Advances in agronomy volume 99

406 50 0
Advances in agronomy volume 99

Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)

Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống

Thông tin tài liệu

CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in Parenthesis indicate the pages on which authors contributors begin V C Baligar (345) USDA-ARS-Sustainable Perennial Crops Lab, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350 Guilhem Bourrie´ (227) INRA, UR 1119, Soil and Water Geochemistry, Europoˆle de l’Arbois, B.P 80, F-13545 Aix-en-Provence (France) J F Briat (183) CNRS, Universite´ Montpellier II, SupAgro, INRA, UMR5004 ‘Biochimie et Physiologie Mole´culaire des Plantes’, Place Pierre Viala, F-34060 Montpellier cedex I, France N K Fageria (345) National Rice and Bean Research Center of EMBRAPA, Caixa Postal 179, Santo Antoˆnio de Goia´s, GO, CEP 75375-000, Brazil Rebecca E Hamon (289) Plant Chemistry Section, Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Institute, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universita` Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, I-29100, Piacenza, Italy Alfred E Hartemink (125) ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands P Hinsinger (183) INRA, SupAgro, UMR1222 ‘Bioge´ochimie du Sol et de la Rhizosphe`re’, Place Pierre Viala, F-34060 Montpellier cedex 1, France Philip M Jardine (1) Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 P Lemanceau (183) INRA, Universite´ de Bourgogne, UMR1229 ‘Microbiologie du Sol et de l’Environnement’, CMSE, BV 86510, F-21034 Dijon cedex, France Enzo Lombi (289) Plant and Soil Science Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark ix x Contributors J M Meyer (183) CNRS, Universite´ Louis Pasteur, UMR7156 ‘De´partement Environnement, Ge´ne´tique mole´culaire et Microbiologie’, F-67000 Strasbourg, France David R Parker (101, 289) Soil and Water Sciences Section, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 A Robin (183) INRA, Universite´ de Bourgogne, UMR1229 ‘Microbiologie du Sol et de l’Environnement’, CMSE, BV 86510, F-21034 Dijon cedex, France Angelia L Seyfferth (101) Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521 Fabienne Trolard (227) INRA, UR 1119, Soil and Water Geochemistry, Europoˆle de l’Arbois, B.P 80, F-13545 Aix-en-Provence (France) G Vansuyt (183) INRA, Universite´ de Bourgogne, UMR1229 ‘Microbiologie du Sol et de l’Environnement’, CMSE, BV 86510, F-21034 Dijon cedex, France PREFACE Volume 99 contains seven comprehensive and timely reviews dealing with plant, soil, and environmental sciences Chapter is an excellent review on the influence that complex hydrological, geological, and biological processes have on inorganic contaminant fate and transport, with emphasis on field-scale studies Chapter focuses on the uptake and fate of perchlorate in plants Chapter is a timely review on the soil and environmental issues related to the use of sugarcane for bioethanol production Chapter is a comprehensive review on iron dynamics in the rhizosphere including the impact of plants and microorganisms on iron status and iron-mediated interactions in the rhizosphere Chapter deals with a reevaluation of the Fe cycling in soils in light of recent advances in understanding the geochemistry of green rusts and fougerite Chapter is a thorough review of recent advances on using isotopic dilution techniques in trace element research including a discussion of methods, benefits, and limitations Chapter deals with liming of tropical Oxisols and includes factors affecting lime requirements and methods and frequency of lime applications I thank the authors for their fine contributions DONALD L SPARKS University of Delaware xi C H A P T E R O N E Influence of Coupled Processes on Contaminant Fate and Transport in Subsurface Environments Philip M Jardine Contents Introduction and Rationale Chapter Objectives and Outline General Overview on the Impact of Coupled Processes on Subsurface Fate and Transport 3.1 The importance of subsurface media structure 3.2 Influence of subsurface hydrologic processes on biogeochemical reactions 3.3 Influence of the subsurface capillary fringe on couple hydro-bio-geochemical reactions Influence of Coupled Processes on Inorganic Contaminant Fate and Transport 4.1 General overview 4.2 Inorganic metals 4.3 Inorganic radionuclides 4.4 Inorganic ligands 4.5 General inorganics 4.6 Modeling coupled processes involving dissolved aqueous phase inorganic constituents Influence of Coupled Processes on Organic Contaminant Fate and Transport 5.1 General overview 5.2 Chlorinated solvents 5.3 Hydrocarbons 5.4 Pesticides and herbicides 5.5 Modeling coupled processes involving organic constituents Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References 4 10 10 11 24 34 40 44 48 48 51 57 65 67 70 73 73 Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 Advances in Agronomy, Volume 99 ISSN 0065-2113, DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)00401-X # 2008 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved Philip M Jardine Abstract The following chapter emphasizes subsurface environmental research investigations over the past 10 to 15 years that couple hydrological, geochemical, and biological processes as related to contaminant fate and transport An attempt is made to focus on field-scale studies with possible reference to laboratory-scale endeavors Much of the research discussed reflects investigations of the influence of coupled processes on the fate and transport of inorganic, radionuclide, and organic contaminants in subsurface environments as a result of natural processes or energy and weapons production endeavors that required waste disposal The chapter provides on overview of the interaction between hydro-biogeochemical processes in structured, heterogeneous subsurface environments and how these interactions control contaminant fate and transport, followed by experimental and numerical subsurface science research and case studies involving specific classes of inorganic and organic contaminants Lastly, thought provoking insights are highlighted on why the study of subsurface coupled processes is paramount to understanding potential future contaminant fate and transport issues of global concern Introduction and Rationale Until recently, worldwide waste disposal practices were an afterthought to the desire for economic expansion and national security and defense In an age full of fear, greed, and the desire for global superiority, waste disposal practices regarding weapons, energy, and food production, and the quest for a higher standard of living, were of little consequence and were deemed an effort that future generations would confront Unfortunately, cleanup technologies have been slow in development and the resolution of the legacy waste problem persists An excellent example exists within several government agencies within the United States (U.S.) such as the Department of Energy (DOE) and the Department of Defense (DoD) which face a daunting challenge of remediating huge below ground inventories of legacy radioactive, toxic metal, and mixed organic wastes The scope of the problem is massive, particularly in the high recharge, humid regions east of the Rocky Mountains, where the off-site migration of contaminants continues to plague soil water, groundwater, and surface water sources Even in semiarid regimes west of the Rocky Mountains, the threat of contaminant migration through seemingly ‘‘dry’’ porous media persists due to slow water movement along fine sediment layers as a result of tension-driven anisotropic flow Industrial activities have also contributed to massive legacy waste problems that are associated with accidental and intentional spills and disposal activities The cleanup of these activities by DOE, DoD, and the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has Influence of Coupled Processes on Contaminant Fate been ongoing for several decades with the pace slowing due to budget cuts and priority shifts in the U.S government spending portfolio In this context, it is not surprising that determining the best course of action— large-scale cleanups, focused hotspot remediation, or no action (natural attenuation)—remains exceedingly difficult from a technical standpoint If a natural system has sufficient capacity for clean-up of contaminants by in situ processes (e.g., adsorption, dilution, precipitation, biodegradation, chemical transformation), perhaps natural attenuation processes should be considered as the first option The current reality (i.e., 2008) is that contaminated sites are closing rapidly and many remediation strategies have chosen to leave contaminants in-place with little consideration of whether the decision is appropriate In situ barriers, surface caps, and bioremediation are often the remedial strategies of choice By choosing to leave contaminants in-place, we must accept the fact that the contaminants will continue to interact with subsurface and surface media Contaminant interactions with the geosphere are complex and investigating long-term changes and interactive processes is imperative to verifying risks Since contaminants may be left in-ground, it is critical to understand immobilization and remobilization processes that may operate during long-term stewardship as it is our societal responsibility to ensure a healthy environment for future generations A deeper understanding of the relevant spatial and temporal scales that govern the fate of transport mechanisms is needed in order to make informed decisions about the applicability of various remediation options including natural attenuation Understanding the spatial and temporal scales at which coupled hydrobio-geochemical processes operate is essential to designing an efficient and effective monitoring program for long-term stewardship Chapter Objectives and Outline In the following chapter we emphasize subsurface environmental research investigations that combine hydrological, geochemical, and biological processes as related to contaminant fate and transport We not consider coupled subsurface deformation, mechanical, or thermal processes as related to chemical distribution and reactivity This information can be found in Bai and Elsworth (2000) We attempt to discuss only fieldscale studies with possible reference to laboratory-scale endeavors A review of environmental investigations involving coupled processes at the laboratory scale can be found in Geesey and Mitchell (2008) Much of the research discussed in this chapter reflects investigation of the influence of coupled processes on the fate and transport of contaminants in subsurface environments as a result of natural processes or energy and weapons production endeavors that require waste disposal Many of the approaches and research Philip M Jardine findings from these studies have potential application to future investigations on the environmental consequences of contaminant dissemination as a result of shifts in energy and climate policy and man-made changes to the global hydrologic cycle Section provides an overview of the interaction between hydrological, geochemical, and microbial processes in structured, heterogeneous subsurface environments and how these interactions control contaminant fate and transport Next, Section highlights recent field relevant research on the influence of these coupled processes on inorganic contaminant fate and transport, and Section provides numerous examples of field-scale research on the impact of coupled processes on organic contaminant fate and transport Lastly, Section provides concluding remarks of how the study of subsurface coupled processes is paramount to understanding potential future contaminant fate and transport issues of global concern General Overview on the Impact of Coupled Processes on Subsurface Fate and Transport 3.1 The importance of subsurface media structure Undisturbed subsurface soils and geologic material consist of a complex continuum of pore regions ranging from large macropores and fractures at the millimeter scale to small micropores at the submicrometer scale Structured media, common to most subsurface environments throughout the world, accentuates this physical condition which often controls the hydrological, geochemical, and microbial processes affecting transport phenomena More often than not, subsurface media structure controls the rate and extent of geochemical and microbial reactions, all of which ultimately influence contaminant fate and transport processes Geochemical and biological reactions and activity may, in turn, influence media structure and the hydrodynamics of the system (e.g., biogeochemical pore plugging, earthworm channels) Therefore, the extent and magnitude of subsurface biogeochemical reactions is often controlled by the spatial and temporal variability of the media structure which controls the system hydrodynamics The physical properties of the media (e.g., structured, layered) coupled with its antecedent water content and the duration and intensity of precipitation events, dictate the avenues of water, solute, and microbe movement as well as their interaction within the subsurface In humid environments where structured media is commonplace, transient storm events invariably result in the preferential migration of water (Gerke et al., 2007; Hornberger et al., 1991; Jardine et al., 1989, 1990a,b; 1998, 1999a, 2001, 2002; 2006, 2007; Mayes et al., 2003; Shaffer et al., 1979; Shuford et al., 1977; Vogel et al., 2006; Wilson et al., 1989, 1993, 1998) Influence of Coupled Processes on Contaminant Fate Highly conductive voids within the media (e.g., fractures, macropores) carry water around low permeability, high porosity matrix blocks or aggregates resulting in water bypass of the latter (Fig 1A) Subsurface preferential flow is also a key mechanism controlling water and solute mobility in arid environments (Hendrickx and Yao, 1996; Ho and Webb, 1998; Liu et al., 1998; Mayes et al., 2003, 2005; Pace et al., 2003, 2007; Porro et al., 1993; Ritsema et al., 1993, 1998; Tompson et al., 2006) Lithologic discontinuities and sediment layering promote perched water tables and unstable wetting fronts that drive both lateral and vertical subsurface preferential flow (Fig 1B) Water that is preferentially flowing through media often remains in intimate contact with the porous matrix, and physical and hydrologic gradients drive the exchange of mass from one pore regime to another Mass exchange is time dependent and is often controlled by diffusion to and from the matrix The preferential movement of water and mass through the subsurface therefore significantly impacts geochemical and microbial processes by controlling the extent and rate of various reactions with the solid phase It imposes kinetic constraints on biogeochemical reactions and limits the surface area of interaction by partially excluding water and mass from the matrix porosity These concepts are likewise conveyed in the subject area hydropedology which provides a link between the disciplines of pedology (e.g., soil B A cm 10 cm Structured saprolite Laminated sediments Figure An example of structured media from (A) humid and (B) semiarid climatic regimes showing a fractured shale-derived saprolite and a layered sediment consisting of laminated coarse- and fine-grained material, respectively The fractured saprolite in (A) consists of macroporous fast-flowing fractures that surround low permeability, high porosity matrix blocks The laminated sediments in (B) are irregularly spaced depositional layers of fine- and coarse-grained minerals that have drastically different hydrologic characteristics that often results in tension-driven anisotropic lateral flow along fine layers Philip M Jardine macro- and micromorphology) and subsurface hydrology and other disciplines involved with land, air, and water interfaces (Kutilek and Nielsen, 2007) The coupling of such processes suggests that anisotropy is a general characteristic of soils and that the formulation of physically meaningful transport parameters requires quantitative knowledge of soil micromorphology As suggested by Kutilek (1978, 1990), the assumption that soil is an isotropic body is only an approximation of reality Coupling of hydropedology with geochemistry and microbiology provides new insights into the role of solute and contaminant fate and transport as a function of hydrology and soil structure 3.2 Influence of subsurface hydrologic processes on biogeochemical reactions Subsurface geochemical and microbial reactions are directly linked to the system hydrodynamics Soil moisture conditions that promote the onset of preferential flow and thus higher volumetric flux per unit area will minimize geochemical and microbial interfacial reactions due to decreased residence times during transport and potential bypass of the soil matrix (Estrella et al., 1993; Jardine et al., 1988, 1993a; Jarvis, 2007; Jarvis et al., 2007; Kung, 1990a,b; Maraqa et al., 1999) Conversely, soil moisture conditions that not promote preferential flow will, in general, enhance geochemical retardation and microbial interfacial reactions In the presence or absence of preferential flow, water content variations affect the extent and rate of geochemical and microbial reactions very differently The extent of contaminant retardation by the solid phase via geochemical mechanisms (e.g., sorption, redox alteration, and complexation) will be more pronounced when flow is restricted to smaller pore size regimes (e.g., mesopores/micropores) Jardine et al (1988, 1993a,b) have found that the reactivity of reactive contaminants and chelated radionuclides increased dramatically with a slight decrease in pressure head or water content The larger surface area and potential reactivity of smaller sized pores versus macropores allow geochemical reactions to proceed to a more significant extent in the subsurface media Microbial activity and transport in the subsurface are also controlled by physical and chemical interactions with the solid phase as well as the availability of nutrients, sources of carbon, and possible electron acceptors Hydraulic conductivities can have a severe influence on nutrient transport and delivery within the subsurface and can often be the most limiting aspect of bioremediation Biotransformation, biosorption, and electron transfer reactions are typical processes that govern the fate and transport of microbes in the subsurface Unlike solutes that can reside within nearly all of the pore structure of subsurface media, microbes (i.e., bacteria and viruses) are too large to reach a significant fraction of the micropore regime and are restricted to the mesopore and macropore domains Usually, less than 5–10% of the 392 N K Fageria and V C Baligar Fageria, N K (1992) ‘‘Maximizing Crop Yields.’’ Marcel Dekker, New York Fageria, N K (2000) Upland rice response to soil acidity in cerrado soil Pesq Agropec Bras 35, 2303–2307 Fageria, N K (2001a) Effect of liming on upland rice, common bean, corn, and soybean production in cerrado soil Pesq Agropec Bras 36, 1419–1424 Fageria, N K (2001b) Response of upland rice, dry bean, corn and soybean to base saturation in cerrado soil Rev Bras Eng Agri Amb 5, 416–424 Fageria, N K (2002) Soil quality vs environmentally based agricultural management practices Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 33, 2301–2329 Fageria, N K (2006) Liming and copper fertilization in dry bean production on an Oxisol in no-tillage system J Plant Nutr 29, 1219–1228 Fageria, N K (2008) Optimum soil acidity indices for dry bean production on an Oxisol in no-tillage system Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 39(5/6), 845–857 Fageria, N K., and Baligar, V C (1999) Growth and nutrient concentrations of common bean, lowland rice, corn, soybean and wheat at different soil pH on an Inceptisol J Plant Nutr 22, 1495–1507 Fageria, N K., and Baligar, V C (2001) Improving nutrient use efficiency of annual crops in Brazilian acid soils for sustainable crop production Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 32, 1303–1319 Fageria, N K., and Baligar, V C (2003a) Fertility management of tropical acid soils for sustainable crop production In ‘‘Handbook of soil acidity’’ (Z Rengel, Ed.), pp 359–385 Marcel Dekker, New York Fageria, N K., and Baligar, V C (2003b) Methodology for evaluation of lowland rice genotypes for nitrogen use efficiency J Plant Nutr 26, 1315–1333 Fageria, N K., and Baligar, V C (2005a) Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants Adv Agron 88, 97–185 Fageria, N K., and Baligar, V C (2005b) Nutrient availability In ‘‘Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment’’ (D Hillel, Ed.), pp 63–71 Elsevier, San Diego, California Fageria, N K., and Breseghello, F (2004) Nutritional diagnostic in upland rice production in some municipalities of State of Mato Grosso, Brazil J Plant Nutr 27, 15–28 Fageria, N K., and Gheyi, H R (1999) ‘‘Efficient Crop Production.’’ Federal University of Paraiba, Campina Grande, Brazil, Paraiba Fageria, N K., and Santos, A B (2005) In ‘‘Influence of base saturation and micronutrient rates on their concentration in the soil and bean productivity in cerrado soil in no-tillage system’’ Paper presented at the VIII National Bean Congress, Goiaˆnia, Brazil, pp 18–20 October 2005 Fageria, N K., and Santos, A B (2008) Influence of pH on productivity, nutrient use efficiency by dry bean, and soil phosphorus availability in a no-tillage sysetm Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 39, 1016-1025 Fageria, N K., and Scriber, J M (2002) The role of essential nutrients and minerals in insect resistance in crop plants In ‘‘Insect and Plant Defense Dynamics’’ (T N Ananthakrishnan, Ed.), pp 23–54 Science Publisher, Ensfield (NH), USA Fageria, N K., and Stone, L F (1999) ‘‘Acidity Management of Cerrado and Varzea Soils of Brazil.’’ Santo Antoˆnio de Goia´s, Brazil Fageria, N K., and Stone, L F (2004) Yield of common bean in no-tillage system with application of lime and zinc Pesq Agropec Bras 39, 73–78 Fageria, N K., Baligar, V C., and Wright, R J (1989) The effect of aluminum on growth and uptake of Al and P by rice Pesq Agropec Bras 24, 677–682 Fageria, N K., Baligar, V C., and Edwards, D G (1990) Soil-plant nutrient relationships at low pH stress In ‘‘Crops as Enhancers of Nutrient Use’’ (V C Baligar and R R Duncan, Eds.), pp 475–507 Academic Press, San Diego, California Fageria, N K., Guimaraˆes, C M., and Portes, T A (1994) Iron deficiency in upland rice Lav Arrozeira 47, 3–7 Ameliorating Soil Acidity 393 Fageria, N K., Zimmermann, F J P., and Baligar, V C (1995) Lime and phosphorus interactions on growth and nutrient uptake by upland rice, wheat, common bean, and corn in an Oxisol J Plant Nutr 18, 2519–2532 Fageria, N K., Baligar, V C., and Jones, C A (1997) ‘‘Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops.’’ Marcel Dekker, New York 2nd Ed Fageria, N K., Baligar, V C., and Clark, R B (2002) Micronutrients in crop production Adv Agron 77, 185–268 Fageria, N K., Castro, E M., and Baligar, V C (2004) Response of upland rice genotypes to soil acidity In ‘‘The Red Soils of China: Their Nature, Management and Utilization’’ (M J Wilson, Z He, and X Yang, Eds.), pp 219–237 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Fageria, N K., Baligar, V C., and Zobel, R W (2007) Yield, nutrient uptake, and soil chemical properties as influenced by liming and boron application in common bean in a no-tillage system Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 38, 1637–1653 Farina, M P W., Sumner, M E., Plank, C O., and Letzsch, W S (1980) Effect of pH on soil magnesium and its absorption by corn Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 11, 981–992 Fischer, K S (1998) Toward increasing nutrient-use efficiency in rice cropping systems: The next generation of technology Field Crops Res 56, 1–6 Foy, C D (1983) Plant adaptation to mineral stress in problem soils Iowa State J Res 57, 339–354 Foy, C D (1984) Physiological effects of hydrogen, aluminum and manganese toxicity in acid soils In ‘‘Soil Acidity and Liming’’ (F Adams, Ed.), 2nd Ed pp 57–97 ASA-CSSASSSA, Madison, Wisconsin Foy, C D (1992) Soil chemical factors limiting plant root growth Adv Soil Sci 19, 97–149 Franco, A A., and Munns, D N (1982) Acidity and aluminum restraints on nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and growth of Phaseolus vulgaris in nutrient solution Soil Sci Soc Am J 46, 296–301 Friesen, D K., Juo, A S R., and Miller, M H (1980a) Liming and lime phosphorus-zinc interactions in two Nigerian Ultisols I Interactions in the soil Soil Sci Soc Am J 44, 1221–1226 Friesen, D K., Miller, M H., and Juo, A S R (1980b) Lime and lime-phosphate-zinc interactions in two Nigerian Ultisols II Effects on maize root and shoot growth Soil Sci Soc Am J 44, 1227–1232 Gallo, P B., Mascarenhas, H A A., Quaggio, J A., and Bataglia, O C (1986) Differential responses of soybean and sorghum to liming Rev Bras Ci Solo 10, 253–258 Garvin, D F., and Carver, B F (2003) Role of genotype in tolerance to acidity and aluminum toxicity In ‘‘Handbook of Soil Acidity’’ (Z Rengel, Ed.), pp 387–406 Marcel Dekker, New York Glenn, A R., Tiwari, R P., Reeve, W G., and Dilworth, M J (1997) The response of root nodule bacteria to acid stress In ‘‘Plant Soil Interactions at Low pH: Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry Production’’ (A C Moniz, A M C Furlani, R E Schaffert, N K Fageria, C A Rosolem, and H Cantarella, Eds.), pp 123–138 Brazilian Soil Science Society, Campinas, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Gonzales-Erico, E., Kamprath, E J., Naderman, G C., and Soares, W V (1979) Effect of depth of lime incorporation on the growth of corn on an Oxisol of Central Brazil Soil Sci Soc Am J 43, 1155–1158 Graham, P H., Draeger, K J., Ferrey, M L., Conroy, M J., Hammer, B E., Martinez, E., Aarons, S R., and Quinto, C (1994) Acid pH tolerance in strains of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, and initial studies on the basis for acid tolerance of Rhizobium tropici UMR1899 Can J Microbiol 40, 198–207 Habte, M (1995) Soil acidity as a constraint to the application of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal technology In ‘‘Mycorrhiza’’ (A Varma and B Hock, Eds.), pp 593–605 Springer-Verlag, New York 394 N K Fageria and V C Baligar Hall, J L (2002) Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance J Exp Bot 53, 1–11 Hartemink, A E (2002) Soil science in tropical and temperate regions—some differences and similarities Adv Agron 77, 269–292 Harter, R D (1983) Effect of soil pH on adsorption of lead, copper, zinc, and nickel Soil Sci Soc Am J 47, 47–51 Hayman, D S., and Tavares, M (1985) Plant growth responses to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza XV Influence of soil pH on the symbiotic efficiency of different endophytes New Phytol 100, 367–377 Haynes, R J (1982) Effects of liming on phosphate availability in acid soils A critical review Plant Soil 68, 289–308 Haynes, R J (1983) Soil acidification induced by leguminous crops Grass Forage Sci 38, 1–11 Haynes, R J (1984) Lime and phosphate in the soil–plant system Adv Agron 37, 249–315 Haynes, R J., and Swift, R S (1988) Effects of lime and phosphate additions on changes in enzyme-activities, microbial biomass and levels of extractable nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus in an acid soil Biol Fertil Soils 6, 153–158 He, Z., Yang, X., Baligar, V C., and Calvert, D V (2003) Microbiological and biochemical indexing systems for assessing quality of acid soils Adv Agron 78, 89–138 Helyar, K R (1978) Effects of aluminum and manganese toxicity on legume growth In ‘‘Mineral Nutrition of Legumes in Tropical and Subtropical Soils’’ (C S Andrew and E J Kamprath, Eds.), pp 207–231 CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia Helyar, K R., Cillis, B R., Furniss, K., Kohn, G D., and Taylor, A C (1997) Changes in the acidity and fertility of a red earth soil under wheat-annual pasture rotations Aust J Agric Res 48, 561–586 Holdings, A J., and Lowe, J F (1971) Some effects of acidity and heavy metals on the rhizobium-leguminous plant association Plant Soil Special Volume, 153–166 Huang, J W., and Chen, J (2003) Role of pH in phytoremediation of contaminated soils In ‘‘Handbook of Soil Acidity’’ (Z Rengel, Ed.), pp 49–472 Marcel Dekker, New York Huang, J W., and Grunes, D L (1992) Potassium/magnesium ratio effects on aluminum tolerance and mineral composition of wheat forage Agron J 84, 643–650 Hue, N V (1992) Correcting soil acidity of a highly weathered Ultisol with chicken manure and sewage sludge Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 23, 241–264 Hue, N V., and Licudine, D L (1999) Amelioration of subsoil acidity through surface application of organic manures J Environ Qual 28, 623–632 Hue, N V., Craddock, G R., and Adams, F (1986) Effect of organic acids on aluminum toxicity in subsoil Soil Sci Soc Am J 50, 28–34 Ibekwe, M A., Angle, J S., Chaney, R L., and Van Berkum, P (1995) Sewage sludge and heavy metal effects on nodulation and nitrogen fixation of legumes Environ Sci Technol 24, 11199–11204 IPCC (2001) ‘‘Climate change: The scientific basis Contribution of Workshop Group I to Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.’’ Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Ismail, H., Shamshuddin, J., and Omar, S R S (1993) Alleviation of soil acidity in Ultisol and Oxisol for corn growth Plant Soil 151, 55–65 Izaurralde, R C., Lemke, R L., Goddard, T W., McConkey, B., and Zhang, Z (2004) Nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture topsequences in Alberta and Saskatchewan Soil Sci Soc Am J 68, 1285–1294 Johansen, A., Jakobsen, I., and Jensen, E S (1993) External hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Trifolium subterraneum L.: Hyphal transport of 32P and 15N New Phytol 124, 61–68 Ameliorating Soil Acidity 395 Johnson, J P., Carver, B F., and Baligar, V C (1997) Productivity in great Plains acid soils of wheat genotypes selected for Al tolerance Plant Soil 188, 101–106 Joner, E J., and Jakobsen, I (1994) Contribution by two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to P uptake by cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) from 32P-labeled organic matter during mineralization in soil Plant Soil 163, 203–209 Kaitibie, S., Epplin, F M., Krenzer, E G., Jr., and Zhang, H (2002) Economics of lime and phosphorus application for dual-purpose winter wheat production in low-pH soils Agron J 94, 1139–1145 Kamprath, E J (1970) Exchangeable aluminum as a criterion for liming leached mineral soils Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 34, 252–254 Kamprath, E J (1984) Crop responses to lime on soils in the tropics In ‘‘Soil Acidity and Liming’’ (F Adams, Ed.), 2nd Ed pp 349–366 ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin Kamprath, E J., and Foy, C D (1985) Lime-fertilize-plant interactions in acid soils In ‘‘Fertilizer Technology and Use’’ (O P Engelstad, Ed.), 3rd Ed pp 91–151 Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin Kariuki, S K., Zhang, H., Schroder, J L., Edwards, J., Payton, M., Carver, B F., Raun, W R., and Krenzer, E G (2007) Hard red winter wheat cultivar responses to a pH and aluminum concentration gradient Agron J 99, 88–98 Karlen, D L., Varvel, G E., Bullock, D G., and Cruse, R M (1994) Crop rotations for the 21st century Adv Agron 53, 1–45 Kashket, E (1985) The proton motive force in bacteria: A critical assessment of methods Annu Rev Microbiol 39, 219–242 Kiraly, Z (1976) Plant disease resistance as influenced by biochemical effects on nutrients in fertilizers In ‘‘Fertilizer Use and Plant Health’’, pp 33–46 International Potash Institute, Bern, Switzerland Kirchner, M J., Wollum, A G., and King, L D (1993) Soil microbial populations and activities in reduced chemical input agroecosystems Soil Sci Soc Am J 57, 1289–1295 Kochain, L V (1995) Cellular mechanisms of aluminum toxicity and resistance in plants Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 46, 237–260 Lance, J C., and Pearson, R W (1969) Effect of low concentrations of aluminum on growth and water and nutrient uptake by cotton roots Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 33, 95–98 Linderman, R G (1992) Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and soil microbial interactions In ‘‘Mycorrhizae in Sustainable Agriculture’’ (G J Bethlenfalvay and R G Linderman, Eds.), pp 45–70 ASA-CSSSA-SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin Lindsay, W L (1979) ‘‘Chemical Equilibria in Soils.’’ John Wiley & Sons, New York Liu, J., and Hue, N V (1996) Ameliorating subsoil acidity by surface application of calcium fulvates derived from common organic materials Biol Fertil Soils 21, 264–270 Lopes, A S., Silva, M C., and Guilherme, L R G (1991) ‘‘Soil Acidity and Liming.’’ Technical Bulletin 1, National Association for Diffusion of Fertilizers and Agricultural Amendments, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Loss, S P., Ritchie, G S P., and Robson, A D (1993) Effect of lupines and pasture on soil acidification and fertility in Western Australia Aust J Exp Agric 33, 457–464 MacRae, R J., and Meheys, G R (1985) The effect of green manuring on the physical properties of temperate area soils Adv Soil Sci 3, 71–91 Mahler, R L., and McDole, R E (1985) The influence of lime and phosphorus on crop production in northern Idaho Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 16, 485–499 Makinde, E A., and Agboola, A A (2002) Soil nutrient changes with fertilizer type in cassava based cropping system J Plant Nutr 25, 2303–2313 Mamo, T., and Killham, K S (1987) Effect of soil liming and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on the growth and micronutrient content of the teff plant Plant Soil 102, 257–259 396 N K Fageria and V C Baligar Mansell, G P., Pringle, R M., Edmeades, D C., and Shannon, P W (1984) Effects of lime on pasture production on soils in the North Island of New Zealand III Interaction of lime with phosphorus N Z J Agric Res 27, 363–369 Marschner, H (1995) ‘‘Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants.’’ 2nd ed Academic Press, New York Marschner, H., and Dell, B (1994) Nutrient uptake in mycorrhizal symbiosis Plant Soil 159, 89–102 McBride, M B (1994) ‘‘Environmental Chemistry of Soils.’’ Oxford University Press, New York McLean, E O (1973) Testing soils for pH and lime requirement In ‘‘Soil Testing and Plant Analysis’’ (L M Walsh and J D Beaton, Eds.), pp 77–95 Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin McLean, A J (1976) Cadmium in different species and its availability in soils as influenced by organic matter and addition of lime, P, Cd, and Zn Can J Soil Sci 56, 129–138 Miyazawa, M., Pavan, M A., and Calegari, A (1993) The effect of plant materials on soil acidity Rev Bras Ci Solo 17, 411–416 Moody, P W., and Aitken, R L (1997) Soil acidification under some tropical agricultural systems I Rates of acidification and contributing factors Aust J Soil Res 35, 63–173 Mora, M L., Demanet, R., Vistoso, E., and Gallardo, F (2005) Influence of sulfate concentration in mineral solution on ryegrass grown at different pH and aluminum levels J Plant Nutr 28, 1117–1132 Morel, C., and Plenchette, C (1994) Is the isotopically exchangeable phosphate of a loamy soil the plant available P? Plant Soil 158, 287–297 Mortvedt, J J (2000) Bioavailability of micronutrients In ‘‘Handbook of Soil Science’’ (M E Sumner, Ed.), pp 71–87 CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida Muchovej, R M C., Borges, A C., Novias, R F., and Thiebaut, J T L (1986) Effect of liming levels and Ca-Mg ratios on yield, nitrogen content and nodulation of soybean grown in acid cerrado J Soil Sci 37, 235–240 Mulder, E G., Lie, T A., and Houwers, A (1977) The importance of legumes under temperate conditions In ‘‘Treatise on Dinitrogen Fixation, IV Agronomy and Ecology’’ (R W F Hardy and H A Gibson, Eds.), pp 221–242 John Wiley & Sons, New York Naidu, R., Syers, J K., Tillman, R W., and Kirkman, J H (1990) Effect of liming and added phosphate on charge characteristics of acid soils J Soil Sci 41, 157–164 Narro, L., Pandey, S., Leon, C D., Salazar, F., and Arias, M P (2001) Implication of soilacidity tolerant maize cultivars to increase production in developing countries In ‘‘Plant Nutrient Acquisition: New Perspectives’’ (N Ae, J Arihara, K Okada, and A Srinivasan, Eds.), pp 447–463 Springer, Tokyo Nichol, B E., Oliveira, L A., Glass, A D., and Siddiqi, M Y (1993) The effect of aluminum on the influx of calcium, potassium, ammonium, nitrate and phosphate in an aluminum sensitive cultivar of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Plant Physiol 101, 1263–1266 Nurlaeny, N., Marschner, H., and George, E (1996) Effects of liming and mycorrhizal colonization on soil phosphate depletion and phosphate uptake by maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) grown in two tropical acid soils Plant Soil 181, 275–285 Okada, K., and Fischer, A J (2001) Adaptation mechanisms of upland rice genotypes to highly weathered acid soils of South American savannas In ‘‘Plant Nutrient Acquisition: New Perspectives’’ (N Ae, J Arihara, K Okada, and A Srinivasan, Eds.), pp 185–200 Springer, Tokyo Parker, D R., Kinraide, T B., and Zelazny, I W (1989) On the phytotoxicity of polynuclear hydroxyl-aluminum complexes Soil Sci Soc Am J 53, 789–796 Paula, M B., Nogueira, F D., Andrade, H., and Pitts, J E (1987) Effect of liming on dry matter yield of wheat in pots of low humic gley soil Plant Soil 97, 85–91 Ameliorating Soil Acidity 397 Perez, T., Trumbore, S E., Tyler, S C., Matson, P A., Ortiz-Monasterio, I., Rahn, T., and Griffith, D W T (2001) Identifying the agricultural imprint on the global N2O budget using stable isotopes J Geophy Res Atmosp 106, 9869–9878 Porter, W M., Robson, A D., and Abbott, L K (1987) Factors controlling the distribution vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to soil pH J Appl Ecol 24, 663–672 Poss, R., Smith, C J., Dunin, F X., and Angus, J F (1995) Rate of soil acidification under wheat in a semi-arid environment Plant Soil 177, 85–100 Raij, B V (1991) ‘‘Soil Fertility and Fertilization.’’ Agronomy Editor Ceres, Sa˜o Paulo Raij, B V., and Quaggio, J A (1997) Methods used for diagnosis and correction of soil acidity in Brazil: An overview In ‘‘Plant Soil Interactions at Low pH: Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry Production’’ (A C Moniz, A M C Furlani, R E Schaffert, N K Fageria, C A Rosolem, and H Cantarella, Eds.), pp 205–214 Brazilian Soil Science Society, Campinas, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Raij, B V., Silva, N M., Bataglia, O C., Quaggio, J A., Hiroce, R., Cantarella, H., Bellinazzi, R., Jr., Dechen, A R., and Trani, P E (1985) ‘‘Fertilizer and lime recommendations for the State of Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Tec Bulletin 100, Campinas.’’ Agronomy Institute, Brazil Raun, W R., and Johnson, G V (1999) Improving nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production Agron J 91, 357–363 Reeve, W G., Tiwari, R P., Dilworth, M J., and Glenn, A R (1993) Calcium affects the growth and survival of Rhizobium meliloti Soil Biol Biochem 25, 581–586 Reid, D A (1976) Aluminum and manganese toxicities in the cereal grains In ‘‘Proceeding of Workshop on Plant Adaptation to Mineral Stress in Problem Soils’’ (M J Wright, Ed.), pp 55–64 Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Reis, T C., and Rodella, A A (2002) Dynamics o organic matter degradation and pH variation of soil under different temperatures Rev Bras Ci Solo 26, 619–626 Ribeiro, M R., Siqueira, J O., Curi, N., and Sima˜o, J B P (2001) Fractioning and bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soil incubated with organic and inorganic materials Rev Bras Ci Solo 25, 495–507 Ridley, A M., Helyar, K R., and Slattery, W J (1990) Soil acidification under subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) pastures in north-eastern Victoria Aust J Exp Agric 30, 195–201 Robertson, G P., and Tiedje, J M (1987) Nitrous oxide sources in aerobic soils: Nitrification, denitrification and other biological processes Soil Biol Biochem 19, 187–193 Robson, A D (1989) ‘‘Soil Acidity and Plant Growth.’’ Academic Press, Sydney Robson, A D., and Pitman, J B (1983) Interactions between nutrients in higher plants In ‘‘Inorganic Plant Nutrition: Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology’’ (A Lauchli and R L Bieleski, Eds.), Vol 1, pp 147–180 Springer-Verlag, New York Robson, M C., Fowler, S M., Lampkin, N H., Leifert, C., Leitch, M., Robinson, A D., Watson, C A., and Litterick, A M (2002) The agronomic and economic potential of break crops for ley/arable rotations in temperate organic agriculture Adv Agron 77, 369–427 Sanchez, P A., and Logan, T J (1992) Myth and science about the chemistry and fertility of soils in the tropics In ‘‘Myths and Science of the Soils of the Tropics’’ (R Lal and P A Sanchez, Eds.), Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin Sanchez, P A., and Salinas, J G (1981) Low-input technology for managing Oxisols and Ultisols in tropical America Adv Agron 34, 280–406 Santana, M B., and Braga, J M (1977) Aluminum phosphorus interactions of acidic soils in southern Bahia Rev Ceres 24, 200–211 Sauve, S., Martinez, C E., McBridge, M., and Hendershot, W (2000) Adsorption of free lead (Pb2ỵ) by pedogenic oxides, ferrihydrite, and leaf compost Soil Sci Soc Am J 64, 595–599 398 N K Fageria and V C Baligar Scott, B J., Fisher, J A., and Cullins, B R (2001) Aluminum tolerance and lime increase wheat yield on the acidic soils of central and southern New South Wales Aust J Exp Agric 41, 523–532 Simonson, R W (1959) Outline of a generalized theory of soil genesis Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 23, 152–156 Simpson, J R., Pinkerton, A., and Lazdovokis, J (1977) Effects of subsoil calcium on the root growth of some lucerne genotypes (Medicago sativa L.) Aust J Agric Res 29, 629–638 Siqueira, J O., and Moreira, F M S (1997) Microbial populations and activities in highly weathered acidic soils: Highlights of the Brazilian research In ‘‘Plant Soil Interactions at Low pH: Sustainable Agriculture and Forestry Production’’ (A C Moniz, A M C Furlani, R E Schaffert, N K Fageria, C A Rosolem, and H Cantarella, Eds.), pp 139–156 Brazilian Soil Science Society, Campinas, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Smyth, T J., and Cravo, M S (1992) Aluminum and calcium constraints to continuous crop production in a Brazilian Oxisol Agron J 84, 843–850 Soil Science Society of America (1997) ‘‘Glossary of Soil Science Terms.’’ Soil Science Society of America, Madison Sousa, D M G., Miranda, L N., and Lobato, E (1996) ‘‘Evaluation Methods of Lime Requirements in Cerrado Soils.’’ Cerrado Center of EMBRAPA, Planaltina, Brazil Sparks, D L (2003) ‘‘Environmental Soil Chemistry.’’ 2nd Ed Academic Press, San Diego, California Springett, J A., and Syers, J K (1984) Effect of pH and calcium content of soil on earthworm cast production in the laboratory Soil Biol Biochem 16, 185–189 Stevens, R J., Laughlin, R J., and Malone, J P (1998) Soil pH affects process reducing nitrate to nitrous oxide and DI-nitrogen Soil Biol Biochem 30, 1119–1126 Sumner, M E., and Farina, M P W (1986) Phosphorus interactions with other nutrients and lime in field cropping systems Adv Soil Sci 5, 201–236 Sumner, M E., and Noble, A D (2003) Soil acidification: The world story In ‘‘Handbook of Soil Acidity’’ (Z Rengel, Ed.), pp 1–28 Marcel Dekker, New York Supriyo, H., Matsue, N., and Yoshinaga, N (1992) Chemistry and mineralogy of some soils from Indonesia Soil Sci Plant Nutr 38, 217–225 Tan, K H., Edwards, J H., and Bennett, O L (1985) Effect of sewage sludge on mobilization of surface applied calcium in a greenville soil Soil Sci 139, 262–268 Tang, C., and Rengel, Z (2003) Role of plant cation/anion uptake ratio in soil acidification In ‘‘Handbook of Soil Acidity’’ (Z Rengel, Ed.), pp 57–81 Marcel Dekker, New York Tarafdar, J C., and Marschner, H (1994) Phosphate activity in the rhizosphere and hyposphere VA mycorrhizal wheat supplied with inorganic and organic phosphorus Soil Biol Biochem 26, 387–395 Tarafdar, J C., and Marschner, H (1995) Dual inoculation with Aspergillus fumigatus and Glomus mosseae enhances biomass production and nutrient uptake in wheat supplied with organic phosphorus as Na-phytate Plant Soil 173, 97–102 Tester, C F (1990) Organic amendments effects on physical and chemical properties of a sandy soil Soil Sci Soc Am J 54, 827–831 Thomas, G W., and Hargrove, W L (1984) The chemistry of soil acidity In ‘‘Soil Acidity and Liming’’ (F Adams, Ed.), 2nd Ed pp 3–56 ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin Tisdale, S L., Nelson, W L., and Beaton, J D (1985) ‘‘Soil Fertility and Fertilizers.’’ 4th ed MacMillion, New York Tortoso, A C., and Hutchinson, G L (1990) Contributions of autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrifiers to soil NO and N2O emissions Appl Environ Microbiol 56, 1799–1805 Treder, W., and Cieslinski, G (2005) Effect of silicon application on cadmium uptake and distribution in strawberry plants grown on contaminated soils J Plant Nutr 28, 917–929 Ameliorating Soil Acidity 399 Ulrich, B., Mayer, R., and Khanna, P K (1980) Chemical changes due to acid precipitation in a loess derived soil in central Europe Soil Sci 130, 193–199 Van Wambeke, A (1991) ‘‘Soils of the Tropics: Properties and Appraisal.’’ McGraw-Hill, New York Von Uexkull, H., and Mutert, E (1995) Global extent, development and economic impact of acid soils Plant Soil 171, 1–15 Wagner, G J (1993) Accumulation of cadmium in crop plants and its consequence to human health Adv Agron 51, 173–212 Wang, G M., Stribley, D P., Tinker, P B., and Walker, C (1985) Soil pH and vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizas In ‘‘Ecological Interactions in Soil’’ (A H Fitter, Ed.), pp 219–224 Blackwell, Oxford Weaver, A R., Kissel, D E., Chen, F., West, L T., Adkins, W., Rickman, D., and Luvall, J C (2004) Mapping soil pH buffering capacity of selected fields in the coastal plain Soil Sci Soc Am J 68, 662–668 Weil, R R., Lowell, K A., and Shade, H M (1993) Effects of intensity of agronomic practices on a soil ecosystem Am J Alternate Agric 8, 5–14 West, L T., Beinroth, F H., Sumner, M E., and Kang, B T (1998) Ultisols: Characteristics and impacts on society Adv Agron 63, 179–236 Westerman, R L., Raun, W R., and Johnson, G V (2000) Nutrient and water use efficiency In ‘‘Handbook of Soil Science’’ (M E Sumner, Ed.), pp 175–189 CRC Press, Boca Raron, Florida White, D C., Braden, J B., and Hornbaker, R H (1994) Economics of sustainable agriculture In ‘‘Sustainable Agriculture’’ (J L Hatfield and D L Karlen, Eds.), pp 229–260 CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida Wilkinson, S R., Grunes, D L., and Sumner, M E (2000) Nutrient interactions in soil and plant nutrition In ‘‘Handbook of Soil Science’’ (M E Sumner, Ed.), pp 89–112 CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida Willert, F J V., and Stehouwer, R C (2003) Compost, limestone, and gypsum effects on calcium and aluminum transport in acidic minespoil Soil Sci Soc Am J 67, 778–786 Williams, C H (1980) Soil acidification under clover pasture Aust J Exp Agric Animal Husbandry 20, 561–567 Wong, M T F., and Swift, R S (2003) Role of organic matter in alleviating soil acidity In ‘‘Handbook of Soil Acidity’’ (Z Rengel, Ed.), pp 337–358 Marcel Dekker, New York Wong, M T F., Nortcliff, S., and Swift, R S (1998) Method for determining the acid ameliorating capacity of plant residue compost, urban waste compost, farmyard manure and peat applied to tropical soils Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 29, 2927–2937 Yakovchenko, V., Sikora, L J., and Kaufman, D D (1996) A biological based indicator of soil quality Biol Fertil Soils 21, 245–251 Yang, Z M., Sivaguru, M., Horst, W J., Matsumoto, H., and Yang, Z M (2000) Aluminum tolerance is achieved by exudation of citric acid from roots of soybean (Glycine max) Physiol Plantarum 110, 72–77 Yang, X., Wang, W., Ye, Z., He, Z., and Baigar, V C (2004) Physiological and genetic aspects of crop plant adaptation to elemental stresses in acid soils In ‘‘The Red Soils of China: Their Nature, Management and Utilization’’ (M J Wilson, Z He, and X Yang, Eds.), pp 171–218 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Yang, J L., Zheng, S J., He, Y F., Tang, C X., and Zhou, G D (2005) Genotypic differences among plant species in response to aluminum stress J Plant Nutr 28, 949–961 Zysset, M., Brunner, I., Frey, B., and Blaser, P (1996) Response of European chestnut to varying calcium/aluminum ratios J Environ Qual 25, 702–708 Index A Acidification ammonium nitrate oxidation, 196 CaCO3 dissolution, 194 carboxylates role in, 196–197 pCO2 role in, 195 proton extrusion, 195–196 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, 196 Acid mine drainage, 14 Alkali disease, 20 Aluminium solubilization, 347–348 Anaeromyxobacter sp., 29 Arabidopsis thaliana, 201–202 Arsenic (As) acid mine drainage, 14 in groundwater contamination, 12–13 removal, 13–14 microbial activity, 14–15 sources and uses, 11 Arsenicicoccus bolidensis, 15 Atrazine herbicides, 156 B Bacterial antagonism, plant health, 205–207 Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX), 68 contamination and biodegradation, 60–61 and Fe reduction, 61–62 microbial degradation, 62 Bioaccumulation, 16–17, 19 Bioavailable iron, definition, 192 Bioenergy, definition, 126 Bioethanol production, 154–155, 161–162 Biofuel crop, sugarcane cultivation global production, 127–128 trash and green harvesting, 128 Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), 146 Bioremediation, BTEX contaminants, 61 chlorinated solvents, 52–53, 55 limiting factor, 6–7 organic contaminant, 50 selenium, 21 technetium, 32–33 uranium, 25–28 Biotransformation, 6, 13, 64 Brevibacillus sp., 29 Buffering capacity, soil, 376 C Canadian Forces Base (CFB), 63 Capillary fringe, 8–10 Chemical kinetic and equilibrium model (KEMOD), simulation model, 67 Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs), 51, 57 Chlorinated solvents C isotope technique, 55 coupled processes influence, 52–53 microbial-mediated dechlorination, 56–57 subsurface migration of, 51–52 TCE biodegradation, 53–54 TEAP variations, 54–55 Chloroform (CF), 51, 57 Chromium (Cr), 22–24 Coal-tar creosote, 62–64 Coca ColaÒ , 290 Colloidal interferences, 320–321 Community amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), 56 Coupled processes, subsurface environments BIOMOC and UCODE, 68 BTEX, 60–62 coal-tar creosote, 62–64 crude oil, 57–60 CRUNCH and FERACT model, 46 DNAPL transport, 51–53 3D numerical model, 68 herbicide degradation, 66–67 HYDROGEOCHEM model, 45–46 hydrologic processes geochemical reactions, microbial activity, 6–8 landfills, 40–42 metal contaminants arsenic (As), 11–15 chromium (Cr), 22–24 mercury (Hg), 15–20 selenium (Se), 20–22 MODFLOW model, 47 MT3D99 model, 67–68 nitrate in groundwater contamination, 35–37 nitrogen cycle, 34–35 radioactive waste, 38–39 401 402 Index Coupled processes, subsurface environments (cont.) perchlorate, 39–40 permeable reactive barriers, 42–44 pesticides fate and transport, 65–66 PFLOTRAN model, 69 radionuclide contaminants strontium (Sr), 33–34 technetium (Tc), 32–33 uranium (U), 24–32 RPARSim/KEMOD model, 67 Crop rotation, 368–369 Crude oil, 57, 59, 61, 68 65 Cu spiking, 308–309 D Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), 56 Dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs), 51–52, 62, 67 Department of Defense (DoD), 2, 24, 55 Department of Energy (DOE), Hg dissemination, 15 nitrate waste plumes, 38–39 remediation below ground inventories, strontium, 34 technetium, 32–33 uranium, 24–25 Desulfovibria spp., 30 Dichloroelimination, 51 Diffusion gradients in thin films (DGT), 292 Dissimilatory iron reducing bacterium (DIRB), 278–279 E Enterobacter cloacae, 22 E-value determination, isotopic dilution methods accuracy and precision, 314–315 equilibration time, 310–313 interpretation metal uptake or toxicity, 326 usefulness, 327 isotope fixation, 317 schematic representation, 311 suspension matrix choice, 309–310 F Fenton chemistry, 202 Fe(III)-reducing bacteria (FeRB), 26, 29–30, 56 Ferrihydrite biotransformation, 278–279 solubility, 188, 190 Ferritin, 202 Fertilizer denitrification, 141–142 Fluorescent pseudomonads See Pyoverdines Fougerite mineral citrate-bicarbonate (CB) extraction of, 241–242 ferrous doublet in, 240 geochemical and structural constraints of, 264–265 geochemical significance, 280–281 identification, XRD spectra decomposition criteria and characteristics, 262 decomposition peak results, 254–260 interlayer anion in fougeres–fougerite, 260–261 material and methods, 254 Mg-saturated samples in, 260 structural characterization, 247, 252–253 ternary solid solution model, 261–263 G Geobacteraceae, 25–26, 29 Geobacter spp., 30–31 Geochemical transport models inorganic contaminants CRUNCH and FERACT, 46 HYDROGEOCHEM and HBGC123D, 45–46 MODFLOW, 47 organic contaminants BIOPLUME III and KEMOD, 67 3D numerical model, 68 MT3D99 67–68 PFLOTRAN, 69 GeoChip, 30 Gibbs free energy, 265–266 Gleyey soil, iron marker field tests, 231–233 rH measurements Ag/AgCl electrode, 235–236 electron potential, 233–234 Nernst’s law, 237 soil color, 229–231 Goethite DCB and CB for, 242 and DIRB, 279 physical properties, 240 redox interactions, 273 Green rusts (GRs) See also Fougerite mineral; Synthetic green rusts formation, DIRB, 278–279 green rust1 (GR1) crystal structure, 248 interplanar distances and intensities, 249–250 layer-to-layer and interatomic distances, 252 reduced coordinates of atoms, 251 stacking sequences and interlayered anions, 246, 248 403 Index green rust2 (GR2) crystal structure, 248 interlayered anions, 252 and metals, 228 nitrate reduction mechanism, 276–277 pH, 273–274 seasonal dynamics, 274–276 redox interactions electron potential and pH, 271–272 Fe(II)–Fe(III) hydroxides in, 273 selenate reduction, 277–278 solid solution model chemical potential estimation, 263, 269 fougerite estimation, 270 H Herbicides degradation, 66–67 environmental impact, 157 leaching of, 157–158 macrofauna, 152 and pesticides, 156–158 Humic substances, 191–192 Hydrogen ion activity See Soil pH Hydrogenolysis, 51 Hydroxychloride green rust, 248 I Icenucleation activity See Bioavailable iron Inorganic fertilizers effects of microbial biomass, 153 on sugarcane yield, 140 heavy metals and rare earth elements, 160 nitrogen fertilizer, 158–159 phosphorus fertilizer, 159 recovery of, 143 Iron (Fe) acidification, 194–197 bioavailability, 192–193 biological properties, 185–186 chemical properties chelation and complex formation, 190–191 iron oxides solubility, 188–190 oxidation, 188 concentration of, 186 dynamics, 187 ferritin, homeostasis, 202 interactions in rhizosphere bacterial antagonism, 205–207 Fusarium oxysporum role, 203–204 plant nutrition, 207–208 pyoverdin-mediated iron uptake, 204–205 thermodynamic and kinetic constraints, 209 nutrient bioavailability, 193 oxides solubility, 188–190 uptake strategy Fe(III) reduction, 200–201 phytosiderophores role, 197–199 siderophores and pyoverdines, 199–200 Iron, redox geochemistry See also Green rusts (GRs) chemical extraction citrate-bicarbonate (CB) reagent, 241 dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) reagent, 240–241 soil profile, 242 soil solids iron characterization, 239–242 sample conditioning, 239 soil solutions characterization of, 238–239 Fe control, 269–270 mobility and seasonal dynamics, 242–246 nitrate dynamics, 274–276 sampling, 238 Isotopically exchangeable kinetic (IEK) method, 310–313 Isotopic dilution methods accuracy and precision in, 314–315 colloidal interferences, 320–321 and equilibration time, 310–313 error propagation, 317–318 E-value determination interpretation of, 325–327 schematic representation for, 311 suspension matrix choice, 309–310 HVG-AAS determination of Se, 319 isotope choice, 306–307 L-value determination Cd and Zn E-and L-values, 328–331 deposition rates in, 333 methodological sources of error, 333–334 mixing method, 320 seed/juvenile contribution, 318–319 oxidation state changes arsenic redox conditions, 322 equilibration time, 323–324 PIE and E-value (Etot) 321–323 As and Se elements, 325 principle E-and L-value procedures, 294–295 exchangeable pool assessement, 296–305 and soil contaminants, 293 solution equilibrium models, 335 spike-derived artifacts and isotope fixation, 317 206 Pb spike values, 316 spiking for, 308–309 uses of speciation techniques, 336 404 Index L Lepidocrocite bioreduction, 279 oxidation of green rust, 261 physical properties, 240 Lime requirement, crop production applications of, 384–386 chemical analysis, 365–366 conservation tillage, 370–371 crop rotation, 368–369 crop species and genotypes, 371–372 definition, 364–365 nutrient interactions Ca2ỵ, Mg2ỵ, and Al3ỵ levels in, 374375 ion-ion, 372–373 types of, 373–374 organic manure benefits, 369–370 quantity determination aluminum saturation, 381–383 base saturation, 377–379 crop responses, 383–384 exchangeable ions, 379–381 soil pH, 376–377 soil fertility, 367–368 soil texture, 366–367 Liming method calcium and magnesium, role of, 353–354 disadvantages of, 363–364 heavy metals leaching and solubility, 358–360 improving soil structure, 360 mineral nutrition, 361–362 mycorrhizal colonization, 358 nitrous oxide mitigation, 362–363 nutrient use efficiency, 360–361 plant-beneficial microorganisms, 356–357 reducing phosphorus immobilization, 355–356 soil acidity amelioration, 350 Lolium perenne See Ryegrass plant L-value determination, isotope dilution methods consequences of, 313–314 mixing method, 320 seed/juvenile contribution, 318–319 vs E-values Cd and Zn, 328–331 deposition rates, 333 methodological sources of error, 333–334 M Macrofauna, fire ants, 152 Mercury (Hg) biogeochemical cycle, 16 emissions and toxicological effects, 15–16 in groundwater, 18 microbial activity, 17 migration processes, 17–18 speciation, 20 Metal contaminants arsenic (As), 11–15 chromium (Cr), 22–24 mercury (Hg), 15–20 selenium (Se), 20–22 Methylmercury (MeHg), 16–17, 19 Microbial biomass, 153–154 Miracle-GroÒ 118 Mycorrhizal colonization, 358 N Nernst’s law, 237 Neutralizing power, 366 Nitrate in groundwater contamination agricultural activities, 35–36 denitrification, 36–37 waste application, 37 nitrogen cycle, 34–35 radioactive waste, 38–39 Nitrification, 348 Nitrogen cycle, 34–35 Nitrogen (N) fertilizers application of, 137, 159, 167 gaseous losses efficiency of, 142 fraction of, 141 recovery of, 143 leaching, 140–141, 143, 158–159 Nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation, 362 Nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), 51 Nutrient balances, soil chemical properties agronomic variation, 144 biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), 145–146 denitrification, 145 O Organochlorine pesticides, 157 Oxisols definition, 352 occurence and distribution, 350–351 P Paenibacillus sp., 29 Perchlorate ions in environment conditions chemical properties, 102 natural occurrence of, 103–104 production of, 102–103 tetrahedral structure of, 103 phytodegradation, 111 in plants highly contaminated site assessment, 106–107 market survey assessment, 108–110 rhizodegradation, 111–112 405 Index toxicological issues analytical advancements in, 104 ecological effects, 106 human health effects, 105–106 uptake methodologies linear regression analysis, 117 phytoremediation, 110–112 surface adsorption, 119 temporal concentration data, 118–119 transpiration mechanism, 114–115 Perchloroethylene (PCE), 51 Permeable reactive barriers (PRB), 42–44, 47–48, 69 Pesticides erosion control, 151 and herbicides, 156–158 leaching of, 157–158 microbial biomass, 153 microbial degradation of, 64–66 pest management practices, 165 Petroleum, 57, 59–60 Phospholipids fatty acid (PLFA), 26 Phytodegradation, of perchlorate, 111–112 Phytoremediation under aerobic conditions, 111–112 anaerobic microcosms, 111 characterization of, 110 radio-labeled perchlorate detection, 112 Phytosiderophores iron uptake, 199 soil concentration of, 197 structures of, 198 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 62, 64 Potentially incorrect E-value (PIE), 321–323 Preharvest burning, sugarcane cultivation air pollution, 160–161 bioethanol production, 162 effects of, 165–166 greenhouse gas production, 155 loss of soil organic matter, 168 Pseudomonas fluorescens, 193 Pseudomonas stutzeri, 57 Pseudo-radial distribution functions (PRDF), 253 P spring effect, 355 pvd-inaZ, reporter gene, 204 Pyoverdines composition and synthesis, 199–200 iron uptake, 204–205 R Radio-labeled perchlorate, 112 Radionuclide contaminants strontium (Sr), 33–34 technetium (Tc), 32–33 uranium (U), 24–32 Redox-labile elements, 321 Rhizodegradation, 111–112 Rhizodeposition, 184–185 Rhizosphere iron-mediated interactions impact of plant health, 205–207 plant iron nutrients, 204–205, 207–209 soil’s chemical properties and microorganisms, 203–204 iron solubilization acidification, 195–197 chelation and complexation, 197–200 reduction, 200–201 Ryegrass plant, 331 S Selenate reduction, green rusts, 277–278 Selenium (Se), 20–22 Shewanella putrefaciens, 279 Siderophores See Phytosiderophores Soil acidity Al solubilization, 347–348 bacteria groups, 357 causes, 349 leaching method, 348 lime requirement, crop production applications of, 384–386 chemical analysis, 365–366 conservation tillage in, 370–371 crop rotation, 368–369 crop species and genotypes, 371–372 definition, 364–365 nutrient interactions, 372–375 organic manure benefits, 369–370 quantity determination, 376–384 liming method amelioration, 350, 352 calcium and magnesium role, 353–354 disadvantages of, 363–364 heavy metals leaching and solubility, 358–360 improving soil structure, 360 mineral nutrition, 361–362 mycorrhizal colonization, 358 nitrous oxide mitigation, 362–363 nutrient use efficiency in, 360–361 plant-beneficial microorganisms, 356–357 reducing phosphorus immobilization, 355–356 occurence and quantification, 347 Soil erosion control, 151 denitrification and nutrient losses, 145 soil compaction, 163 sugarcane cultivation, 149–150 Soil fertility, 367–368 Soil organic matter dynamics alfisols, 140 inceptisols and oxisols, 139–140 406 Soil organic matter dynamics (cont.) regression model, 138 systems of cultivation, 137–138 vertisols, 139 Soil pH, 376–377 Soil properties, sugarcane cultivation biological properties macrofauna, 152 microbial biomass, 153–154 chemical properties biological nitrogen fixation, 146 denitrification and volatilization, 141–142 different land-use system samples, 133–134, 136–137 inorganic fertilizers, 142 leaching, 140–141 monitoring, 129, 133–135 nutrient balances, 142–146 organic matter dynamics, 137–140 Type I and Type II data sources, 129 physical properties compaction and aggregate stability, 147–149, 163 soil erosion and control, 149–151 Soil texture, 366–367 Solid solution model, green rust chemical potential estimation, 263, 269 fougerite estimation, 270 Strontium (Sr), 33–34 Subsurface environments See also Coupled processes, subsurface environments capillary fringe, 8–10 future environmental issues, 70–72 geochemical and microbial reactions, 6–8 hydrologic processes geochemical reactions, microbial activity, 6–8 structured media, 4–6 terminal electron accepting processes hydrocarbon contamination, 54 recharge effects on, 55–56, 58–59 sewage-effluent plume, 54–55 zones, 48–49 Sugarcane cultivation bioethanol production, 154–155, 161–162 biofuel crop global production, 127–128 effects on air and water greenhouse gas emissions, 165 leaching, 164–165 preharvest burning, 165–166 environmental issues air quality, 160–161 herbicides, 156–157 impact on, 165 inorganic fertilizers, 158–160 pesticides and insecticides, 157–158 soil and water resource contamination, 155 Index water quality, 161 land-use system samples oxisols, 133 soil organic C contents, 136–137 Type II data, 134, 136 vertisol, 133–134 precision agriculture biofertilizers, 170 economic and ecological benefits of, 169 preharvest burning air pollution, 160–161 bioethanol production, 162 effects of, 165–166 greenhouse gas production, 155 loss of soil organic matter, 168 ratoon crop, 128 soil acidification, 137, 162–163 soil compaction, 147–149, 163 soil degradation, 137, 168 soil organic carbon contents, 165 soil pH, 134–137 sugarcane yields effects of continuous cultivation, 166 and soil changes, 168 soil fertility, 166–167 trash harvesting, 167–168 trash and green harvesting advantages and disadvantages, 164 soil organic matter dynamics, 137–140 Sugarcane monocropping systems, 169 Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), 41, 57 Hg methylation, 20 TCE biodegradation, 53 technetium reduction, 33 uranium remediation, 26–28 Synthetic green rusts anions electronegativities and Gibbs free energies of, 265–266 green rust1 (GR1) crystal structure, 248 interplanar distances and intensities, 249–250 layer-to-layer and interatomic distances, 252 reduced coordinates of atoms, 251 stacking sequences and interlayered anions, 246, 248 green rust2 (GR2) crystal structure, 248 interlayered anions, 252 thermodynamic data, 266–269 T Technetium (Tc), 32–33 Terminal electron accepting processes (TEAPs), subsurface environments hydrocarbon contamination, 54 407 Index recharge effects on, 55–56, 58–59 sewage-effluent plume, 54 zones, 48–49 Thermodynamic modeling Gibbs free energy vs electronegativity, 265–266 solid solution composition, 264–265 ternary solid solution model, 261, 263 Thlaspi caerulescens, 328, 331 Trace elements adsorption and desorption methods, 291–292 fractionation methods, 290–291 isotopic dilution methods accuracy and precision, 314–315 colloidal interferences, 320–321 equilibration time, 310–313 isotope choice, 306–307 L-value determination, 313–314 oxidation state changes in, 321–325 principle of, 293–305 and soil contaminants, 293 spike-derived artifacts, 315–317 spiking for, 308–309 spectroscopic techniques, 292 Transpiration mechanism, perchlorate ions, 114–115 Trash and green harvesting, 128 advantages and disadvantages, 164 soil organic matter dynamics alfisols, 140 cultivation systems, 137–138 vertisols, 139 Trash management systems, 142 Trichloroethane (TCA), 51 Trichloroethylene (TCE) dechlorination, 54–55 DNAPL formation and transport, 51–52 groundwater degradation, 55 temporal variability, 53 U Uranium (U), 24 bioreduction, 31 bioremediation, 27–28 biotransformation analysis, 29–31 PLFA indicators, 26 reduction of U(VI), 25–26 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2, 102, 105–106 BIOPLUME III model, 67 MCL for arsenic, 12 nitrate, 35–36 perchlorate, 39 selenium effects, 21 X X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), 30 XRD spectra decomposition, Fougerite criteria and characteristics, 262 decomposition peak results, 254–260 interlayer anion in fougeres–fougerite, 260–261 material and methods, 254 Mg-saturated samples in, 260 Z Zero-tension lysimeters, 238 ... strategies are investigating techniques that decrease in- stream formation of methylmercury without having to further eliminate inorganic Hg inputs Strategies include (1) blocking key inorganic precursors... since bacteria are preferentially sorbed to the gas–water interface versus the solid–water interface ( Jewett et al., 1999 ; Powelson and Mills, 1996 , 1998 ; Schafer et al., 1998 ; Wan et al., 1994 )... Wallschlager et al., 1998 a,b), with adsorption increasing with increasing pH and decreasing with increased ligand complexation (e.g., Cl–) This is consistent with increasing evidence that Hg is

Ngày đăng: 08/05/2019, 16:16

Từ khóa liên quan

Mục lục

  • cover.jpg

  • sdarticle.pdf

  • sdarticle_001.pdf

  • sdarticle_002.pdf

    • Influence of Coupled Processes on Contaminant Fate and Transport in Subsurface Environments

      • Introduction and Rationale

      • Chapter Objectives and Outline

      • General Overview on the Impact of Coupled Processes on Subsurface Fate and Transport

        • The importance of subsurface media structure

        • Influence of subsurface hydrologic processes on biogeochemical reactions

        • Influence of the subsurface capillary fringe on couple hydro-bio-geochemical reactions

      • Influence of Coupled Processes on Inorganic Contaminant Fate and Transport

        • General overview

        • Inorganic metals

          • Arsenic

          • Mercury

          • Selenium

          • Chromium

        • Inorganic radionuclides

          • Uranium

          • Technetium

          • Strontium

        • Inorganic ligands

          • Nitrate

          • Perchlorate

        • General inorganics

          • Landfills

          • Permeable reactive barriers

        • Modeling coupled processes involving dissolved aqueous phase inorganic constituents

      • Influence of Coupled Processes on Organic Contaminant Fate and Transport

        • General overview

        • Chlorinated solvents

        • Hydrocarbons

          • Crude

          • Btex

          • Coal-tar/creosote

        • Pesticides and herbicides

        • Modeling coupled processes involving organic constituents

      • Concluding Remarks

      • Acknowledgments

      • References

  • sdarticle_003.pdf

    • Uptake and Fate of Perchlorate in Higher Plants

      • Introduction

        • Perchlorate in the environment

          • Chemical properties

          • Production and use

          • Natural occurrence

        • Toxicological issues

          • Analytical advancements

          • Human health effects

          • Ecological effects

        • Objectives of review

      • Perchlorate Levels in Plants

        • Plants growing on highly contaminated sites

        • Market surveys

      • Perchlorate Uptake Studies

        • Phytoremediation

        • Mechanistic studies

      • Conclusions and Future Research

      • References

  • sdarticle_004.pdf

    • Sugarcane for Bioethanol: Soil and Environmental Issues

      • Introduction

      • Changes in Soil Chemical Properties

        • Data sources and types

        • Monitoring over time

        • Samples from different land-use systems

        • Soil organic matter dynamics

        • Leaching, denitrification, and inorganic fertilizers

          • Leaching

          • Gaseous losses

        • Nutrient balances

          • Biological nitrogen fixation

      • Changes in Soil Physical Properties

        • Compaction and aggregate stability

        • Soil erosion

          • Erosion control

      • Changes in Soil Biological Properties

        • Macrofauna

        • Microbes

      • Environmental Issues

        • Herbicides and pesticides

        • Inorganic fertilizers

          • Nitrogen

          • Phosphorus

          • Heavy metals and rare earth elements

        • Air and water quality

      • Discussion and Conclusions

        • Sugarcane for bioethanol

        • Effects on the soil

        • Effects on air and water

        • Sugarcane yields

        • The potential for precision farming

      • Acknowledgments

      • References

  • sdarticle_005.pdf

    • Iron Dynamics in the Rhizosphere: Consequences for Plant Health and Nutrition

      • Introduction

      • Iron Status in Soils and Rhizospheres

        • Pools of iron in minerals

        • Solubility of iron oxides

        • Complexes and chelates with organic matter

        • Iron bioavailability

      • Impact of Plants and Microorganisms on the Iron Status

        • Iron solubilization in the rhizosphere

          • Acidification

          • Chelation and complexation

          • Reduction

        • Iron homeostasis in plants and microorganisms

      • Iron-Mediated Interactions in the Rhizosphere

        • Impact of soil's chemical properties on plants and rhizospheric microorganisms

        • Impact of plant iron nutrition on rhizospheric microorganisms

        • Impact of rhizospheric microorganisms on the host plant

          • Plant health

          • Plants' iron nutrition

      • Conclusions

      • Acknowledgments

      • References

  • sdarticle_006.pdf

    • Geochemistry of Green Rusts and Fougerite: A Reevaluation of Fe cycle in Soils

      • Introduction

      • Iron as the Main Biogeochemical Marker of Gleyey Soils

        • Soil color

        • Field tests

        • rH measurements

      • Methods for Study of Redox State of Iron in Soil Solutions

        • Soil solution sampling

        • Characterization of soil solutions

      • Methods for Study of Redox State of Iron in Soil Solids

        • Soil sample conditioning

        • Characterization of iron in the solid fraction

          • Physical techniques

          • Selective chemical extractions

      • Field Evidence of Fe2+ Mobility in Solution and Seasonal Dynamics

      • Structure of Synthetic Green Rusts

        • Structure of GR1s

        • Structure of GR2s

      • Structure of Fougerite Mineral

      • Direct Identification of Fougerite Mineral by Decomposition of XRD Spectra and Nature of the Interlayer Anion in Fougegraveres-Fougerite

        • Material and methods

        • Results

        • Discussion

      • Thermodynamic Modeling

        • General ternary solid solution model for GRs and fougerite

        • Constraints on the composition of the solid solution

        • Relationship between Gibbs free energies of formation of GRs and the electronegativity of the interlayer anion, revised values

          • Principle

          • Sources of thermodynamic data on synthetic GRs

      • Fe Control in Solution by Mixed Fe(II)-Fe(III) Minerals/Solution Equilibria

      • Redox Interactions Between Iron and Other Elements in Relationship with the Occurrence of GRs

        • GRs and nitrogen

        • Reaction mechanisms

        • GRs and selenium

        • GRs and metals

      • Biotic Interaction

      • Geochemical Significance and Place of Fougerite in Iron Oxide Family

      • References

  • sdarticle_007.pdf

    • Advances in Isotopic Dilution Techniques in Trace Element Research: A Review of Methodologies, Benefits, and Limitations

      • Introduction

      • The Isotopic Dilution Principle

      • Methodologies

        • Choice of isotope

        • Isotope "spiking"

        • Choice of suspension matrix in E-value determinations

        • Equilibration time

        • L-value determinations

      • Uncertainties and Sources of Errors

        • Accuracy and precision

        • Spike-derived artifacts

        • Error propagation

        • Uncertainties and sources of error specific to L-value determination

        • Colloidal interferences

        • Changes in oxidation state

      • Interpretation of E-Values

      • Interpretation of L-Values

      • Future Applications

      • Acknowledgments

      • References

  • sdarticle_008.pdf

    • Ameliorating Soil Acidity of Tropical Oxisols by Liming For Sustainable Crop Production

      • Introduction

      • Distribution and Characteristics of Oxisols

      • Beneficial Effects of Liming

        • Neutralizing soil acidity and improving supply of calcium and magnesium

        • Reducing phosphorus immobilization

        • Improving activities of beneficial microorganisms

        • Reducing solubility and leaching of heavy metals

        • Improving soil structure

        • Improving nutrient use efficiency

        • Controling plant diseases

        • Mitigating nitrous oxide emission from soils

      • Disadvantages of Overliming

      • Factors Affecting Lime Requirements

        • Quality of liming material

        • Soil texture

        • Soil fertility

        • Crop rotation

        • Use of organic manures

        • Conservation tillage

        • Crop species and genotypes within species

        • Interaction of lime with other nutrients

      • Criteria to Determine Liming Material Quantity

        • Soil pH

        • Base saturation

        • Exchangeable aluminum, calcium, and magnesium levels

        • Aluminum saturation

        • Crop responses

      • Methods, Frequency, Depth, and Timing of Lime Application

      • Conclusions

      • Acknowledgment

      • References

  • sdarticle_009.pdf

Tài liệu cùng người dùng

  • Đang cập nhật ...

Tài liệu liên quan