Advisory Board Martin Alexander Eugene J Kamprath Cornell University North Carolina State University Kenneth J Frey Larry P Wilding Iowa State University Texas A& M University Prepared in cooperation with the American Society of Agronomy Monographs Committee M A Tabatabai, Chairman S H Anderson D M Kral P S Baenziger S E Lingle W T Frankenberger, Jr R J Luxmoore G A Peterson S R Yates S I N T 52 Edited by Donald L Sparks Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Delaware Newark, Delaware ACADEMIC PRESS A Division of Harcourt Brace & Company San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper @ Copyright 1994 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Academic Press, Inc 525 B Street, Suite 1900 San Diego, California 92101-4495 United Kingdom Edition published by Academic Press Limited 2&28 Oval Road, London NWI 7DX International Standard Serial Number: 0065-2 I I3 International Standard Book Number: 0- 12-000752-5 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 9 9 9 QW Contents CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE vii ix POULTRY WASTEMANAGEMENT: AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES J T Sims and D C Wolf I Poultry Waste Management: Contemporary Issues 11 Poultry Wastes: Production and Characteristics I11 Nitrogen Management for Poultry Wastes n! Phosphorous Management for Poultry Wastes 13 23 35 V Trace Elements Antibiotics Pesticides and Microorganisms in Poultry Wastes VI Poultry Waste Management Programs V I I Conclusions References 51 59 71 72 RAINWATERUTILIZATION EFFICIENCY IN RA~U-FED LOWLAND RICE Pradeep Kumar Sharma and Surjit K De Datta I Introduction I1 Constraints I11 Potentials w Efficient Utilization of Rainwater V Research Priorities VI Summary References 85 87 91 92 112 112 113 WETLANDSOILSOF THEPRAIRIE POTHOLES J L Richardson James L Arndt and John Freeland I Introduction I1 Climate Basic Hydrologic Concepts and Wetland Classification 111 Geologic Factors rv Water Quality V 121 124 138 141 vi CONTENTS V Wetland Soil Properties VI Soil Sequences VII Soils on Prairie Pothole Edges VIII Conclusions and Future Work References 148 1SO 161 163 165 NEWDEVELOPMENTS AND PERSPECTIVES ON SOIL POTASSIUM QUANTITY/~NTENSITY RELATIONSHIPS V P Evangelou Jian Wang and Ronald E Phillips I Introduction I1 Electrochemical Considerations 111 Quantityhtensity IV Basis of Molecular Interpretation of QuantityAntensity V Rapid Approaches for Quantity/Intensity Determinations VI Experimental Observations and Future Quantity/Intensity Applications References 173 176 181 189 209 215 220 MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS ASSOCIATED WITH WHEAT YIELD INCREASES INMEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENTS Stephen P Loss and K H M Siddique I Introduction I1 Constraints in Mediterranean Environments 111 Biomass Production and Partitioning IV Water Use V Radiation Use VI High-Temperature Stress VII Use for Breeders VIII Concluding Comments References 229 232 236 251 258 261 262 265 266 INDEX 277 a Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin JAMES L ARNDT (12 I), Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 581OS SURJIT K DE DATTA (as), Office oflnternational Research and Development, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, and International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines V P EVANGELOU (17 ) , Department of Agronomy, University o f Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546 JOHN FREELAND (12 l), Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105 STEPHEN P LOSS (229), Division of Plant Industries, Department of Agriculture, Western Australia, South Perth, Western Australia 6151, Australia RONALD E PHILLIPS (17 ) , Department of Agronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546 J L RICHARDSON (121), Department of Soil Science, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105 PRADEEP KUMAR SHARMA (as), Ubon Rice Research Center, Ubon Ratchathani 34000, Thailand, and International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines K H M SIDDIQUE (229), Division of Plant Industries, Department ofAgriculture, Western Australia, South Perth, Western Australia 6151, Australia J T SIMS (l), Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19717 JIAN WANG (17 ) , Department of Agronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546 D C WOLF (l), Department OfAgronomy, University ofArkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 This Page Intentionally Left Blank Preface Volume 52 includes a number of advances in the crop and soil sciences that should be of great interest to the readership The first chapter is a comprehensive review of agricultural and environmental issues associated with poultry manure management, including discussions on production and characteristics of poultry wastes, nitrogen and phosphorous management of poultry wastes, trace elements, antibiotics, pesticides, and microorganisms in poultry waste, and poultry waste management programs The second chapter discusses aspects of rainwater utilization efficiency in rain-fed lowland rice, including constraints, potentials, efficient utilization, and research priorities The third chapter discusses wetland soils of the prairie potholes Topics that are covered include climate, basic hydrologic concepts and wetland classification, geologic factors, water quality, wetland soil properties, soil sequences, and soils on the prairie pothole edges The fourth chapter is a comprehensive review of the advances in soil quantity/ intensity ( Q / I )relationships, an index that has been widely employed over the years to assess nutrient availability in soils Discussions on electrochemical considerations, quantitylintensity interpretations and applications, and rapid techniques for making Q/I measurements are included The fifth chapter deals with morphological and physiological traits associated with wheat yield increases in Mediterranean environments and discusses constraints in these environments, biomass production and partitioning, water and radiation use, high-temperature stress, and use for plant breeders I appreciate the fine contributions of the authors DONALD L SPARKS ix 268 S P LOSS AND K H M SIDDIQUE Bruckner, P and Frohberg, R C 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I A M Siddique, K H M., Belford, R K., and Karimi, M M (1993) Effects of canopy structure on efficiency of radiation interception and use in spring wheat cultivars during the pre-anthesis period in a mediterranean environment Field Crops Res (in press) Index A D Abscissic acid, accumulation in wheat, 255-256 Adsorption, phosphorus, in soils, 42-45 Agricultural waste management system, site analysis, 60-61 Agronomic practices, efficient rainwater use, 110-112 Ammonia groundwater contamination, 4-5, 7-9, 33-35 volatilization, 25-27 Ammonium adsorbed, 208-209 exchange chemistry in soils, 198 quantityhntensity plots of adsorption-desorption, 205, 208-209 Anthesis, wheat, 241-243 Antibiotics, in poultry wastes, 11, 56-58 Arkansas, nutrient management and water quality, 8-1 Darcy’s law, 127 Decay series, 65-66 Delaware, nutrient budge, 21 Delmarva Peninsula, nutrient management and water quality, 7-8 Denitrification, 30-3 Desorption, phosphorus, in soils, 42-45 Discharge, prairie pothole region, 127- 132 Drought, terminal, 233 E Electrochemical potential, ions in soil, 174, 176 Erosion phosphorus losses, 45-5 wetlands, 139-141 Eutrophication, 4-5, 10 Evapotranspiration, wetlands, 125 F C Calcium, exchange equilibria with potassium in soil, 174-175, 177 Calcium carbonate, occurrence and formation in wetlands, 150 Carbon biogeochemistry in wetlands, 164 isotopes, discrimination in wheat, 257258 Cation exchange capacity, soils, 180 Climate salinity as indicator, 147- 148 wetlands, 124- 126 Coccidiostats, in poultry waste, 56-58 Conservation bench terraces, 109 Corn, response to nitrogen, 32-35 Fallow land, management, 100-101 Fens, 150- 154 across zones in semipermanent ponds, I54 calcareous, 153 hydrology, 152-153 mounds in, 154 Flownet, 133 Forages, response to nitrogen, 31 -32 G Gapon cation exchange selectivity coefficient, 186 Gapon exchange expression, 179 Gibbs energy, molar, 178 Gibbs free energy of formation, 182, 184- 185 277 278 Glaucousness, wheat, 255 Green area index, 259 Growing season, mediterranean environments, 235-236 H Harvest index, 236-237, 249-25 Heavy metals, in poultry wastes, 11-12 Hydraulic conductivity, sediments, effects on wetlands, 132 Hydraulic gradients, distribution, in wetlands, 127-132 Hydrology prairie fens, 152- 153 salinity as indicator, 147- 148 Hysteresis, adsorption-desorption isotherm, 204 I Immobilization, nitrogen, 29 Ion-selective electrode theory, 210215 N Nitrification, 29-30 Nitrogen biogeochemistry, wetlands, 164 management for poultry wastes, 23-35 6568 ammonia volatilization, 25-27 corn response, 32-35 denitrification, 30-31 forage response, 31 -32 forms, 23-24 losses from drying, 24-25 mineralization-nitrification-immobilization, 27-30 transformations in storage and handling, 24 rice grain yield and, 110- I use efficiency, 67-68 Nutrient budget, farm-wide, 69 Nutrients available, 173- 174 management, water quality and, 4- 11 Arkansas, 8- 1 Delmarva Peninsula, 7-8 off-farm, 70 L Land-use patterns, water quality and, 141142 Leaching, phosphorus losses, 45-5 Leaves, wheat, 244-245 Lithology, effects on prairie pothole region, 143- 144 Lowland ecosystem, rain-fed, subecosystems, 89-90 M Mediterranean environments distribution 230 growing season, 235-236 rainfall, 232-233 solar radiation, 233-234 temperature, 234-235 Methemoglobinemia, Microbes, in poultry waste, 58-59 Microcatchment technique, 109 Mineralization, nitrogen, 27-29 Monsoons, 88-89 Organic matter in lowland rice fields, 101- 105 in wetlands, 149- 150 Osmoregulation, wheat, 256-257 P Palustrine System, 134- 135 Percolation barriers, 105- 108 Pesticides, in poultry wastes, I I , 56-58 Phenology, wheat, 239-243 Phosphate sorption capacity, 45 Phosphorus adsorption isotherm, 42-43 leaching to groundwater, 48-49 management for poultry wastes, 35-51, 6871 adsorption and desorption, 42-45 concentration and form in soil, 36-40 losses by erosion, runoff, and leaching, 45-51 INDEX retention and movement in soils, 40-51 movement in soil, 140 subsurface transport, 49, 51 water contamination, 5-6 Photosynthesis, radiation interception and, 259 259 Plant-available water capacity, 102- 104 Plant wilting point, 103 Potassium, soil calcium exchange equilibria, 174- 175, 177 quantitylintensity relationships activity ratio, 183- 185, 190- 191, 218-219 adsorption-desorption relationship, 203-206 ammonium exchange chemistry, 198 anion effects, 196- 197 atomic absorption spectrophotometric determinations, 213 cation exchange capacity, 216-217 concentration ratio, 217 concept, 175 Eden soil, 201-202 X-ray diffractogram, 207-208 electrochemical considerations, 176- 18 I electrochemical potential, 174, 176 exchange reversibility, 203 -209 experimental observations, 15- 220 fundamental basis, I8 - 185 Capon-derived parameters, 189- 190 Capon exchange coefficient, 217-218 Capon interpretation, 185- 189 hysteresis effect, 204 interrelationship between Kc and Kv, 190-196 ion-selective electrode theory, 210-215 linear least-squares regression analysis, 214 measurements, 21 1-215 potassium concentration and uptake, 215-216 potential buffering capacity, 186- 190, 199-200 ternary exchange systems, 197-203 activity ratios, 199 typical plot, 182- 183 Vanselow-derived parameters, I90 Poultry industry, 2-3 confinement housing, 14- 16 79 Poultry waste, 1-72 analysis, appropriate use, 20-22 antibiotics in, 56-58 coccidiostats in, 56-58 composition, 17-20 dead poultry disposal, 12- 13 environmental impacts, 59-60 excessive manure effects, 19-20 filter strips, 48 management programs, 59-71 nitrogen management plans, 65-68 phosphorus management, 68-72 production, handling, storage, and treatment, 63 site analysis and selection, 60-62 transfer and application, 63 utilization, 64 manure production, 16 microbial population, 58-59 nitrogen management, 23-35, 65-68 pesticides, antibiotics, and heavy metals, 11-12, 56-58 phosphorus management, 35-51 68-72 properties, 17-20 resource value, 59 storage, 15- 16, 63 trace elements in, 51-56 transportation, 63 types, production operations and, 14- 17 water quality and nutrient management, 4-11 Prairie pothole region, see also Wetlands characteristics, 121- 123 edges, soils, 161-163 groundwater flowpaths, 142- 143 movement, 129 history, 124 parent materials, 138- 139 recharge and discharge, 127-132 till lithology, geochemical characteristics, 143- 144 water quality, 141- 148 land-use patterns and, 141- 142 soil landscape and salinity, 142- 148 wetland-groundwater interactions, hydrologic characteristics, 126- 133 Darcy’s law, 127 flownet, 133 80 INDEX hydraulic gradient distribution, 127- 132 sediment hydraulic conductivity effects, 132 Presidedress soil nitrate test, 66-67 R Rain mediterranean environments, 232-233 monsoonal, 88 -89 utilization efficiency, 85- 113 agronomic practices, 110- 112 research priorities, 112 soil management practices fallow land, 100- 101 organic amendments, 101- 105 percolation barriers, 105- 108 puddling versus dry seeding, 92-97 soil compaction, 97-100 tillage effects, 94-96 water harvesting, 108- 109 Recharge, prairie pothole region conditions, 144- 145 hydraulic gradient distribution, 127- 132 Rice growing regions climatic zones, 90 rain-fed lowland, 85-87 constraints, 87-9 I potentials, 91 rainwater utilization efficiency, see Rain, utilization efficiency yield and asphalt barrier, 106-107 Roots, wheat, 245-247 Runoff, phosphorus losses, 45-51 tillage and manure application effects, 46-47 S Salinity discharge wetlands, 160- 161 flowthrough wetlands, 159- 160 as indicator of climate and hydrology, 147-148 soil and water, development, 144- 145 in wetlands, 135, 137, 148-149 Sedimentation, wetlands, 139- 141 Sediments, hydraulic conductivity, effects on wetlands, 132 Seeding, rice, puddling versus dry, 92-97 Soil cation exchange capacity, 180 compaction, for efficient rainwater utilization by lowland rice, 97-100 subsurface, 99- 100 discharge wetlands, 160-161 fens, 150-155 flowthrough wetlands, 157- 160 landscape, salinity and, 142- 148 chemistry of dilute solutions, 143- 144 discharge conditions, 146- 147 flowthrough conditions, 145- 146 hydrology effects, 142- 143 as indicator of climate and hydrology, 147- 148 recharge conditions, 144- 145 salinity development, 144 nitrogen transformations, 25-3 phosphorus adsorption profile 44 concentration and form in, 36-40 retention and movement, 40-51 potassium, see Potassium, soil prairie pothole edges, 161-163 recharge wetlands, 154- 157 texture, deep marsh, 159 water-holding capacity, 101- 105 wetness indicators, 126- 127 Solar radiation mediterranean environments, 233-234 use by wheat, 258-261 Stewart and Kantrud system, wetland classification, 135-137 Storage, nitrogen from poultry waste, associated transformations, 24 Sulfur, biogeochemistry wetlands, 164 T Temperature high, related stress, effect on wheat yield, 26 1- 262 mediterranean environments, 234-235 Texture, wetlands, 150 Thermodynamic exchange constant, 177 Till, calcareous clay-loam, 138 Tillage, effects on leaching losses, 95 rice grain yield, 94-96 INDEX Tillers, wheat, 244-245 Trace elements, in poultry waste, 51-56 Transportation, poultry waste, 63 U United States Fish and Wildlife Service, wetland classification system, 134- 135 V Vanselow exchange selectivity coefficients, 190, 199 Volatilization, ammonia, 25-27 W Waste management, see Poultry waste Water, see also Rain contamination with ammonia, 4-5, 7-9, 33-35 with phosphorus, 48-49 harvesting, 108- 109 quality land-use patterns and, 141- 142 nutrient management and, 4- 11 Arkansas, 8- 11 Delmarva Peninsula, 7-8 salinity, development, 144- 145 soil storage, 104-105 use by wheat, 251-258 Water-holding capacity, soils, 101- 105 Wetlands, 121 - 165, see also Prairie pothole region classification, 133- 138 Fish and Wildlife service system, 134-135 hydrologic, 135, 137- 138 Stewart and Kantrud system, 135-137 climate, 124- 126 discharge, 129, 146-147 erosion and sedimentation, 139- 141 evapotranspiration, 125 flowthrough, 145- 146 groundwater interactions, hydraulic aspects, 126-133 281 hydrologic factors, 123 interdisciplinary research, 163- 164 landform-oriented hydrogeologic studies, 164-165 sedge, 150 soil properties, 148- 150 calcium carbonate occurrence and formation, 150 organic matter, 145- 150 salinity, 148- 149 texture, 150 soil sequences, 150- 161 discharge wetlands, 160- 161 fens, 150-154 flowthrough wetlands, 154- 160 recharge wetlands, 154-157 Wheat biomass production and partitioning, 236-25 anthesis, 241-243 ear initiation, 240-241 floret initiation and stem elongation, 241 grain development, 243 grain growth, 247-249 growth and morphology, 243-25 I harvest index and ear growth, 249-251 leaves and tillers, 244-245 phenology, 239-243 roots, 245-247 vegetative development, 239-240 breeding, 230-231 high-temperature stress, 261 -262 morphological and physiological attributes, use for breeders, 262-265 radiation use, 259-261 efficiency, 259-261 interception, 259 transpiration patterns, 252-253 water use, 25 1-258 abscissic acid accumulation, 255-256 carbon isotope discrimination, 257-258 glaucousness, 255 osmoregulation, 256-257 pattern and early vigor, 252-254 xylem diameter effects, 254-255 yield improvements, 230-231 ... electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Academic Press, Inc 525 B Street, Suite 1900... hemoglobin This can result in a bluish coloration of the skin in infants, hence the origin of the term blue-baby syndrome Methemoglobinemia is a much more serious problem for very young infants... Development, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, and International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines V P EVANGELOU (17 ) , Department of Agronomy,