficiencies Abnormal Homeostasis & Ataxia Endocrine Disease & Ataxia Cerebellar Neoplasms Infectious Causes of Ataxia Ataxia Associated with Inflammatory & Autoimmune Disease Gluten Ataxia Ataxia of Paraneoplastic Origin Multiple System Atrophy (Type C) Inherited Ataxias Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxias Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxias Cerebellar Ataxia in Mitochondrial Disorders X-Linked Ataxias: Fragile X–Associated Tremor & Ataxia Syndrome 224 226 227 229 229 232 232 233 233 234 234 234 234 234 235 235 236 237 237 242 246 248 17 Multiple Sclerosis & Demyelinating Diseases 250 Bruce A.C Cree, MD, PhD, MAS Multiple Sclerosis 250 Acute Transverse Myelitis 271 Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder 273 Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis 275 Antimyelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Demyelination 276 Chronic Relapsing Inflammatory Optic Neuropathy 276 18 Nontraumatic Disorders of the Spinal Cord 278 Olajide Williams, MD, MSc, Jared Levin, MD, & Michelle Stern, MD Spinal Cord Syndromes 278 Spinal Cord Tumors 280 Myelitis 280 Spinal Epidural Abscess 281 Syringomyelia 283 Spinal Cord Arteriovenous Shunts 284 Spinal Cord Infarction 285 Spinal Epidural & Subdural Hematomas 286 Brust_FM_p00i_pxiv.indd Subacute Combined Degeneration 287 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Other Motor Neuron Diseases 287 Spinocerebellar Degeneration 287 Radiculopathy 287 Lumbar Stenosis 292 Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy 293 Issues in Rehabilitation of Spinal Cord–Injured Patients 294 Bladder Dysfunction 294 Bowel Dysfunction 294 Pressure Sores 295 Spasticity 295 Autonomic Dysfunction 295 Contractures 296 Sexual Dysfunction After Spinal Cord Injury 296 Deep Vein Thrombosis 296 19 Peripheral Neuropathies 297 Thomas H Brannagan III, MD Mononeuropathies 299 Cranial Nerve Disorders 299 Upper Extremity Nerves 306 Lower Extremity Nerves 312 Multiple Mononeuropathy Syndromes 317 Acquired Polyneuropathies 318 Autoimmune Neuropathies 318 Infectious Polyneuropathy 325 Toxic & Metabolic Neuropathies 328 Neuropathies Associated with 330 Systemic Disease 330 Hereditary Peripheral Neuropathies 334 20 Motor Neuron Diseases 340 Neil A Shneider, MD, PhD & Michio Hirano, MD Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Lower Motor Neuron Disorders Spinal Muscular Atrophy Monomelic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Kennedy Disease Upper Motor Neuron Disorders Hereditary Spastic Paraparesis Primary Lateral Sclerosis 21 Autonomic Disorders 344 349 349 349 350 350 350 350 352 Louis H Weimer, MD, FAAN, FANA Dysautonomia 352 Treatment of Orthostatic Hypotension 354 Disorders Associated with Autonomic Failure 355 Neurodegenerative Disorders & Parkinsonian Syndromes 355 Acute & Subacute Autonomic Neuropathies 356 14/11/18 11:34 AM vi Contents Chronic Autonomic Neuropathies Orthostatic Intolerance & Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Sudomotor (Sweating) Disorders Autonomic Symptoms in Spinal Cord Injury 22 Myasthenia Gravis & Other Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction 358 360 361 362 363 Svetlana Faktorovich, MD & Shanna K Patterson, MD Neuromuscular Transmission 363 Myasthenia Gravis (Autoimmune Myasthenia) 363 Congenital Myasthenia Syndromes 371 Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome 371 Botulism 373 Tick Paralysis 374 23 Diseases of Muscle 375 Christina M Ulane, MD, PhD & Olajide Williams, MD Myopathy 375 Acquired Myopathies 377 Inflammatory Myopathies 377 Infectious Myopathies 382 Drug-Induced or Toxic Myopathies 384 Corticosteroid Myopathy 384 Cholesterol-Lowering Agent Myopathy 385 Alcoholic Myopathy 386 Myopathy in Critical Illness 387 Secondary Metabolic & Endocrine Myopathies 387 Hypokalemic Myopathy 387 Hypophosphatemic Myopathy 387 Chronic Renal Failure–Related Myopathies 388 Diabetic Muscle Infarction 388 Hypothyroid Myopathy 388 Hyperthyroid Myopathy 388 Hyperparathyroid Myopathy 389 Vitamin D–Related Myopathy 389 Cushing Disease 389 Primary Metabolic Myopathies 389 Mitochondrial Myopathies 391 Myoglobinuria 391 Channelopathies 391 Congenital Myopathies 392 Muscular Dystrophies 392 Congenital Muscular Dystrophies 392 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 392 Becker Muscular Dystrophy 394 Myotonic Dystrophy 395 Fascioscapulohumeral Dystrophy 396 Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 397 Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy 397 Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy 398 Brust_FM_p00i_pxiv.indd 24 Mitochondrial Diseases 399 Michio Hirano, MD Mitochondrial DNA Mutations 400 Kearns-Sayre Syndrome & Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia 400 Melas Syndrome 402 Merrf Syndrome 403 Narp Syndrome & Maternally Inherited Leigh Syndrome 403 Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy 404 Nuclear DNA Mutations 405 Other Mitochondrial Disorders 406 Nucleoside Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitor– Induced Myopathy 406 Aminoglycoside-Induced Deafness 406 25 Neurologic Intensive Care 408 Santiago Ortega-Gutierrez, MD & Alan Z Segal, MD Increased Intracranial Pressure 408 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy After Cardiac Arrest 412 Neuromuscular Weakness in Critical Illness 414 26 Bacterial, Fungal, & Parasitic Infections of the Nervous System 416 Barbara S Koppel, MD, Kiran T Thakur, MD, & Adedoyin Akinlonu, MD, MPH Bacterial Infections 416   Bacterial Meningitis 416   Brain Abscess 424   Subdural Empyema 428   Epidural Abscess 429   Intracranial Suppurative Thrombophlebitis 432   Malignant Otitis Externa & Otitis Media 434   Chronic & Recurrent Meningitis 435 Tuberculosis & Other Granulomatous Infections 438   Central Nervous System Tuberculosis 438   Leprosy (Mycobacterium Leprae) 443 Infectious Toxins 443  Tetanus 443  Botulism 444  Diphtheria 444 Fungal Infections 444 Spirochetal Infections 448  Syphilis 448   Nonsexually Transmitted Treponematoses 451  Leptospirosis 451   Lyme Disease (Neuroborreliosis) 452 14/11/18 11:34 AM Contents Rickettsial, Protozoal, & Helminthic Infections   Rickettsial & Other Arthropod-Borne  Infections   Protozoal Infections   Helminthic Infections 454 454 457 464 27 Viral Infections of the Nervous System 470 Kiran Thakur, MD & James M Noble, MD, MS Acute Viral Encephalitis 470 Viral Meningitis 475 Viral Central Nervous System Vasculopathies 476 Acute Viral Myelitis 477 Radiculitis & Ganglionitis 479 Chronic Viral Infections 480 Emerging and Reemerging Viral Neurotropic Infections 482 28 HIV Neurology 484 Deanna Saylor, MD, MHS, Ned Sacktor, MD, Jeffrey Rumbaugh, MD, Jeffrey Sevigny, MD, & Lydia B Estanislao, MD Central Nervous System Disorders Associated with HIV 484 Cryptococcal Meningitis 484 Toxoplasmosis of the Central Nervous System 486 Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma 488 Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy 489 HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder 490 HIV-Associated Myelopathy 492 HIV Meningitis 493 Varicella-Zoster Vasculitis 493 Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis 494 Peripheral Nervous System Complications 494 Cytomegalovirus Polyradiculopathy 494 Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy 496 Mononeuropathy Multiplex 497 Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy 497 HIV-Associated Neuromuscular Weakness Syndrome 498 HIV-Associated Myopathy 498 HIV-Associated Motor Neuron Disease 499 Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome 499 29 Prion Diseases 501 Lawrence S Honig, MD, PhD Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease 501 Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease 503 Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Syndrome 504 Fatal Familial Insomnia 504 Kuru 504 Treatment of Prion Diseases 505 Brust_FM_p00i_pxiv.indd vii 30 Disorders of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics 506 John C.M Brust, MD Obstructive Hydrocephalus Intracranial Hypotension Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension 506 508 508 31 Sleep Disorders 511 Andrew J Westwood, MD & Carl Bazil, MD, PhD Sleep Architecture 511 Sleep Testing 511 Insomnia 512 Narcolepsy and Idiopathic Hypersomnia 514 Parasomnias 515 Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders 517 Sleep-Related Movement Disorders 518 Circadian Rhythm Disorders 518 32 Systemic & Metabolic Disorders 520 Laura Lennihan, MD & Jason Diamond, MD Nutritional Deficiencies 520 Electrolyte Disorders 521 Hyperglycemia & Hypoglycemia 522 Hypertensive Encephalopathy & Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome 523 Cardiac Disease 524 Pulmonary Disease 525 Liver Disease 525 Renal Disease 526 Pancreatic Disease 527 Endocrine Disorders 527 Hematologic Disorders 529 Bone & Joint Disorders 530 Neurosarcoidosis 531 Vasculitis & Connective Tissue Disorders 532 Disordered Temperature Regulation 534 Medication-Induced Neurologic Effects 535 Biologic Neurotoxins 539 Neurotoxicity Caused by Heavy Metals & Industrial Compounds 541 33 Alcoholism 544 John C.M Brust, MD Ethanol Intoxication Ethanol Dependence & Withdrawal Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Other Neurologic Complications of Alcoholism Treatment of Chronic Alcoholism 544 545 546 547 548 14/11/18 11:34 AM viii Contents 34 Drug Dependence John C.M Brust, MD Drugs of Dependence Medical & Neurologic Complications of Abused Substances 35 Psychiatric Disorders 551 551 555 558 Eric R Marcus, MD Approach to the Psychiatric Patient 558 Major Psychiatric Illnesses 559 Organic Brain Syndromes 559 Manic-Depressive Illnesses 559 Schizophrenia 562 Anxiety Disorders 563 Chronic Anxiety 563 Panic Attacks 564 Personality Disorders 565 36 Neurologic Disorders of Childhood & Adolescence Claudia A Chiriboga, MD, MPH & Marc C Patterson, MD, FRACP Neonatal Neurologic Disorders Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Intraventricular Hemorrhage Brust_FM_p00i_pxiv.indd 566 Periventricular Leukoencephalomalacia 568 Neonatal Strokes 568 Developmental Disorders 569 Mental Retardation 569 Cerebral Palsy 571 Autistic Disorder & Pervasive Developmental Disorder 572 Learning Disabilities 573 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 574 Genetic Disorders 577 Chromosomal Disorders 577 Inborn Errors of Metabolism 578 Congenital Brain Anomalies 581 Neurocutaneous Disorders 581 Neurofibromatosis Type 581 Neurofibromatosis Type 583 Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 583 Sturge-Weber Syndrome 584 Ataxia-Telangiectasia 584 Index 585 Color insert appears between pages 18 and 19 566 566 567 14/11/18 11:34 AM Authors John C.M Brust, MD Adedoyin Akinlonu, MD, MPH Professor of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York Coma; Aphasia, Apraxia, & Agnosia; Disorders of Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics; Alcoholism; Drug Dependence Internal Medicine Resident, New York Medical College, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York, New York Bacterial, Fungal, & Parasitic Infections of the Nervous System Richard A Bernstein, MD, PhD Northwestern Medicine Distinguished Physician in Vascular Neurology, Professor of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois Cerebrovascular Disease: Hemorrhagic Stroke Philip Chang, MD Maria J Borja, MD Professor of Neurology and Pediatrics at CUMC, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Columbia University Medical Centers, New York, New York Neurologic Disorders of Childhood & Adolescence Vascular Neurology Fellow, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois Cerebrovascular Disease: Hemorrhagic Stroke Claudia A Chiriboga, MD, MPH Assistant Professor of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York Neuroradiology Ugonma N Chukwueke, MD Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes Thomas H Brannagan III, MD Professor of Neurology, Director, Peripheral Neuropathy Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Co-director, Electromyography lab, New York-Presbyterian Hospital New York, New York Peripheral Neuropathies Bruce A.C Cree, MD, PhD, MAS George A Zimmermann Endowed Professor in Multiple Sclerosis, Professor of Clinical Neurology, Clinical Research Director, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California Multiple Sclerosis & Demyelinating Diseases Carl Bazil, MD, PhD Caitlin Tynan Doyle Professor of Neurology at CPMC Director, Division of Epilepsy and Sleep, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York Sleep Disorders Juliana R Dutra, MD Division of Aging and Dementia, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York Dementia & Memory Loss Susan B Bressman, MD Professor, Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Alan and John Mirken Chair, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York Movement Disorders Lydia B Estanislao, MD Instructor, Department of Neurology, Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York HIV Neurology Jeffrey N Bruce, MD Svetlana Faktorovich, MD Edgar M Housepian Professor of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York Central Nervous System Neoplasms Assistant Professor of Neurology, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New York, New York Myasthenia Gravis & Other Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction ix Brust_FM_p00i_pxiv.indd 14/11/18 11:34 AM www.downloadslide.net Index polysomnography (PSG), 514 POM See paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus ponesimod, 267, 268t pontine hemorrhage, 125, 124t positive phenomena, 59 positive sharp waves, EMG, 9, 9f positron emission tomography (PET), 29–30 positron emission tomography/ magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI), 24 postconcussion syndrome, 184 posterior arch fracture, 193t posterior column syndrome, 279f posterior cord syndrome, 282t posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), 523–524, 523f, 524t posterior tibial nerve, 316 postherpetic neuralgia, 480 post-Lyme syndrome, 452–453 postmyelography, CT, 24–26, 26f postnatal examination, 29, 30f postoperative spine, CT of, 17 post-traumatic epilepsy, 184–185, 190 post-traumatic movement disorders, 185 postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, 360–361 postural reflexes, loss of, 202 postvaccine response, 436t potassium imbalances, 521 Pott disease, 442–443 Powassan virus, 472t PPA See primary progressive aphasia Prader-Willi syndrome, 578t pramipexole, 203t, 205 prasugrel, 115 prazosin, 295t preclinical AD, 85 prednisone, for CIDP, 321t pregabalin, 60, 61t, 62t pregnancy epilepsy in, 64 migraine and, 71 prenatal examination, 22–23, 23f, 29 PRES See posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome presbycusis, 42 pressure sores, 295 primaquine phosphate, 459, 459t primary angiitis of CNS, 534 Brust_Index_p585-p610.indd 603 primary brain tumors, 144–147, 145t, 146t, 147t See also specific tumors primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL), 153–154, 154f in HIV, 487t, 488–489 primary hyperventilation, 32 primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), 282t, 350–351 primary progressive aphasia (PPA), 38–39, 92–94, 96t primary progressive multiple sclerosis, 256, 264t, 267, 269 primary stabbing headache, 81 primidone, 61t, 62t, 211t, 218t primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET), 151 prion disease, 501–505, 502t, 503t procarbazine, 150t prochlorperazine, 69, 69t, 71 progressive cognitive impairment, 262 progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), 264–265, 481–482 in HIV, 489–490 progressive muscular atrophy, 282t progressive myelopathy, 261–262 progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), 95–97, 96t, 207–208, 207t propofol, 63t, 411t, 412 propranolol, 70–71, 70t, 211t prosody, 37 prosopagnosia, 40 protein-bound medications, anticonvulsants, 60 protein-calorie malnutrition states, 520 protozoal infections, 456–463, 459t, 462t provoked seizures, 50 Pseudallescheria boydii, 444–445 pseudobulbar affect, 341, 347–348 pseudodelusions, 559 pseudodystonia, 216 pseudohallucination, 559 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 417t pseudotumor cerebri, 77, 508–510, 509t PSG See polysomnography PSP See progressive supranuclear palsy psychiatric disorders anxiety disorders, 563–564, 564t approach to patient, 558–559 603 major psychiatric illnesses, 559–563, 560t, 561t, 562t, 563t, 564t personality disorders, 565, 565t psychogenic nonepileptic seizures, 59 psychogenic unresponsiveness, 33 psychomotor deterioration, 55 psychosis, 558 drug-induced, 536t psychostimulants, dependence, 552–553, 552t pufferfish poisoning, 540, 540t pulmonary disease, 525 pulmonary embolism, 117 pulse sequences, MRI, 17–19, 18t pupillary responses, 32 pure autonomic failure (PAF), 355–356 pure motor spinal cord syndrome, 282t pure sensory stroke, 125 putamen hemorrhage, 124, 124t, 125f PVL See periventricular leukoencephalomalacia pyramidal system, 340 pyridostigmine bromide, 367t pyridoxine deficiency, 329, 520, 521t Q Q fever, 454t, 455 quantitative electromyography (QEMG), 9–10 quazepam, 513t quetiapine, 203t, 206, 222 quinacrine, 505 quinidine gluconate, 459, 459t quinine sulfate, 459, 459t R rabies, 472t radial nerve, 5t disorders, 311–312, 311f, 312t radiculitis, 479–480 radiculopathy, 287 cervical, 288 clinical findings, 288, 289f–290f, 291f, 291t CMV, 494–496, 495t differential diagnosis, 291 lumbosacral, 288 treatment, 291–292 ramelteon, 513t Ramsay Hunt syndrome, 304 rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism, 214–215 rasagiline, 203t, 205 13/11/18 7:49 PM 604 RBD See REM sleep behavior disorder reading, 38 reality testing, 558 rebound, 228 recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA), 113–114, 114t recruitment pattern, EMG, 10–11, 10f recurrent meningitis, 434–436, 436t, 436t, 437t recurrent migraine, 68–69 recurrent utterance, 37 red blood cell disorders, 529–530 red ear syndrome, 80 Refsum disease, 244t regional neuropathic syndromes, diabetic, 330t, 331 relapsing fever, 454t relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, 255–256, 255f, 264t, 269, 270f REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), 101–102, 515 renal disease, 526–527, 527t renal failure, 64, 388 repetition, 38 repetitive stimulation, 8, 8f reserpine, 217t, 221, 221t respiratory care, in ALS, 347 respiratory failure, neuromuscular, 414–415, 414t respiratory pattern, in coma, 32 responsive brain neurostimulator, 63 resting tremor, 201–202 restless leg syndrome (RLS), 227–228, 228t retinal migraine, 68t retrograde amnesia, 105 reversible infantile myopathy with COX deficiency, 405t rhabdomyolysis, 557 rheumatoid arthritis, 333, 534 rickettsial infections, 436t, 454–456, 454t rifaximin, 526t rigidity, 202 Riley-Day syndrome, 337, 337t riluzole, 347 risperidone, 221, 221t, 222 risus sardonicus, 443–444 rituximab, 269, 368, 369t rivaroxaban, 118t, 128 rivastigmine, 87t, 88, 100 rizatriptan, 68t RLS See restless leg syndrome Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), 454t, 455–456 Romberg test, 45 Brust_Index_p585-p610.indd 604 www.downloadslide.net Index ropinirole, 203t, 205 rostral vermis syndrome, 231t rotatory chair testing, 46 rotigotine, 205 rtPA See recombinant tissue plasminogen activator rubella, 472t rufinamide, 60, 61t, 62t ruptured cerebral aneurysms See aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage S safinamide, 205 SAH See subarachnoid hemorrhage Sandifer syndrome, 216 sarcoid myopathy, 382 sarcoidosis, 333, 436t, 531–532 sarcoma, skull, 159t Satoyoshi disease, 216 SCAs See spinocerebellar ataxias SCD See sickle cell disease schistosomiasis, 466 schizencephaly, 582t schizophrenia, 562–563, 563t, 564t schwannoma, 154–155, 155f sciatic nerve, 314–315, 314f scoliosis, 23 scombroid toxicity, 540, 540t scorpion sting, 539, 540t scrub typhus, 454t, 455 seat belt injury, 194t secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, 256–267, 269 sedatives dependence, 553, 554t for elevated ICP, 411t, 412 after head injury, 189 Segawa disease, 213 segmental demyelination, 298 segmental dystonia, 212 seizure acute, 60 alcohol-related, 545 bacterial meningitis with, 422–423 clinical findings, 57–59 differential diagnosis, 59 drug dependence and, 556 drug-induced, 537t EEG of, in elderly, 64 epilepsy syndromes, 55–57, 55t, 57t febrile, 57 focal, 51–53, 52f, 53f generalized, 53–55, 54f head trauma and, 184–185, 190 incidence and pathogenesis, 50, 51f MRI of, 22 neonatal, 57, 57t in primary brain tumors, 146 prognosis, 65 treatment, 60–64, 61t, 62t, 63f, 63t types, 50–55, 51f, 51t, 52f, 53f, 54f unprovoked, 50, 60 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 561t after ischemic stroke, 119 selegiline, 203t, 205 semantic variant PPA (svPPA), 92, 94, 96t Sengers syndrome, 405t sensorineural hearing loss, 42–43 sensory ataxia, 229 sensory conduction study, 4–7, 5f, 5t, 6f, 7t sensory disturbance, in multiple sclerosis, 252 sensory nerve action potential (SNAP), 4–7, 5f, 6f sensory neuronopathy, subacute, 358 sentinel hemorrhage, 132 septic shock, 422 serotonin syndrome, 536 sertraline, 561t serum levels, anticonvulsants, 60 serum sickness, 436t severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy, 55–56 sexual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis, 271 after spinal cord injury, 296 sexually induced headache, 78 SFEMG See single fiber electromyography sharp waves EEG, EMG, 9, 9f shellfish poisoning, 539–540, 540t shift-work disorder, 519 shingles, 479–480 short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform attack with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT), 74–75 Shy-Drager syndrome, 207t, 209, 355 sickle cell disease (SCD), 529 simple febrile seizures, 57 simple tics, 219 simultanagnosia, 40 singing paraplegia, 142 single fiber electromyography (SFEMG), 11–12 13/11/18 7:49 PM www.downloadslide.net Index single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 30 sinus headache, 76 siponimod, 267, 268t Sjögren syndrome, 436t, 534 Sjögren-Larsson syndrome, 583t skew deviation, 33 skull base infection, 429t skull fracture, 176 skull tumors, 158, 158t, 159t sleep apnea, 79 sleep disorders breathing, 517 circadian rhythm, 518–519 insomnia, 512–513, 513t movement, 518 narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia, 514–515, 515t parasomnias, 515–516 sleep architecture and, 511, 512f testing, 511 sleep-associated headaches, 79 sleeping sickness, 460–461, 462t slowing, EEG, SMA See spinal muscular atrophy small-fiber neuropathy, 330, 330t, 360 small-molecule diseases, 579–580, 579t snake bite, 539, 540t SNAP See sensory nerve action potential sodium imbalances, 521 sodium valproate, 561t solifenacin succinate, 295t solvents, ataxia and, 233 somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), 12–13 spasmodic dysphonia, 213 spastic paraparesis, 341 spastic paraplegia, 341 spasticity, 341 after spinal cord injury, 295, 296t treatment, 269–270 SPECT See single-photon emission computed tomography speech comprehension, 37–38 speech therapy, for ataxia, 231 spider bite, 539, 540t spikes, EEG, spina bifida, 582t spinal accessory nerve, 305–306 spinal alignment, 14 spinal cord abused substance effects on, 557 anatomy, 278, 279f, 280f arterial supply, 285f spinal cord disorders Brust_Index_p585-p610.indd 605 ALS (See amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) anatomy, 278, 279f, 280f arteriovenous shunts, 284–285 cervical spondylotic myelopathy, 293–294, 293f classification, 282t clinical findings, 278–280, 281t epidural abscess, 281, 283 epidural and subdural hematoma, 286–287 infarction, 285–286, 285f lumbar stenosis, 292–293, 292t myelitis (See myelitis) myelopathy (See myelopathy) radiculopathy, 287–292, 289f–290f, 291f, 291t rehabilitation of, 294–296, 295t, 296t spinocerebellar ataxias, 237–241, 238t–240t, 241t subacute combined degeneration, 287 syndromes, 278–280, 279f, 280f, 281t, 282t syringomyelia, 282t, 283, 284f tumors, 159–160, 159t, 160t, 282t spinal cord injury See also spinal trauma autonomic symptoms in, 362 rehabilitation of, 294–296, 295t, 296t spinal cord syndromes anatomy, 278, 279f, 280f classification, 282t clinical findings, 278–280, 281t spinal epidural abscess, 430–432, 431t, 432f, 438f spinal fluid analysis, 260 in acute viral encephalitis, 470, 473t in cryptococcal meningitis, 485 in Lyme disease, 452 prion disease, 502 in syphilis, 448t, 449 spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), 346, 349 spinal stability, 14 spinal trauma, 192–198, 193t–194t, 195t, 196t, 197t, 198t CT, 17 MRI of, 23, 23f spinal tuberculosis, 442–443 spine anatomy, 278, 279f, 280f catheter angiography of, 27 clearing of, 195, 195t 605 CT of, 17 MRI of, 22–23, 23f myelography and postmyelography CT of, 24–26, 26f plain films of, 14, 15f spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), 237–241, 238t–240t, 241t spirochetal infections leptospirosis, 451 nonsexually transmitted treponematoses, 451 syphilis, 447–450, 448t, 451t spondylolisthesis of axis, 193t spontaneous activity, EMG, 8–9, 9f spread, 341 Spurling sign, 288 SSEPs See somatosensory evoked potentials SSPE See subacute sclerosing panencephalitis SSRIs See selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors St Louis virus, 471t Staphylococcus aureus, 417t Staphylococcus epidermidis, 417t static and dynamic posturography, 46 statins for ischemic stroke prevention, 118 myotoxic effects of, 385–386 status epilepticus, 61–62, 63t status migrainosus, 68t, 70 stem cell therapy, for ataxia, 232 stenosis lumbar, 292–293, 292t vascular, 29, 110, 113, 113f, 118 stereotypy, 219 stiff-person syndrome, 162t, 170, 216 stimulants, for ADHD, 575, 575t, 576t–577t straight leg-raising test, 288 strategic-infarct dementia, 90 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 417t, 418, 418t striatonigral degeneration, 207t, 209 stroke alcoholism and, 547–548 CT of, 16–17, 17f drug dependence and, 556 drug-induced, 537t hemorrhagic (See hemorrhagic stroke) ischemic (See ischemic stroke) MRI of, 21, 22f neonatal, 568–569, 569t stupor, 31 13/11/18 7:49 PM 606 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 584 subacute autonomic neuropathy, 356–358 subacute combined degeneration, 287 subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), 480–481 subacute sensory neuronopathy, 358 subarachnoid bolt, 410, 410f subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 131 aneurysmal (See aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage) in aseptic meningitis, 436t catheter angiography of, 27 CT of, 16, 16f headache with, 76 traumatic, 180, 190 subcortical dementia, 82, 83t subdural empyema, 184, 428–429, 429f subdural hematoma, 178–179, 178f, 179f spinal, 286–287 sudden sensorineural hearing loss, 43 sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP), 65 sudomotor disorders, 361–362 sumatriptan, 68–69, 68t SUNCT See short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform attack with conjunctival injection and tearing superior gluteal nerve, 314f superior semicircular canal dehiscence, 49 suppurative thrombophlebitis, 423, 432–433 supratentorial craniotomy, seizures and, 64 supratentorial structural lesions, 33 suramin, 462t surgical artifact interference, myelogram or CT myelogram of, 26 surgical decompression, for elevated ICP, 411t, 412 svPPA See semantic variant PPA swallowing therapy, 231, 347 sweating disorders, 361–362 symmetric white matter disease, 262 sympathomimetic agents intraparenchymal hemorrhage and, 122 vasculopathy caused by, 534 symptomatic myoclonus, 218 syncope, 59 α-synuclein, 99 syphilis, 447–450, 448t, 451t syringomyelia, 282t, 283, 284f syringomyelic syndrome, 279f Brust_Index_p585-p610.indd 606 www.downloadslide.net Index systemic disease, polyneuropathies associated with, 330–334, 330t, 332t systemic lupus erythematosus, 436t, 534 systemic vasculitis, 333 T tabes dorsalis, 448, 451t Tabetic syndrome, 279f tactile agnosia, 40 tadalafil, 271 Taenia solium, 463–465, 467f, 468f Takayasu arteritis, 533, 533t tamsulosin, 295t tardive akathisia, 226 tardive dyskinesia, 225 tardive dystonia, 215, 225–226 tardive syndromes, 222–223, 222t, 223t, 224–226, 225t targeted temperature management, 413 task-specific dystonia, 211 tau protein, 82 Tay-Sachs disease, 347 temazepam, 513t temozolomide, 150t temperature regulation, disordered, 534–535 temporal bone, 22 temporal bone lesions, 17 temporal lobe seizures, 51–52, 52f, 53f temporomandibular joint disorder, 81 Tensilon test, 366 tension-type headache, 72 terazosin, 271, 295t teriflunomide, 264t, 265 tetanus, 443–444 tetrabenazine, 217t, 221, 221t tetracycline, 459, 459t thalamic hemorrhage, 125, 125f, 126t thalamotomy, 217 thallium poisoning, 542, 542t thiamine deficiency, 520, 521t thiazide diuretics, for intraparenchymal hemorrhage, 129 thiopental, 188 thioxanthene, 564t thoracolumbar spine injuries, 194t threshold effect, 400 thrombectomy, 114 thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), 530 thrombolysis, 113–114, 114t thrombolytic agents, intraparenchymal hemorrhage and, 122 thrombophlebitis See suppurative thrombophlebitis thrombosis, head trauma with, 183–184 thrombotic microangiopathies, 530 thunderclap headache, 76 thymectomy, 367–368 thyroid disease, 332, 527–528, 528t tiagabine, 60 TIAs See transient ischemic attacks tic, 200t tic disorders, 219–222, 220t, 221t ticagrelor, 114–116 tick paralysis, 374, 539, 540t ticks See arthropod-borne infections ticlopidine, 115 tinnitus, 43–44 tip-of-the-tongue misnaming, 38 tirilazad mesylate, 197t tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 113–114, 114t, 122 tizanidine, 269, 296t tobacco, 555 tolcapone, 203t, 205 Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, 301, 429t tolterodine, 271, 295t toluene, 542 tonic seizures, 55 tonic-clonic seizures, 53–54 topiramate, 60, 61t, 62t for essential tremor, 211t for migraine, 70, 70t for multiple sclerosis, 271 topographagnosia, 40 Tourette syndrome, 219–222, 220t, 221t toxic myopathy, 384–387, 385t, 538t toxic neuropathy, 328–330, 329t toxins See also neurotoxins ataxia and, 233–234 autonomic neuropathy induced by, 360 infectious, 443–444 Toxocara, 468 toxoplasmosis, 384t, 457, 486–488, 487t tPA See tissue plasminogen activator tramadol, 271 transient global amnesia, 105–107 transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), 59, 109, 116 transient tic disorder (TTD), 220, 220t transport, of trauma patient, 192, 195 transtentorial herniation, 422 transthyretin (TTR) amyloid polyneuropathy, 338 13/11/18 7:49 PM www.downloadslide.net Index transverse myelitis, 271–273, 272t, 280 trauma alcoholism and, 547 drug dependence and, 555 head (See head trauma) MRI of, 22–23, 23f spinal (See spinal trauma) traumatic brain injury, 175, 176t tremor, 200t essential, 209–211, 210t, 211t in multiple sclerosis, 253 parkinsonism, 201–202 trench fever, 454t, 455 Treponema pallidum, 436t, 447, 448t, 449 treponematoses, 447–451, 448t, 451t triazolam, 513t trichinosis, 384t, 468–469 tricyclic antidepressants, 561t for migraine, 70, 70t trigeminal autonomic cephalgias, 73–75 trigeminal nerve, 301 trigeminal neuralgia, 79–80 trihexyphenidyl, 203t, 205, 217, 217t triptan sensations, 69 triptans, for migraine, 68–69, 68t, 71 trisomy 21, 577–578 trisomy X, 578t trochlear nerve, 300–302, 300t tropical spastic paraparesis, 481 trospium, 295t trypanosomiasis, 460–463, 462t TTD See transient tic disorder TTP See thrombocytopenic purpura TTR amyloid polyneuropathy See transthyretin amyloid polyneuropathy tuberculoma, 441–442, 442f tuberculosis abscess, 441–442, 442f, 446f meningitis, 437–440, 440f spinal, 442–443 tuberous sclerosis complex, 583–584 tularemia, 454t tumefactive MS, 260–261, 261f tumors See also specific types CT of, 17 MRI of, 22–23 vertigo associated with, 49 tuning-fork testing, 41 Turcot syndrome, 145t Turner syndrome, 578t twist drill evacuation, 186 typhus-like diseases, 454t, 455 Brust_Index_p585-p610.indd 607 U ublituximab, 267, 268t Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy, 395t ulnar nerve, 5t disorders, 309–311, 310f, 310t, 311t ultrasonography, 27, 29, 30f UMNs See upper motor neurons undulating myokymia, 172 unilateral facet dislocation, 194t unprovoked seizures, 50, 60 unresponsive wakefulness, 35–36 unruptured intracranial aneurysms, 139 upper extremity nerve disorders median nerve, 306–309, 307f, 307t, 308f, 309t radial nerve, 311–312, 311f, 312t ulnar nerve, 309–311, 310f, 310t, 311t upper motor neuron disorders, 340–343, 341t, 342t–343t, 344t ALS (See amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) hereditary spastic paraparesis, 350 primary lateral sclerosis, 350–351 upper motor neurons (UMNs), 340 uremic encephalopathy, 526–527, 527t uremic myopathy, 388 uremic polyneuropathy, 526–527, 527t urosepsis, after ischemic stroke, 117 V vaccination, for bacterial meningitis, 418 vacuolar myelopathy, 492–493, 492t, 493t vagal nerve stimulator, 63 vagus nerve, 305 valacyclovir, 474 valproate, 63t, 70, 70t, 218t valproic acid, 60, 61t, 62t, 69t vanishing white matter disease, 246 vardenafil, 271 variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), 503–504, 503t varicella zoster virus (VZV), 471t, 473t, 474 ganglionitis, 479–480 HIV and, 493–494, 495t vasculopathy, 476–477 vascular anomalies, 27f, 140–143 vascular claudication, 292, 292t vascular cognitive impairment, 90–91, 90t 607 vascular injury, head trauma with, 183–184 vascular malformations catheter angiography of, 27, 27f intraparenchymal hemorrhage and, 122 MRI of, 22 vascular parkinsonism, 203 vascular stenosis, 29, 110, 113, 113f, 118 vascular theory of migraine, 67 vasculitis, 532–534, 533t catheter angiography of, 27 MRI of, 22 polyneuropathies associated with, 333 varicella-zoster, 493–494 vasculopathy, viral CNS, 476–477 vasogenic edema, 177 vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, 137–138, 138t after head injury, 190 ultrasonography of, 29 vCJD See variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease VDRL See Venereal Disease Research Laboratory vegetative state (VS), 35–36 vein of Galen aneurysm, 142 Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), 449 venlafaxine, 561t venous angiomas, 142–143 ventilation for elevated ICP, 411 after head injury, 189 ventriculitis, 425f ventriculoperitoneal shunt, 14 ventriculostomy, 410, 410f, 412 VEPs See visual evoked potentials verapamil, 70, 70t verbal expression, 37, 38t Vernet syndrome, 429t vertebra, 278, 280f vertebral angiogram, 27f vertebral artery dissection, 78 vertebral artery injuries, 197 vertebroplasty, 27 vertigo, 45–49, 45t, 46t, 47f in multiple sclerosis, 254, 271 vessel imaging, for ischemic stroke, 111, 113, 113f vestibular migraine, 48, 68t vestibular neuronitis, 48 vestibular schwannoma, 43 13/11/18 7:49 PM 608 vestibular testing, 46 videonystagmography (VNG), 42 vigabatrin, 60, 61t, 62t Villaret syndrome, 429t vinca alkaloids, 150t viral infections acute encephalitis, 470–474, 471t–473t, 474t acute myelitis, 477–478, 477t, 478t chronic, 480–482 CNS vasculopathies, 476–477 emerging and reemerging neurotropic, 482–483 ganglionitis, 479–480 meningitis, 473t, 474t, 475–476, 475t, 476t myositis, 382–383 radiculitis, 479–480 visual agnosia, 40 visual evoked potentials (VEPs), 12 visual impairment, drug-induced, 538, 539t visual syndromes, paraneoplastic, 171 vitamin A deficiency, 520, 521t vitamin B1 deficiency, 520, 521t vitamin B3 deficiency, 520, 521t vitamin B6 deficiency, 329, 520, 521t vitamin B12 deficiency, 287, 328–329, 520, 521t vitamin D deficiency of, 520, 521t Brust_Index_p585-p610.indd 608 www.downloadslide.net Index multiple sclerosis and, 250 myopathy and, 389 vitamin E deficiency, 246, 520, 521t vitamin K deficiency, 520 VNG See videonystagmography Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, 436t vomiting, in brain tumors, 146 von-Hippel Lindau syndrome, 145t, 583t voriconazole, 437t VS See vegetative state VZV See varicella zoster virus W Walker-Warburg syndrome, 395t Wallerian degeneration, 297 warfarin for atrial fibrillation and stroke, 117–118, 118t intraparenchymal hemorrhage and, 122, 123t reversal of, 128 Wegener granulomatosis, 436t, 533t, 534 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 546–547 West Nile virus, 436t, 470–475, 471t, 475, 478, 478t West syndrome, 55 Western equine virus, 471t whiplash injury, 48 white blood cell disorders, 530 Williams syndrome, 578t Wilson disease, 215 withdrawal, ethanol, 545–546, 546t wrist, median mononeuropathy at, 306–309, 307f, 307t, 308f writer’s cramp, 213 writing, 38 X xanthochromia, 134 xeroderma pigmentosum, 583t X-linked ataxias, 248–249 XYY syndrome, 578t Y yawning headache, 80 yaws, 451 Yersinia pestis, 454t Z zaleplon, 513t zero-order pharmacokinetics, 60, 63f Zika virus, 482–483 ziprasidone, 222 zolmitriptan, 68, 68t zolpidem, 513t zonisamide, 60, 61t, 62t, 271 zoster ophthalmicus, 480 Zygomycetes infections, 445 13/11/18 7:49 PM www.downloadslide.net This page intentionally left blank Brust_Index_p585-p610.indd 610 13/11/18 7:49 PM www.downloadslide.net 1a B A 1a 1a C Blood Volume [CBV(A)] [ml/100 ml] Blood Flow [CBF(A)] [ml/100 ml/min] D MIP [MIP] [HU] ▲▲ Plate 1.  A: Nonenhanced axial CT scan of the head shows no evidence of hemorrhage B: Perfusion CT blood volume map shows a core of infarcted tissue in the right basal ganglia C: Perfusion CT blood flow map shows a much larger ischemic zone of reduced blood flow D: The size of the mismatch is shown on this overlay map of blood volume and blood flow (Used with permission from Dr Ke Lin.) Brust_Color_Inserts.indd 14/11/18 2:57 PM www.downloadslide.net ▲▲ Plate 2.  Normal 3D-volume rendered CT angiogram of the neck (Used with permission from Emilio Vega, RT.) A B ▲▲ Plate 3.  A: Nonenhanced axial CT of the head shows subarachnoid hemorrhage and a high density in the pons, which might mistakenly be interpreted as a hematoma B: 3D-volume rendered image of the CT angiogram of the brain viewed from the patient’s left side shows a large proximal basilar aneurysm, which had invaginated into the pons from below Brust_Color_Inserts.indd 14/11/18 2:57 PM www.downloadslide.net ▲▲ Plate 4.  Normal MIP 3D-volume rendered MR angiogram of the circle of Willis The A1 segment of the right anterior cerebral artery is hypoplastic (Used with permission from Kelly Anne Mcgorty, BS, RT [R] [M] [MR].) Brust_Color_Inserts.indd 14/11/18 2:57 PM www.downloadslide.net A B ▲▲ Plate 5.  A: Postcontrast axial T1-weighted brain MRI shows a ring-enhancing lesion in the right thalamus B: MR relative blood volume perfusion map shows marked hyperfusion of this lesion This is a surgically proven glioblastoma Brust_Color_Inserts.indd 14/11/18 2:57 PM www.downloadslide.net A B ▲▲ Plate 6.  A: Postcontrast T1-weight axial image shows a right thalamic pilocytic astrocytoma B: MR tractography viewed from behind the patient shows the position of myelin tracts (long arrows) and their displacement by the mass (short arrows) Brust_Color_Inserts.indd 14/11/18 2:57 PM www.downloadslide.net ▲▲ Plate 7.  Functional MRI shows the relationship of this patient’s enhancing cavernoma (long arrow) to the motor cortex (short arrows) using a finger-tapping paradigm Brust_Color_Inserts.indd 14/11/18 2:57 PM www.downloadslide.net ▲▲ Plate 8.  PET/MRI demonstrates regions of severe hypometabolism (blue color) in the bilateral precuneus and parietal lobes, and to a lesser degree in the temporal lobes There is corresponding volume loss in the parietal and temporal lobes on the structural MRI Findings are suggestive of Alzheimer’s disease Brust_Color_Inserts.indd 14/11/18 2:57 PM www.downloadslide.net A P R L A L R P R A L P ▲▲ Plate 9.  PET/MRI demonstrates asymmetric hypometabolism in the left frontal lobe (white circle), which correlates with the epileptogenic focus on EEG findings (not shown) Brust_Color_Inserts.indd 14/11/18 2:57 PM ...a LANGE medical book CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment Neurology THIRD EDITION Edited by John C.M Brust, MD Professor of Neurology Columbia University College of Physicians... of Child and Adolescent Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Child Neurology and Child Neurology Open Editor, Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease and JIMD... Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia HIV Neurology Brust_ FM_p00i_pxiv.indd 11 Assistant Professor of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland HIV Neurology