SOUTH-EAST ASIA URBAN SYSTEMS WORKSHOP TRANSFORMATION OF HOCHIMINH CITY TO A METROPOLIS Regional coordination issues Dr Nguyen Ngoc Hieu, 2017 DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUND REGIONAL COORDINATION PORT’S COMPETITION DISCUSSION Hochiminh city aerial view, travip 2015 Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUND Disctrict – CBD 2015 Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUND Hochiminh city • • • • • • Largest population city National economic hub & driver International & regional connecting role Kernel of the most dynamic region 2095 km2 8.2 million Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUND Fast growth • • Population grows 2% recently Spatial growth double its rate HCMC population 19952015 9000000 8000000 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 Climate change and adaptation atlas for Hochiminh city, VCAPS, 2013 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 4.50% 4.00% 3.50% 3.00% 2.50% 2.00% 1.50% 1.00% 0.50% 0.00% HCMC population Urban systems in South East Asia HCMC population growth rate Nguyen Ngoc Hieu DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUND Historical review • • Expansion during wartime Only to the North Dupa introduction to HCMC planning, 2012 Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUND Settlement pattern • • • Compact city One large core – old centre Sprawling to the South Eastern economic region: 30.000km2, 16 mill, in provinces Landsat map, internet, 2015 Source: author using census data 2009 Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUND 2008 regional plan for a metropolis (under revision) • • Multi nodal pattern Metro links to regional cities Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUND 2012 plan inward development • • Go East, South, and other directions Make use of available territorial resources Dupa introduction to HCMC planning, 2012 Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUND Housing disparity & urban poor • Slum areas • Segregation deepening Slums in Kenh doi, District 4, HCMC, internet, 2016 Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 10 REGIONAL COORDINATION Industrial (concentrated) parks • • Industrial park ribbon within HCMC and in the region Within province priority Existing IPs Urban systems New IPs in South East Asia HCMC Regional planning, 2008, SISP Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 20 KEY PROJECTS REGIONAL COORDINATION Road transportation • • Lack of resource Delayed investment HCMC Regional planning, 2008, SISP Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 21 REGIONAL COORDINATION Climate change response • Dykes & tide control within city region • Expansion possibility later • Hard measure focus • Delayed investment • PPP solution – started 2016 Tidal flood protection, Decision 1547, 2008, Phi, Ho Long, 2011 Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 22 REGIONAL COORDINATION Mushrooming sea ports • • Relocation of inner sea ports upon city expansion and new growth strategy Sea ports & logistic hub competition problem Port relocation, Xuan Thanh, 2012 Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 23 PORTS & IPS COMPETITION Tan Thuan ICD & Other Hiep Phuoc Long An Cai Mep – Thi Vai Sao Mai – Ben Dinh Urban planning & Design manual, 2010, MOC-DANIDA Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 24 PORTS & IPS COMPETITION Regional sea ports • 2+2+1 cities and provinces Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 25 PORTS & IPS COMPETITION HCMC sea and river ports inner competition • Inner city port clusters to be transformed (2020) • Cat Lai port – most efficient port Faỗades subdivision pattern Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 26 PORTS & IPS COMPETITION Thi Vai port river bank subdivision • • • • Cai Mep - most advantage port exploitation under 20% capacity 51 site ports was adopted, some developed without link of road infrastructure among ports No rail road & logistics Cai Mep continue to enlarge Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 27 DISCUSSION Governing model Dong Nai Binh Phuoc Tay Ninh Steering Committee Hochiminh city Hochiminh city Binh Duong Ba Ria – Vung Tau Dong Nai Binh Phuoc Long An Physical & economic Urban systems in South East Asia Binh Duong Steering Committee (central government) Tay Ninh Ba Ria – Vung Tau Long An Political & administrative Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 28 DISCUSSION Revenue driven competition • • • Provincial budget reliance on taxing IP and import tax from ports Reliance on upper’s resources on common infrastructure No substantial decision making process or procedure against competing/conflicting issues Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 29 DISCUSSION Planning body, not authority • • • • Regional plan making process – reflection and reconciliation Reliance on upper’s resources on common infrastructure No substantial decision making process or procedure against competing/conflicting issues Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 30 DISCUSSION Operationalisation of cooperation • • • • • Discussion on council governments was rejected, regional plan relies on voluntary coordination Over past decade, each still follows each strategy on maximizing revenue – investment attraction on IPs Common infrastructure development rely on upper authority No effective mechanism on addressing common or upstream/downstream problem (water, environment, and infrastructure) Priority of infrastructure investment Urban systems in South East Asia Long Thanh Hiep Phuoc Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 31 DISCUSSION What works? • • • • • • • • • • Port’s government Authority vs planning body Coordination mechanism on cross-border issues Priority scheme materialization Market choice and political choice Ownership of the regional issue Market power, technical power, or political power Market power – association and clients Political power – government councils Technical power – monitoring and benchmarking information provision – planning body Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 32 DISCUSSION Options for a new metropolis Bilateral & codevelopment by area Synergige regional infrastructure development Coordinate to protect natural resources by catchment Port Authority to specific area & issues Limitation of internal competition bad effect New plan making upon resource and strategic monitoring for Steering Committee New council/ planning body Probable options Others: market led, smart, association, etc How to govern a metropolis sustainably? Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 33 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 34 ... Regional link Road & rail: Belt & radial high ways HCMC regional plan 2008 Long Thanh Hiep Phuoc HCMC regional transport planning, 2008, SISP Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 16 REGIONAL. .. of available territorial resources Dupa introduction to HCMC planning, 2012 Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUND Housing disparity & urban poor • Slum areas... South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 14 REGIONAL COORDINATION HCMC region conceptual multi-model development, SISP, 2008 Urban systems in South East Asia Nguyen Ngoc Hieu 15 REGIONAL COORDINATION Regional