Advances in agronomy volume 125

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Advances in agronomy volume 125

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ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY Advisory Board PAUL M BERTSCH RONALD L PHILLIPS University of Kentucky University of Minnesota KATE M SCOW LARRY P WILDING University of California, Davis Texas A&M University Emeritus Advisory Board Members JOHN S BOYER KENNETH J FREYw University of Delaware Iowa State University EUGENE J KAMPRATH MARTIN ALEXANDER North Carolina State University Cornell University Prepared in cooperation with the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America Book and Multimedia Publishing Committee DAVID D BALTENSPERGER, CHAIR LISA K AL-AMOODI CRAIG A ROBERTS WARREN A DICK MARY C SAVIN HARI B KRISHNAN APRIL L ULERY SALLY D LOGSDON w deceased Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101–4495, USA 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA 32 Jamestown Road, London, NW1 7BY, UK The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands First edition 2014 Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made ISBN: 978-0-12-800137-0 ISSN: 0065-2113 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at store.elsevier.com Printed and bound in USA 14 15 16 17 10 CONTRIBUTORS Dominique Arrouays INRA, InfoSol Unit, Orleans, France Ruth E Blake Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Guanglong Feng State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China Bruno Gerard International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), El Batan, Mexico Michael G Grundy CSIRO, EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia Alfred E Hartemink University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Soil Science, Madison, USA Ji-Zheng He State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for EcoEnvironmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, and Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Jonathan W Hempel United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA Gerard B.M Heuvelink ISRIC—World Soil Information, Wageningen, Netherlands S.Young Hong National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, South Korea Hang-Wei Hu State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for EcoEnvironmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, and Melbourne School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Deb P Jaisi Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA Mangi L Jat International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, Pusa, New Delhi, India ix x Contributors Xiangbin Kong The College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Farmland Quality, Monitoring and Control, National Ministry of Land Resources, Beijing, China Dinesh Kumar Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India Philippe Lagacherie INRA, IRD, Lab Etud Interact Sols Agrosyst Hydrosyst, Montpellier, France Rattan Lal Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Glenn Lelyk Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Baoguo Li The College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Farmland Quality, Monitoring and Control, National Ministry of Land Resources, Beijing, China Kejiang Li Institute of Dryland Farming, Key Field Scientific Observation Station of Hengshui Fluvoaquic Soil Ecology Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Hengshui, China Hongbin Liu Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China Alexander B McBratney Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Neil J McKenzie CSIRO Australia, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, Cedex, France Maria d.L Mendonca-Santos EMBRAPA-Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation/The National Centre of Soil Research (Embrapa Solos), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Budiman Minasny Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Luca Montanarella European Commission—DG JRC, Ispra, Varese, Italy Inakwu O.A Odeh Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Contributors xi Rajendra Prasad Indian National Science Academy, and Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India Pedro A Sanchez The Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA Yashbir S Shivay Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India Bijay Singh Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India James A Thompson West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA Zhi-Hong Xu Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia Bangbang Zhang The College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Gan-Lin Zhang State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, PR China Qingpu Zhang The College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China PREFACE Volume 125 of Advances in Agronomy contains six cutting-edge reviews by internationally recognized scientists Chapter is a state-of-the-art review on the use of novel oxygen isotope ratios of phosphate to assess phosphorus cycling in soil and water environments Chapter is a timely overview of agronomic biofortification of cereal grains with iron and zinc Chapter presents exciting advances on the Global Soil Map, a digital soil map that provides a fine-resolution global grid of soil functional properties Chapter covers the effect of fertilizer intensification and its impacts in China’s Huang Huai Hai plains Chapter discusses nutrient management and use efficiency in South Asian wheat systems Chapter is a state-of-theart review on ammonia-oxidizing archaea and their important role in soil acidification I am most grateful to the authors for their excellent contributions DONALD L SPARKS Newark, Delaware, USA xiii CHAPTER ONE Advances in Using Oxygen Isotope Ratios of Phosphate to Understand Phosphorus Cycling in the Environment Deb P Jaisi*,1, Ruth E Blake† *Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA † Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Corresponding author: e-mail address: jaisi@udel.edu Contents Introduction 1.1 Origin of phosphorus 1.2 Overview of P chemistry and P cycling Stable Isotope Systematics: Oxygen Isotope Ratios of Phosphate 2.1 Oxygen isotope ratios of phosphate: Historical development 2.2 Apatite versus dissolved inorganic phosphate 2.3 Dissolved Pi–water oxygen isotopic fractionation and calibration 2.4 pH effect on Pi–water oxygen isotopic fractionation 2.5 Resistance to Pi–water O exchange and inorganic hydrolysis 2.6 Phosphate in the environment: recent developments Organic Phosphorus and Isotope Effects of Organic Phosphate Mineralization: Enzyme- and Substrate-Specific Isotope Effects Measuremnt of Oxygen Isotope Ratios of Phosphate in Sediments, Soils, and Natural Waters 4.1 Processing of dissolved phosphate in water for silver phosphate precipitation 4.2 Organic phosphorus and isotope effects of organic phosphate mineralization 4.3 Extraction of soil/sediment P and processing for silver phosphate precipitation 4.4 Methods of measuring oxygen isotope ratios in phosphate Isotope Effects of Abiotic and Biotic Processes Involving Phosphates 5.1 Fractionation during abiotic processes of sorption, desorption, and mineral transformation 5.2 Bioavailability and cycling of phosphate at the mineral-water interface 5.3 Fractionation during transport and mobilization of phosphate 5.4 Marine sediments with multiple pulses of authigenic phosphate precipitation 5.5 Detrital phosphate from different provenances Advances in Agronomy, Volume 125 ISSN 0065-2113 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800137-0.00001-7 # 2014 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved 2 11 11 14 15 16 17 21 22 22 25 27 30 31 34 35 37 38 Deb P Jaisi and Ruth E Blake Application of Oxygen Isotope Ratios in Phosphate to Understand P Cycling in Soil Environments and Agricultre Concluding Remarks and Perspectives Acknowledgments References 39 42 43 43 Abstract Phosphorus (P) is universally recognized as an essential nutrient for all known forms of life and a key element in mediating between living and nonliving parts of the biosphere Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the development of oxygen isotope methods of phosphate and application to understand the biogeochemical cycling of P With the advent of robust analytical techniques able to accurately determine stable oxygen isotope ratios in phosphate (d18OP) and the increased understanding of isotope effects from controlled process- or reaction-based studies, d18OP values have been increasingly applied to identify sources and cycling of P in many natural environments Because different sources have distinct isotopic compositions and various processes impart specific isotopic fractionation or produce distinct pathways of isotopic evolution, application of d18OP values as a tracer for P in biogeochemical processes is expected to continue to expand as an exciting field of research in the future INTRODUCTION 1.1 Origin of phosphorus Phosphorus (P) in Greek mythology is “FosjόrοB” meaning “lightbearer.” The element P was first produced accidentally by a German physician, Hennig Brand (ca 1630–1692), after distillation of evaporated urine in the hope of changing metals in urine into gold It is presumably the reduction of phosphate by pyrolytic carbon (Goldwhite, 1981) that produced elemental phosphorus Early Christians noted the use of phosphorus as “perpetual lamps” that glowed in the dark The glow of phosphorus originates from chemiluminescence during aerial oxidation of elemental (white) phosphorus Similarly, ammonium sodium hydrogen phosphate tetrahydrate (NaNH4HPO4Á4H2O) was historically used by alchemists as “microcosmic salt.” Thus, the employment of P for useful purposes started long ago in human civilization P is the eleventh most abundant element in the Earth’s crust with a crustal abundance of 0.099% It is widely distributed as orthophosphate ðPO4 3À Þ in soils, rocks, oceans, all living beings, and in many man-made materials (e.g., pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, food additives) However, the importance Oxygen Isotope Studies of Phosphorus Cycling in Soils of P as a nutrient was not realized until the mid-1800 s Since its discovery as a plant nutrient and its extraction from phosphorite rocks to produce fertilizers, other applications of P in military, medical, technological, and nutritional applications have greatly expanded in recent centuries 1.2 Overview of P chemistry and P cycling 1.2.1 P chemistry P has atomic number 15, atomic mass 30.97, and its electron configuration is 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p3 The promotional energy s ! 3d orbital in P is small enough to allow vacant d-orbitals to participate in bonding and forming hybridized orbitals This ready availability of d-orbitals permits a relatively large number of potential configurations of electrons around the nucleus and therefore accounts for the origin of diverse P compounds Similarly, the higher contribution of the d-orbital leads to an effectively large atom with low electronegativity and greater polarizability (Corbridge, 1985) These properties along with high first ionization energy (10.48 eV) result in overwhelmingly covalent character of P in chemical reactions Its coordination number varies from (P0, elemental P) to (PCl6 À , phosphorus hexachloride), and its oxidation state from (PH3, phosphine gas) to ỵ5 (PO4 , phosphate) (Fig 1.1) These properties are likely responsible for the ubiquity of P-containing compounds in Earth environments (Westheimer, 1987) O H Inorganic P H−P P O H –3 R R −P Organic P R Orthophosphate Elemental P Phosphine Oxidation states O−P−O –1 R R− P=O R Trialkyl phosphine Phosphine oxides +1 O R − P = OH R +3 O +5 O R − P = OH R −P−O −R OH O −R Phosphonic acid Phosphenic acid Phosphate ester OR RO − P OR Phosphite ester Figure 1.1 Oxidation states of P and examples of organic and inorganic compounds in different oxidation states In general, P compounds with low oxidation state are less common on Earth Deb P Jaisi and Ruth E Blake Inorganic orthophosphate (referred to as Pi hereafter), the most prevalent form of P in the lithosphere and biosphere, is a compound in which the P atom is surrounded tetrahedrally by four oxygen atoms (i.e., in ỵ5 oxidation state and coordination number) A variety of condensed phosphates including pyrophosphate and polyphosphate originates from sharing of oxygens in PO4 3À ions The next most common form of P, organophosphorus compounds, is substituted phosphate esters in which P and C are linked through O as a PdOdC bond Also common in biological system are phosphosulfur compounds such as APS (adenosine phosphosulfate) a key intermediate in bacterial respiration of sulfate ðSO4 2À Þ which is highly prominent in marine sediments Phosphonates, in which P(5ỵ) is bonded directly to C, in PdC linkage, were once thought to be relatively rare and insignificant forms of P in earth environments Recent discoveries, however, have shown the widespread occurrence of phosphonates throughout the world’s oceans (Clark et al., 1999) and identified their role as P sources for primary oceanic productivity (Dyhrman et al., 2006), sources of atmospheric methane (Karl et al., 2008), and possible role in prebiotic earth chemistry (Glindemann et al., 1999; Pasek, 2008) These developments have drawn new attention to the reactions, origins, and biogeochemical cycling of phosphonates over the full span of earth’s history Unlike other essential elements in living beings, P was classically viewed as a redox-insensitive element, with phosphate (oxidation state 5ỵ) being the only redox state naturally present in the environment However, existence of other P phases (Fig 1.1) in the environment has been increasingly realized (see above) and the redox chemistry of P has been explored (e.g., Metcalf and Wolfe, 1998; Metcalf et al., 2012; Pasek and Block, 2009; Schink and Friedrich, 2000) The reduction of P (5ỵ) to ỵ, ỵ, or À 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Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A 110, 6328–6333 INDEX Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” indicate figures and “t ” indicate tables A Acetylene inhibition technique, 193 Acid soils See also AOA in acid soil nitrification AOA in, 265–268, 284–286 definition, 263–264 nitrification, 264–265, 272–274 Adenosine phosphosulfate (APS), Agriculture climate-resilient, 163 conservation, 200–203, 202t intensification, 136–137 P cycling in, 39–41 South Asian, 174, 241–242 Agronomic production chemical fertilizer, 148–159 fertilizer, crop yields, and production, 145–148 fertilizer intensification, 148–150, 159–162 SOM concentration, 154, 155–159 temporal changes in crop yields, 151–154 Alkaline phosphatase (APase), 18–19 Ammonia and AOA, 277–284, 282t exponential changes, 278f from organic matter mineralization, 285 oxidation in acid soils, 284–286 Ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) gene, 262–263 Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), 262–263 in acid soil nitrification, 265–268 active ammonia oxidation, 285 ammonia and, 277–284, 282t ammonia oxidation activity, 290 ammonia-oxidizing ecotypes, 270–271 amoA gene, 266–267, 268–270, 269f, 273f, 275–277, 276f denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis, 275–277, 277f heterotrophic growth, 293–294 heterotrophic/mixotrophic lifestyles for, 288–290 pH-dependent distribution, 272 soil pH on, 268–275 and urea substrates, 286–288 ureolytic pathway, 287f Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), 262–263 acid soil nitrification, 265–266 ammonia-oxidizing ecotypes, 270–271 amoA gene, 266–267, 268–270, 269f, 273f, 275–277, 276f AOA and, 282t denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis, 275–277, 277f soil pH on, 268–275 AMO gene See Ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) gene Anemia, Fe deficiency, 56–57, 61 AOA in acid soil nitrification, 265–268 ammonia oxidation, 284–286 biochemical and genetic features, 290–292 mechanisms, 277–292 microbial mechanisms, 292–294 predominant role, 266–268 stable isotope probing methods and, 275–277 AOB See Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) APase See Alkaline phosphatase (APase) APS See Adenosine phosphosulfate (APS) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), 72 B Balanced fertilizer use, 217–225 Basmati rice, Zn application, 63t 303 304 Biofortification cereals, 58–59 in oats, 69 rice (see Rice) wheat, 67–69 Biogeochemical cycling inorganic orthophosphate, 34f of nutrients and trace metals, Bismuth phosphate (BiPO4), 22, 28 Brown rice, 65–66, 65t C Carbonic anhydrase (CA), 78 Cenarchaeum C maritimus, 286–287 C symbiosum, 286–287 Cereals, 56–58 biofortification, 58–59 corn, 69 to dietary energy, 57f fertilizer affecting Fe/Zn concentration in, 69–73 oats, 69 rice (see Rice) wheat (see Wheat) Chemical fertilizers application of, 136–137, 144t, 145–148, 147f corn, 143–144 wheat, 143–144 China’s HHH plains analysis and synthesis, 145 characteristics, 138–145 fertilizer intensification (see Huang Huai Hai (HHH) region, fertilizer intensification) geographical area, 138–140 research-based recommended practices, 141–144 soil types and distribution, 140–141 Climate change, 97 adverse effects, 163 soil quality and, 163 Climate-resilient agriculture, 163 Conservation agriculture, 200–203, 202t Corn, 69 Cotton–wheat cropping system, 175, 180–182 Index Cropping systems, 205 cotton–wheat, 175 maize–wheat, 175–176 millet–wheat, 176 rice–wheat, 182t, 188, 189–190, 195 soybean–wheat, 176 sugarcane–wheat, 175–176 wheat-based, 209, 210t, 241 Crop residues, 206–208 Crop yields in HHH region, 145–148, 146f soil types and, 148–150, 148f, 150f, 151f SOM concentration and, 156–159, 158f, 164 temporal changes, 151–154, 152f, 153t Cubist data mining tool, 121 D Desorption, abiotic processes, 31–33 Detrital phosphate, from provenances, 38–39 Diarrhea, 61 Digital soil mapping, 101–102, 114f Disability-adjusted life years, 56–57 Dwarfism, 61 E Electrical conductivity of soil, 109–110 Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), 17–18 Enzyme-specific isotope effects, 17–21 F Farmyard manure (FYM), 182–183, 197, 203–204 Ferrihydrite dissolution process, 32–33 mineral transformation of, 31–33 with sorbed phosphate, 31 Fertilizer affecting Fe/Zn concentration, 69–73 balanced application of N, P, and K, 222–225, 224t, 225t chemical (see Chemical fertilizers) nitrogen in wheat, 217, 218t, 226–229 305 Index phosphorus in wheat, 217–220, 227, 228, 229 potassium in wheat, 220–222, 221t, 227, 228, 229 recommendations for wheat, 176–177, 177t, 179–183 rice–wheat cropping system, 182t Fertilizer intensification chemical, 136–137 crop yield and stability, 148–150 dilemma in China, 164–166 by farm household, 164 impacts in HHH plains (see Huang Huai Hai (HHH) region, fertilizer intensification) soil quality, 159–162 SOM concentration, 154 Fertilizer management crop yield, 151–154 SOM concentration, 155–157, 157t in supplemental irrigation, 161 treatments, 143, 144t Fractionation abiotic, 32f during abiotic processes, 31–33 isotopic, 11–15 Pi–water, 10f during transport and mobilization of phosphate, 35–37 Fuzzy k-means clustering, 117 G Global Earth Observing System of Systems (GEOSS), 97–98, 120 GlobalSoilMap applications, 120–121 benefit, 128 examples, 121–126 geographic reference, 107–108 governance, 127–128 information architecture, 120–121 information system, 127–129 minimum data set, 109–113, 111t origins of, 101–102 Prediction Interval (PI), 117 quadratic-smoothing splines, 103–104, 105f research to operational implementation, 128–129 soil property estimation, 110–113 Technical Specifications (see Technical Specifications of GlobalSoilMap) time estimation, 113 uncertainty, 117–119 web services, 120–121 Glycine max, 176 GM rice, 58–59 Golden rice, 58–59 Green manure, 197, 205–206 Green Revolution, 173–174, 240 H HAO See Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) Happy Seeder, 201–203 Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD), 98–99 Homosoil, 115–116 Huang Huai Hai (HHH) region, fertilizer intensification, 136–137 characteristics of, 138–145 chemical fertilizers (see Chemical fertilizers) climate-resilient agriculture, 163 crop yields (see Crop yields) dilemma of, 164–166 farm household, 163, 164 fertilizer, 145–148 long-term experiment sites, 139f production, 145–148 research-based recommended practices, 141–144 roots and stubbles, 143–144, 145f soils, 140–141, 159–162 SOM concentration, 154, 154f, 155t synthesis of past achievements, 162–166 typical landscape, 140f Human nutrition, micronutrients in, 60 HWSD See Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) Hydrolysis, inorganic, 15–16 Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO), 290–292 Hypercube evaluation sampling method, 116 306 I Inorganic hydrolysis, Pi–water O exchange and, 15–16 Inorganic orthophosphate (Pi), 4, biogeochemical cycling, 34f cycling of, 13 soil development, Integrated nutrient management (INM), 154 International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), 230–232 Ion exchange, 31, 32–33, 34–35 Iron concentration, fertilizer affecting, 69–73 functions/deficiency in human, 56–57, 60–61 nonheme proteins, 61 in soil, 73 Iron oxide, 31 Isotope exchange, 34–35 Pi–water oxygen, 12–13, 15–16, 16f Isotopic fractionation, Pi-water oxygen, 11–15 L Latin hypercube sampling method, 117 Long-term fertilization management, 155–157 M Maize–wheat cropping system, 175–176, 206 Marine sediments, 4, authigenic phosphate precipitation, 37–38 Micronutrients, in human nutrition, 60 Millet–wheat cropping system, 176 Mineralization of organic phosphate, 17–21, 22–25 Mineral transformation abiotic processes, 31–33 of ferrihydrite with sorbed phosphate, 31–33 Mycorrhiza, 72–73 N Neem-coated urea (NCU), 237–239 Nitrification, 262–263 Index acid soil (see Acid soil nitrification) inhibitors, 237–239 transformation rates, 264–265 and urease inhibitors, 237–239, 238t Nitrogen cycling, 262–264, 284 fertilizer in wheat, 217, 218t, 226–229 and irrigation interaction in wheat, 193–195 mineralization rates, 284 transformations/losses, in wheat, 191–193, 192t Nitrosoarchaeum limnia, 286–287 Nitrosopumilus N devanaterra, 281–284 N maritimus, 281–284, 288 Nitrososphaera N gargensis, 286–287 N viennensis, 286–287, 288 Nitrosotalea devanaterra, 267–268 Nitroxyl oxidoreductase (NxOR), 290–292 Nutrient interaction with, 71–72 management (see Nutrient management) micronutrients in human, 60 plant, 60 wheat and, 176–178, 187t, 189t Nutrient Expert—Wheat (NE-W), 235–237 Nutrient management, in wheat, 216–217 alkali soils, 196–197 conservation agriculture, 200–203 efficiency, 183–190, 184t, 187t, 189t long-term experiments, 209–215, 210t, 215t recommendations in, 176–178, 177t, 178t saline soils, 197–200 sustainability of, 209–215 Nutrient use efficiency, in wheat, 174 balanced application of N, P, and K, 222–225 method of application, 227–228 nitrogen, 217, 218t, 219t, 226–229 phosphorus, 217–220, 227, 228, 229 potassium, 220–222, 221t, 222t, 227, 229 source of, 228–229 strategies, 216–217 time of application, 226–227 trends in, 183–190 307 Index O Oats, 69 Organic carbon content and standard deviation, 125f, 126f standard deviation, 125f Organic phosphate mineralization ammonia released from, 284–286 isotope effects, 17–21, 22–25 Organic phosphorus (Po), 17–21, 22–25 mineralizing without hydrolysis, 24–25 removal of, 23–24 Organophosphorus compounds, Oxygen isotope ratio of phosphate, 7–8, 15–16 development, 8–10 evolution of methods, 27–29 oxygen yield issue, 29–30 in sediments, soils, and natural waters, 21–30 in soil environments and agriculture, 39–41 P Phosphate abiotic and biotic processes, 30–39 authigenic precipitation, 37–38 bioavailability and cycling, 34–35 detrital, 38–39 dissolving for silver phosphate precipitation, 22 in environment, 16–17 ferrihydrite with sorbed, 31 fractionation during transport and mobilization, 35–37 inorganic, apatite vs dissolved, 11 oxygen isotopes ratios of (see Oxygen isotopes ratios of phosphate) Phosphate oxygen isotopes, 15–16 Phosphine gas, 4–5 Phosphite, 4–5 Phosphonate, Phosphorus chemistry, 3–5 cosmogenic radionuclides, cycling, 5–6, 39–41 environmental problems, 6–7 fertilizer in wheat, 217–220, 227, 228, 229 nutrient–sediment interactions, 6–7 origin of, 2–3 oxidation states, 3f pools in soil, 7f redox-insensitive element, 4–5 stable isotope systematics, 7–17 Phytosiderophores (PS), 76–77 Pi–water oxygen isotopic fractionation and calibration, dissolving, 11–14 inorganic exchange of oxygen, 15–16 pH effect on, 14–15 Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), 72–73 Plants exploitable depth, 106 factors affecting uptake of Fe/Zn, 76–79 Fe/Zn in soil, 73 mechanisms of Zn other than pH, 73 nutrition, 60 soil solution pH, 73–75, 74t translocation in, 78 Polyphosphate, Potassium, 177–178 fertilizer in wheat, 220–222, 221t, 227, 228, 229 Poultry manure, 205 Pressmud cake, 208 Pyrophosphate, Q Quantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soils (QUEFTS) model, 235 R Rice, 56–57 conventional lowland cultivation, 70 iron deficiency in, 70 method of application, 62–66 parboiled, 66 sources of zinc, 66–67 zinc concentration in, 65–66 zinc deficiency in, 70 Rice straw effect of, 202t management, 207–208 308 Rice–wheat cropping system, 188 fertilizer, 182t long-term experiment on, 213–214, 213f, 214t, 216t in northern Bangladesh, 189–190 phosphorus fertilizer, 217–219 subsoil compaction under, 195 Root characteristics, uptake of Fe/Zn, 76 S Salinization process, 140–141 Salt concentration soil, 159–160, 160f Scorpan approach, 115, 121 Sealed-tube method, 28–29 SEDEX sequential extraction method, 26, 27 Sediments oxygen isotope ratios of phosphate in, 21–30 provenance analysis, 38 Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM), 107–108 Silver phosphate (Ag3PO4), 28 dissolving phosphate in water, 22 oxygen yield, 29–30 processing for, 25–27 soil/sediment phosphorus, 25–27 Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM), 174, 230, 231t need-based, 234 plant-based, 232–237, 236f, 238t soil-based, 230–232, 232t Sodic soil nitrogen losses in, 196 saline series, 197t South Asia, 196–197 wheat, 194 Soil assessment global imperative for, 96–98 information, 95–101 map coverage, 98–99 mapping, modeling, and monitoring, 96 simulation modeling, 96 Soil maps cross-validation, 118–119 detailed, 117 with point soil observations, 116 validation, 118–119 Index SoilML, 120 Soil organic carbon (SOC), 137–138 Soil organic matter (SOM) concentration, 136–138 crop yields and, 156–159, 158f, 164 fertilizer intensification in HHH region, 154, 154f, 155t to long-term fertilization management, 155–157, 157t residue retention, 201–202 Soil point data, 115, 116 detailed soil maps with, 114–115 Soil property data acquisition, 116–117 estimation using legacy data, 114–116 sampling, 116–117 statistical modeling, 118 values, 110f Soils degradation, 97 factors affecting Fe/Zn to plants, 73–75 function, 94–95, 101, 102, 124 individual, 103–107 Indo-Gangetic plain, 175 information, web-based delivery, 120 microcosm, 278–279, 280t, 285 oxygen isotope ratios of phosphate in, 21–30 P cycling, 39–41 quality improvement, 159–162 salt concentration, 159–160, 160f types in HHH region, 140–143, 142t, 143f Soil/sediment phosphorus sequential extraction, 25–27 silver phosphate precipitation, 27 Soil survey and classification, 99–100 depth function, 103–104 grids vs polygons, 100–101 measurement technologies, 117 polygon maps, 99–100 pragmatic treatment, 105–107 root depth, 106–107 SOM See Soil organic matter (SOM) concentration Sorption, abiotic processes, 31–33 309 Index South Asia sodic soil, 196–197 wheat production in (see Wheat production, in South Asia) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), 172–173 Soybean, 176 SRTM See Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) State Soil Geographic (STATSGO2) database, 123 Substrate-specific isotope effects, 17–21 Sugarcane–wheat cropping systems, 175–176 T TC/EA See Thermochemolysis elemental analyzer (TC/EA) Technical Specifications of GlobalSoilMap, 102 depth function, 103–104 grid, 107–109 points and blocks estimation, 109 pragmatic treatment, 105–107 resolution of 100 m, 108–109 soil individual, 103–107 Thaumarchaeota acid soils, 272–274 operational taxonomic unit (OTU), 272, 274f relative abundance, 272, 273f Thermochemolysis elemental analyzer (TC/EA), 29, 30 Tillage, 69–70 Total profile depth, 106 U Ultraviolet (UV) oxidation, 24–25 Unhusked rice, Zn concentration in, 65–67, 65t Urea, 191–193, 228–229, 286–288 Urease inhibitors, 237–239 W Waters management techniques, 70–71 oxygen isotope ratios of phosphate in, 21–30 scarcity, 97 Wheat, 57–58, 65t, 67–69 zinc concentration in, 68t Wheat production, in South Asia, 175–176, 242t agronomic efficiency of, 184–185, 186t, 187t alkali soils, 196–197 composts and pressmud cake, 208 conservation agriculture and, 200–203, 202t cropping system, 172–174, 173t, 175–176 crop residues, 206–208 farmyard manure, 203–204 fertilizer use, 179–183, 181t, 183t green manure, 205–206 linear regression analyses, 213–214 nitrification inhibitors, 237–239 nitrogen/irrigation interaction in, 193–195 nutrient management (see Nutrient management) nutrient use efficiency (see Nutrient use efficiency) organic vs inorganic nutrient sources, 203–208 partial factor productivity of, 184–185, 186t, 187t phase, 174 phosphorus and, 190t poultry manure, 205 saline soils, 197–200, 198t, 199t salt-affected soils, 195–200 site-specific nutrient management (see Site-specific nutrient management) transformations/losses of nitrogen, 191–193, 192t urease inhibitors, 237–239 White rice, 65–66 Z Zinc accumulation in grain, 79 enzymes, 61 functions in human, 61 mechanisms other than pH, 75 phytosiderophores, 77 in soil, 73 utilization efficiency, 78 310 Zinc concentration fertilizer affecting, in cereal, 69–73 in rice, 65–66 in wheat, 68t, 71 Zinc deficiency in human, 56–57, 61 Index in rice, 70 root exudation of organic acids, 77–78 soils in world, 74f Zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZSHH), 66–67 Zn prosthetic groups, 61 ... Qingpu Zhang The College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China PREFACE Volume 125 of Advances in Agronomy contains six cutting-edge reviews by internationally... Monitoring and Control, National Ministry of Land Resources, Beijing, China Dinesh Kumar Division of Agronomy, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India Philippe Lagacherie INRA,... China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Gan-Lin Zhang State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, PR China

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  • Series Page

  • Copyright

  • Contributors

  • Preface

  • Advances in Using Oxygen Isotope Ratios of Phosphate to Understand Phosphorus Cycling in the Environment

    • Introduction

      • Origin of phosphorus

      • Overview of P chemistry and P cycling

        • P chemistry

        • Conventional methods for understanding of P cycling in the environment

        • Environmental problems associated with P

    • Stable Isotope Systematics: Oxygen Isotope Ratios of Phosphate

      • Oxygen isotope ratios of phosphate: Historical development

      • Apatite versus dissolved inorganic phosphate

      • Dissolved Pi-water oxygen isotopic fractionation and calibration

      • pH effect on Pi-water oxygen isotopic fractionation

      • Resistance to Pi-water O exchange and inorganic hydrolysis

      • Phosphate in the environment: recent developments

    • Organic Phosphorus and Isotope Effects of Organic Phosphate Mineralization: Enzyme- and Substrate-Specific Isotope Effects

    • Measuremnt of Oxygen Isotope Ratios of Phosphate in Sediments, Soils, and Natural Waters

      • Processing of dissolved phosphate in water for silver phosphate precipitation

      • Organic phosphorus and isotope effects of organic phosphate mineralization

        • Removal of organic P

        • Mineralizing organic P without hydrolysis

      • Extraction of soil/sediment P and processing for silver phosphate precipitation

        • Sequential extraction of soil/sediment P

        • Silver phosphate precipitation from sequentially extracted soil/sediment P phases

      • Methods of measuring oxygen isotope ratios in phosphate

        • Evolution of methods

        • Oxygen yield issue

    • Isotope Effects of Abiotic and Biotic Processes Involving Phosphates

      • Fractionation during abiotic processes of sorption, desorption, and mineral transformation

        • Ferrihydrite with freshly sorbed phosphate

        • Mineral transformation of ferrihydrite with sorbed phosphate

      • Bioavailability and cycling of phosphate at the mineral-water interface

      • Fractionation during transport and mobilization of phosphate

      • Marine sediments with multiple pulses of authigenic phosphate precipitation

      • Detrital phosphate from different provenances

    • Application of Oxygen Isotope Ratios in Phosphate to Understand P Cycling in Soil Environments and Agricultre

    • Concluding Remarks and Perspectives

    • Acknowledgments

    • References

  • Agronomic Biofortification of Cereal Grains with Iron and Zinc

    • Introduction

    • Biofortification of Cereal Grains

    • Micronutrients in Human Nutrition

    • Functions and Deficiency of Fe and Zn in Humans

      • Iron

      • Zinc

    • Agronomic Biofortification of Cereal Grains

      • Rice

        • Method of application

        • Sources of Zinc

      • Wheat

      • Corn

      • Oats

    • Management Practices Other Than Fertilizer Affecting Fe and Zn Concentration in Cereal Grains

      • Tillage

      • Water management

      • Interaction with other nutrients

      • Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and mycorrhiza

    • Soil Factors Affecting the Availability of Fe and Zn to Plants

      • Amounts present in soil

      • Soil solution pH

      • Mechanisms of Zn fixation other than pH

    • Plant Factors Affecting Uptake of Fe and Zn

      • Root characteristics

      • Phytosiderophores

      • Organic acids

      • Zinc utilization at the cellular level

      • Translocation in plants

      • Mechanisms of Zn accumulation in grain

    • Conclusion

    • References

  • GlobalSoilMap: Toward a Fine-Resolution Global Grid of Soil Properties

    • Introduction

    • Information for Soil Assessment

      • Mapping, modeling, and monitoring

      • The new global imperative for soil science

      • Current map coverage

      • Conventional concepts of soil survey and classification

      • Grids or polygons or both?

    • Digital Soil Mapping and Origins of GlobalSoilMap

    • Technical Specifications of GlobalSoilMap

      • Defining the soil individual

        • Depth function

        • Pragmatic treatment of soil depth

      • Definition of the grid

        • 100 m resolution

        • Estimates for points and blocks

    • Minimum Data Set

      • Concept

      • Time

    • Methods for Estimating Soil Properties Using Legacy Data

      • Legacy data only

        • Detailed soil maps with legends and soil point data

        • Soil point data

        • Detailed soil maps with legends

        • No local data?homosoil

      • Acquiring new data

        • Sampling

        • New measurement technologies

    • Uncertainty

    • Information Architecture, Web Services, and Applications

    • Examples

    • Toward an Enduring Global Soil Information System

      • Governance

      • Mutual benefit

      • Moving from research to operational implementation

    • Conclusions

    • Acknowledgments

    • References

  • Fertilizer Intensification and Its Impacts in China´s HHH Plains

    • Introduction

    • Characteristics of the HHH Region

      • The geographical area

      • Soil types and distribution

      • Research-based recommended practices

      • Analysis and synthesis of past data

    • Impacts on Agronomic Production

      • Increase in fertilizer, crop yields, and production in the HHH region over time

      • The effects of the increase in chemical fertilizer on crop yields and SOM concentration over time

        • Response of crop yield and stability to fertilizer intensification for different soil types

        • Temporal changes in crop yield for the same fertilizer management among soil types over time

        • Response of SOM concentration to increase in fertilizer intensification in the HHH region

        • Response of SOM concentration to long-term fertilization management practices

        • Crop yield response to SOM concentration in different soil types over time

      • Improvement in soil quality is the preconditions for the effects of the fertilizer intensification since 1980s

    • Synthesis of Past Achievements

      • High agronomic yields cannot be obtained with low inputs

      • Climate-resilient agriculture in the HHH region

      • The technique of fertilizer intensification by farm household

      • The dilemma of fertilizer intensification in China

    • Conclusions

    • Acknowledgments

    • References

  • Nutrient Management and Use Efficiency in Wheat Systems of South Asia

    • Introduction

    • Wheat Systems in South Asia

    • Nutrient Recommendations in Wheat in South Asia

    • Fertilizer Use in Wheat in South Asia

    • Trends in Nutrient Use Efficiency in Wheat

    • Transformations, Losses, and Interaction of Nitrogen with Irrigation in Relation to Management of Fertilizer Nitrogen ...

      • Transformations and losses of nitrogen

      • Nitrogenirrigation interaction in wheat

    • Nutrient Management in Wheat in Salt-Affected Soils

      • Nutrient management in alkali soils

      • Nutrient management in saline soils

    • Nutrient Management in Wheat Grown Under Conservation Agriculture

    • Integrated Management of Organic and Inorganic Nutrient Sources in Wheat

      • Farmyard manure

      • Poultry manure

      • Green manure

      • Crop residues

      • Composts and pressmud cake

    • Long-Term Nutrient Management Effects on Sustainability of Wheat Productivity

    • Strategies to Enhance Nutrient Use Efficiency in Wheat

      • Adequate and balanced application of N, P, and K

        • Nitrogen

        • Phosphorus

        • Potassium

        • Balanced application of N, P, and K

      • Time of application of nutrients

        • Nitrogen

        • Phosphorus

        • Potassium

      • Method of application of nutrients

        • Nitrogen

        • Phosphorus

        • Potassium

      • Source of nutrients

        • Nitrogen

        • Phosphorus

        • Potassium

      • Site-specific and precision nutrient management

        • Soil-based SSNM

        • Plant-based SSNM

      • Nitrification and urease inhibitors

    • Conclusions and Research Needs

    • Acknowledgments

    • References

  • Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea Play a Predominant Role in Acid Soil Nitrification

    • Introduction

    • An Overview of Nitrification Activity in Acid Soils

    • Evidence Supporting a More Important Role of AOA in Acid Soils: Field Studies and Microcosm Incubations

      • AOB could not explain the active nitrification activity in acid soils

      • Substantial evidence for the predominant role of AOA in acid soil nitrification

    • Spatial Distributions of AOA and AOB Along the Soil pH Gradient

      • Impacts of soil pH on the occurrence of AOA and AOB abundances

      • Impacts of soil pH on the relative abundance of individual AOA and AOB lineages

      • Activity of individual AOA lineages in acid soils revealed by SIP methods

    • Possible Mechanisms for AOA Nitrification in Acid Soils

      • pH-reduced ammonia availability under acid conditions and AOA´s high affinity for ammonia

      • Ammonia released from mineralization fueling AOA ammonia oxidation in acid soils

      • Urea hydrolysis-based AOA ammonia oxidation

      • Heterotrophic or mixotrophic lifestyles for AOA

      • Distinctive biochemical and genetic features of AOA facilitating growth in acid soils

    • Future Perspectives on Deciphering Microbial Mechanisms for Nitrification in Acid Soils

    • Acknowledgment

    • References

  • Index

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