Antibiotic Guidelines for Adults 2018 Christian Medical College, Vellore Prepared on behalf of the Hospital Infection Control Committee by Dr OC Abraham Dr George M Varghese Dr Dhanalakshmi Venkatesan Dr Joy S Michael Dr V Balaji Dr Sujith J Chandi Ms Catherine Truman We acknowledge the input given by various departments Approved by: Dr Prasad Mathews (Medical Superintendent) Doc No: MAN/HICC/001/P/25/04/2018 Version: 11 Contents Chapter Content Page No Introduction Principles of rational antibiotic prescribing Initial Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections A GI and intra-abdominal infections B CNS infections 10 C Infections of cardiovascular system 13 D Skin and soft tissue infections 14 E Bone and joint infections 18 F Respiratory tract infections 20 G Genitourinary infections 27 H Sepsis 30 Targeted (Definitive) Therapy of Common Infections 32 A Infective endocarditis 32 B Bloodstream infections 34 C Other infections 35 Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis 42 Surgical prophylaxis guidelines 43 Dosing of antimicrobial agents in renal insufficiency Hospital Antibiogram Hand Hygiene Technique 48 58 61 Chapter 1: Introduction Increasing antimicrobial resistance today poses a significant threat to public health in India This threat is compounded by the lack of development of new antibiotics Prudent antimicrobial utilization and a stringent adherence to infection control practices therefore remain the major strategies to counter this threat A safe and effective strategy for antibiotic use involves prescribing an antibiotic only when it is needed and selecting an appropriate and effective agent at the recommended dose, with the narrowest spectrum of antimicrobial activity, fewest adverse effects and lowest cost Good antibiotic prescription practices include: Prescribing empiric antibiotics for suspected bacterial infections only if:  Symptoms are significant or severe  There is a high risk of complications  The infection is not resolving or is unlikely to resolve Using first-line antibiotics first Reserving broad spectrum antibiotics for specifically indicated conditions The following information is intended to serve as a guide, to aid in the selection of an appropriate antimicrobial for patients with infections commonly seen in clinical practice Individual patient circumstances and resistance patterns may alter treatment choices The hospital antibiogram with susceptibility pattern of various organisms is reviewed every year and antibiotic recommendations are modified accordingly These recommendations are based not only on current scientific knowledge but also take the local resistance patterns, our collective clinical experience and cost into consideration The recommendations relate to empiric, targeted or definitive therapy for a clinical infection and prophylaxis in beneficial situations If empiric therapy is initiated, the treatment should be reviewed once the culture and susceptibility results are ready (usually within 72 hours) and argeted therapy should be done whenever possible to give the narrowest spectrum antibiotic based on culture and susceptibility data, the site of infection and the clinical status of the patient Chapter 2: Principles of rational antibiotic prescribing Empiric antimicrobial treatment should be limited to conditions where immediate / early initiation of antimicrobials has been shown to be beneficial Some examples are:  Severe sepsis (sepsis-induced tissue hypoperfusion or organ dysfunction) and septic shock  Acute bacterial meningitis  Community acquired pneumonia  Ventilator associated pneumonia  Necrotizing fasciitis  Febrile neutropenia Fever, leukocytosis or elevated c-reactive protein (CRP) levels by themselves should not be considered indications for starting empiric antimicrobials, as these have been shown to have very poor specificity to diagnose bacterial sepsis Always consider multiple data points (history, physical findings and investigation reports) together to make an accurate diagnosis Incomplete or inaccurate diagnosis is the most important reason for inappropriate use of antimicrobials Always obtain cultures (two sets of blood cultures and other appropriate samples as clinically indicated – e.g normally sterile body fluids, deep pus etc.) before starting empiric antimicrobial treatment  Avoid the practice of obtaining “pan cultures” unless clinically indicated Avoid sending cultures from superficial wounds, decubitus ulcers, and chronic wounds and draining sinuses Surface swab cultures are either inadequate or provide misleading information regarding diagnosis (as they cannot differentiate infection from colonization / contamination) When starting antimicrobials, use full therapeutic doses, paying close attention to dose, frequency, and route of administration and duration of treatment Review all antimicrobial prescriptions after 48 to 72 hours (“antimicrobial timeout”) with a view to modify or stop the initial empiric therapy De-escalate (targeted or pathogen-specific therapy) the antimicrobial regimen once culture and susceptibility reports are available, and the patient is showing signs of improvement with the initial empiric broad-spectrum antimicrobials · Examples of optimization include switch i To a narrow-spectrum antimicrobial, ii From combination to single agent, iii To less toxic or expensive drug, or iv From i.v to an oral formulation Stop antimicrobials if the cause of initial symptoms is found to be non-infectious 10 The doses mentioned in these guidelines are for patients with normal renal function The doses have to be modified for those with renal insufficiency Chapter 3: Initial Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections A1 GI and intra-abdominal infections Condition Most likely microbial etiology Acute • Viral gastroenteritis (calciviruses, (acute onset rotaviruses) nausea, • Enterovomiting, watery toxigenic and diarrhea) enteropathogenic E coli First choice None indicated Alternatives Comments • Rehydration • Symptomatic treatment • Salmonella spp Acute watery • Vibrio cholerae Doxycycline 300 mg • Azithromycin g Prompt rehydration diarrhea, cholera essential p.o x dose p.o x doses suspected • Ciprofloxacin 500 mg p.o BID x days Bacillary • Campylobacter • None needed for • Ciprofloxacin 500 Prompt rehydration dysentery (acute spp previously healthy mg p.o BID x onset fever and • Shigella spp patient with mild days bloody diarrhea) symptoms • Azithromycin 500 • Treat patients with mg p.o OD x days o Severe symptoms o Immunocompromised status Enteric fever – • Salmonella suspect if AFI Typhi ≥7 days, other • Salmonella etiology ruled out Paratyphi A • Antibiotic treatment should be based on culture & susceptibility reports (see Enteric fever in section on definitive therapy) Condition Cholangitis Most likely microbial etiology First choice Enterobacteriaceae • PiperacillinTazobactam 4.5 g Anaerobes i.v Q8H Alternatives Comments • CefoperazoneSulbactam g i.v BID • Duration: days • CefoperazoneSulbactam g i.v BID Patients undergoing cholecystectomy should have antimicrobials discontinued within 24 h unless there is evidence of infection outside the wall of the gallbladder • CefoperazoneSulbactam g i.v BID Duration: days • Biliary drainage • Ertapenem g i.v OD (for severely ill patients – sepsis or septic shock) Acute cholecystitis Enterobacteriaceae • PiperacillinTazobactam 4.5 g i.v Q8H • Ertapenem g i.v OD (for severely ill patients – sepsis or septic shock) Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis E coli • PiperacillinTazobactam 4.5 g i.v Q8H • Ertapenem g i.v OD (for severely ill patients – sepsis or septic shock) Secondary peritonitis (bowel perforation) Enterobacteriaceae Ertapenem g i.v OD • CefoperazoneSulbactam g Anaerobes i.v BID (Bacteroides species) • Emergency surgery to eliminate source of contamination, reduce bacterial load & prevent recurrence • Duration: - days; longer if source control inadequate • Emergency drainage Intra-abdominal Enterobacteriaceae Ertapenem g i.v OD • CefoperazoneSulbactam g Anaerobes abscess • Duration: - i.v BID · (Bacteroides days; longer if Tigecycline 100 species) source control mg i.v x dose, inadequate followed by 50 mg i.v BID · Condition 10 Amoebic liver abscess (suspect in patients with single abscess in right lobe of liver with no IHBRD and no primary intraabdominal source) 11 Acute pancreatitis Most likely microbial etiology E histolytica First choice Alternatives Comments Metronidazole 500 mg i.v TID or 800 mg p.o TID + Diloxanide furoate 500 mg TID x 10 days • Therapeutic drainage for: (1) high risk of abscess rupture; (2) left lobe liver abscess; (3) failure to respond to medical therapy within 5-7 days; and (4) cannot differentiate from a pyogenic liver abscess • Routine use of prophylactic antibiotics NOT recommended • Infected pancreatic necrosis should be considered in patients who o Deteriorate or fail to improve after 7– 10 days of hospitalization o CT scan with gas in the pancreas • In these patients, either o CT-guided FNA for Gram stain and culture to guide use of appropriate antibiotics or o Empiric antibiotics (e.g., Meropenem g i.v TID)may be given • Ref: ACG Guidelines 2013 *When using a carbapenem (e.g., ertapenem or meropenem) or beta-lactam + beta-lactamase inhibitor combination (e.g., piperacillin-tazobactam) for intra-abdominal infections, there is NO NEED to add metronidazole Carbapenems and Bl + BLI combinations have excellent activity against anerobes Chapter : Surgical prophylaxis guidelines A single preoperative dose of antibiotic is sufficient; there is no evidence for post-operative prophylactic antibiotic Antibiotics are repeated if the duration of operation is > hours or if blood loss is > liter (except vancomycin, aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone) Prophylactic antibiotics should be administered within hour prior to incision Prophylactic antibiotics should not be used in perianal procedures (lay open fistula, hemorrhoidectomy, lateral anal sphincterotomy) Avoid hypothermia as it increases incidence of surgical site infection No role for prophylactic antibiotic in routine cathertization 1a Clean operation without use of prosthetic implant (thyroglossal cyst excision, thyroidectomy, parotidectomy, radical neck dissection, mastectomy, adrenalectomy, hepatectomy, hydatid cyst liver without biliary communication, splenectomy, porto-systemic shunt operation) The evidence for use of antibiotic is thin However if an antibiotic is deemed necessary: Recommendation: Inj Cefazolin gm IV 1b Clean operation with use of prosthetic implant(inguinal hernioplasty, incisional hernia mesh repair, aortic aneurysm repair, aorto femoral bypass) Recommendation: Inj Cefazolin gm IV 2a Clean contaminated operation (cholecystectomy laparoscopic and open, gastrojejunostomy, gastrectomy, jejunal resection anastomosis, distal pancreatectomy, pseudocyst gastrostomy, pseudocystjejunostomy, low risk perforated peptic ulcer) 43 Recommendation: Inj Cefazolin gm IV (evidence for prophylactic antibiotic in low risk laparoscopic cholecystectomy is thin) 2b Clean contaminated operation (head & neck operation where oral cavity / upper aerodigestive tract is open, including esophageal operations) Recommendation: Inj Cefazolin gm IV + Inj Metronidazole 500 mg IV (alternative: clindamycin) Contaminated operation (colectomy, obstructed biliary tract, choledocholithiasis) Recommendation: InjCefazolin gm IV + Inj Metronidazole 500 mg IV (alternative: clindamycin + metronidazole) Surgeries on obstructed Bilary system should also add Inj Amikacin15mg /Kg Dirty (fecal peritonitis, anastomotic leakage) Antibiotics are not “prophylactic” here Choice of antibiotics will depend on whether organ dysfunction is present or not Specimens for culture and sensitivity should be taken at operation If organ dysfunction is present broad-spectrum antibiotics will be chosen initially and de-escalate once culture / sensitivity results are available Esophago-gastroduodenal surgery Nature of Etiology Operation Recommended Usual adult Redose antimicrobials dose Interval Procedure involving entry Enteric gram negative Cefazolin into lumen of bacilli, gram-positive gastrointestinal tract cocci 120 Kg: g IV hours *HIGH RISK - Morbid obesity, gastrointestinal obstruction, decreased gastric acidity or GI motility, gastric bleeding, malignancy or perforation, or immunosuppression 44 Biliary tract surgery (including pancreatic) Nature of Operation Etiology Recommended Usual adult dose Redose Interval antimicrobials Laparoscopic procedure N/A NA NA NA Open procedure or Enteric gram-negative Cefazolin laparoscopic procedure bacilli, enterococci, (high risk)§ clostridia 120 kg: g IV hours Enteric gram negative Cefazolin bacteria 120 kg: g IV hours 15mg/kg NA (low risk) Obstructed biliary system PLUS Amikacin $High risk laparoscopic -Age >70 years, acute cholecystitis, nonfunctioning gall bladder, or common bile duct stones Small intestine surgery Nature of Operation Etiology Recommended Usual adult antimicrobials dose Redose Interval Nonobstructed Enteric gram-negative Cefazolin bacilli, gram-positive cocci 120 kg: g IV Obstructed Enteric gram-negative Cefazolin bacilli, anaerobes, enterococci 120 kg: g IV hours 500 mg IV N/A hours PLUS Metronidazole 45 Colorectal Surgery Nature of Operation Colorectal surgery Etiology Enteric gram-negative bacilli, anaerobes, enterococci Recommended Usual adult dose Redose Interval antimicrobials Cefazolin 120 kg: g IV PLUS Metronidazole 500 mg IV N/A Hernia Surgery Nature of Operation Hernia Etiology Aerobic gram- Recommended Usual adult dose Redose Interval antimicrobials Cefazolin positive organisms 120 kg: g IV Head & Neck surgery Nature of Operation Clean Including thyroidectomy Cleancontaminated Etiology _ Anaerobes, enteric gram-negative bacilli, S aureus Recommended Usual adult dose Redose Interval antimicrobials N/A None Cefazolin PLUS Metronidazole 46 120 kg: g IV 500 mg IV N/A hours N/A Vascular Surgery Nature of Operation Recommended Usual adult dose Redose Interval antimicrobials Etiology Arterial surgery involving prosthesis, abdominal aorta or groin incision S.aureus, S.epidermidis Cefazolin Superficial venous system surgery S.aureus, S.epidermidis NA 120 kg: g IV NA NA Mastectomy Nature of Operation Clean Etiology Aerobic grampositive organisms Recommended Usual adult dose Redose Interval antimicrobials Cefazolin 120 kg: g IV Orthopedic Surgery Nature of Operation Etiology Clean surgeries including fracture repair, arthroplasty, iimplantation of foreign material and joint replacement Aerobic grampositive organisms Recommended Usual adult dose Redose Interval antimicrobials Cefazolin 120 kg: g IV 47 hours Chapter 7: Dosing of antimicrobial agents in renal insufficiency Cockcroft-Gault equation to calculate creatinine clearance (CrCl) for drug dosing in renal impairment: CrCl (ml/min) = (140-age) x weight (kg) (x 0.85 if female) 72 x serum creatinine (mg/dl) NB If anuric, morbidly obese or in acute renal failure, this equation will NOT give a true reflection of the creatinine clearance Anuric and oliguric (