MODAL AUXILIARIES

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MODAL AUXILIARIES

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MODAL AUXILIARIES Modal auxiliaries are “helping” words that give specific meaning to and indicate the tense of the verb Examples of modal auxiliaries are: PRESENT/FUTURE Shall*/will Can May/might Should Ought to PAST/INDIRECT SPEECH MODAL PERFECTS would will/would have could could have might may/might have should should have ought to ought to have *Shall was traditionally used for the future in British English in the first and third persons Nowadays it is being replaced more and more by will Shall is used in both British and American English in formal speech to make an offer or a suggestion in the form of a question: Shall I answer the phone for you? Shall we take another look at the budget? It is generally not tested on the TOEIC STRATEGIES FOR MODAL AUXILIARY ITEMS ASK YOURSELF THESE QUESTIONS:  Is the main verb of the sentence in the present tense? If so, is there a modal in a present form in the subordinate clause? INCORRECT [He is sure he could meet us there] CORRECT He is sure he can meet us there  Is the main verb of the sentence in the past tense? If so, is there a modal in a past form in the subordinate clause? INCORRECT [He thought he will retire soon.] CORRECT He thought he would retire soon  Has the action of the verb in the subordinate clause occurred before the action of the main verb? If so, is there a modal perfect in the subordinate clause? INCORRECT [I think that I might make a mistake yesterday.] CORRECT I think that I might have made a mistake yesterday Her mother, who passed away (A) last year, must be (B) a remarkable woman if she could take (C) care of a house, raise five children, and work (D) at her family’s store all at the same time To pass away (also To pass on) to die People say ‘pass away’ to avoid saying ‘die’: Ex: His mother passed away last year Remarkable (for sth) | Remarkable (that … ) unusual or surprising in a way that causes people to take notice SYN  astonishing: a remarkable achievement /  career / talent Ex: She was a truly remarkable woman To raise to care for a child or young animal until it is able to take care of itself: Ex: They were both raised in the South Her mother, who passed away (A) last year, must be (B) a remarkable woman if she could take (C) care of a house, raise five children, and work (D) at her family’s store all at the same time When you realized (A) you may have (B) difficulty arranging last month’s conference you should have (C) told me so that I could have (D) gotten some people to volunteer When you realized (A) you may have (B) difficulty arranging last month’s conference you should have (C) told me so that I could have (D) gotten some people to volunteer The new software training program that will be set up (A) ought to improve (B) our employees’ skills dramatically so that they could produce (C) much more graphic material and increase (D) their productivity Dramatic (of a change, an event, etc.) (adj.) sudden, very great and often surprising: a dramatic increase / fall /  change / improvement Dramatically (adv.) Graphic (adj.) (of descriptions, etc.) very clear and full of details, especially about sth unpleasant SYN  vivid:a graphic account /  description of a battle He kept telling us about his operation, in the most graphic detail which a worker, a company or a country produces goods, and the amount produced, compared with how much time, work and money is needed to produce them: High/improved/ increased productivity Ex: Wage rates depend on The new software training program that will be set up (A) ought to improve (B) our employees’ skills dramatically so that they could produce (C) much more graphic material and increase (D) their productivity 10.You may think (A) that this restaurant might not have (B) great food because of its simple look, but you can believe (C) me when I tell you that your taste buds will have been (D) pleasantly surprised 10.You may think (A) that this restaurant might not have (B) great food because of its simple look, but you can believe (C) me when I tell you that your taste buds will have been (D) pleasantly surprised THANK YOU! .. .Modal auxiliaries are “helping” words that give specific meaning to and indicate the tense of the verb Examples of modal auxiliaries are: PRESENT/FUTURE Shall*/will... tested on the TOEIC STRATEGIES FOR MODAL AUXILIARY ITEMS ASK YOURSELF THESE QUESTIONS:  Is the main verb of the sentence in the present tense? If so, is there a modal in a present form in the subordinate... auxiliaries are: PRESENT/FUTURE Shall*/will Can May/might Should Ought to PAST/INDIRECT SPEECH MODAL PERFECTS would will/would have could could have might may/might have should should have ought

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  • MODAL AUXILIARIES

  • Modal auxiliaries are “helping” words that give specific meaning to and indicate the tense of the verb. Examples of modal auxiliaries are: PRESENT/FUTURE PAST/INDIRECT SPEECH MODAL PERFECTS Shall*/will would will/would have Can could could have May/might might may/might have Should should should have Ought to ought to ought to have

  • *Shall was traditionally used for the future in British English in the first and third persons. Nowadays it is being replaced more and more by will. Shall is used in both British and American English in formal speech to make an offer or a suggestion in the form of a question: Shall I answer the phone for you? Shall we take another look at the budget? It is generally not tested on the TOEIC.

  • STRATEGIES FOR MODAL AUXILIARY ITEMS ASK YOURSELF THESE QUESTIONS:

  •  Is the main verb of the sentence in the present tense? If so, is there a modal in a present form in the subordinate clause?

  • INCORRECT [He is sure he could meet us there] CORRECT He is sure he can meet us there.

  •  Is the main verb of the sentence in the past tense? If so, is there a modal in a past form in the subordinate clause?

  • INCORRECT [He thought he will retire soon.] CORRECT He thought he would retire soon.

  •  Has the action of the verb in the subordinate clause occurred before the action of the main verb? If so, is there a modal perfect in the subordinate clause?

  • INCORRECT [I think that I might make a mistake yesterday.] CORRECT I think that I might have made a mistake yesterday.

  • 1. Last week the consultant said (A) that the company shall hire (B) a public relations firm, which would help (C) their image greatly considering (D) recent profit losses.

  • Consultant (on sth) (n) a person who knows a lot about a particular subject and is employed to give advice about it to other people: Ex: The President’s consultant on economic affairs

  • Firm (n) a business or company: An engineering firm. A firm of accountants

  • Slide 14

  • 2. The board of directors should be (A) deciding now who will get (B) promotions, who may be (C) trained for managerial positions, and who would be (D) fired.

  • Slide 16

  • 3. Since She’s been told that she would have (A) seniority and can ask (B) for a transfer, she should look (C) for an opening in other departments and submit (D) a request.

  • Slide 18

  • 4. The committee agrees that a solution must be (A) found right away, but the members cannot (B) agree on what it should be (C) or who might have been (D) the best people to implement it.

  • 4. The committee agrees that a solution must be (A) found right away, hut the members cannot (B) agree on what it should be (C) or who might have been (D) the best people to implement it.

  • 5. The procedures that we must follow (A) when we will have (B) problems using (C) the new copier are posted (D).

  • Slide 22

  • 6. I would do (A) it if I could (B), but I can't (C), so I wouldn’t (D) even try.

  • 6. I would do (A) it if I could (B), butt I can't (C), so I wouldn’t (D) even try.

  • 7. Her mother, who passed away (A) last year, must be (B) a remarkable woman if she could take (C) care of a house, raise five children, and work (D) at her family’s store all at the same time.

  • To pass away (also To pass on) to die. People say ‘pass away’ to avoid saying ‘die’: Ex: His mother passed away last year.

  • Remarkable (for sth) | Remarkable (that … ) unusual or surprising in a way that causes people to take notice SYN  astonishing: a remarkable achievement /  career / talent. Ex: She was a truly remarkable woman.

  • To raise to care for a child or young animal until it is able to take care of itself: Ex: They were both raised in the South.

  • Slide 29

  • 8. When you realized (A) you may have (B) difficulty arranging last month’s conference you should have (C) told me so that I could have (D) gotten some people to volunteer.

  • Slide 31

  • 9. The new software training program that will be set up (A) ought to improve (B) our employees’ skills dramatically so that they could produce (C) much more graphic material and increase (D) their productivity.

  • Dramatic (of a change, an event, etc.) (adj.) sudden, very great and often surprising: a dramatic increase / fall /  change / improvement. Dramatically (adv.)

  • Graphic (adj.) (of descriptions, etc.) very clear and full of details, especially about sth unpleasant SYN  vivid:a graphic account /  description of a battle. He kept telling us about his operation, in the most graphic detail.

  • Productivity (n) the rate at which a worker, a company or a country produces goods, and the amount produced, compared with how much time, work and money is needed to produce them: High/improved/ increased productivity. Ex: Wage rates depend on levels of productivity.

  • Slide 36

  • 10.You may think (A) that this restaurant might not have (B) great food because of its simple look, but you can believe (C) me when I tell you that your taste buds will have been (D) pleasantly surprised.

  • Slide 38

  • THANK YOU!

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