Praise for Previous Editions of A Practical Guide to Fedora Ơ and Red Hat Enterprise Linux đ đ Since I’m in an educational environment, I found the content of Sobell’s book to be right on target and very helpful for anyone managing Linux in the enterprise His style of writing is very clear He builds up to the chapter exercises, which I find to be relevant to real-world scenarios a user or admin would encounter An IT/IS student would find this book a valuable complement to their education The vast amount of information is extremely well balanced and Sobell manages to present the content without complicated asides and meandering prose This is a ‘must have’ for anyone managing Linux systems in a networked environment or anyone running a Linux server I would also highly recommend it to an experienced computer user who is moving to the Linux platform.” —Mary Norbury IT Director Barbara Davis Center University of Colorado at Denver from a review posted on slashdot.org “I had the chance to use your UNIX books when I when was in college years ago at Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, CA I have to say that your books are among the best! They’re quality books that teach the theoretical aspects and applications of the operating system.” —Benton Chan IS Engineer “The book has more than lived up to my expectations from the many reviews I read, even though it targets FC2 I have found something very rare with your book: It doesn’t read like the standard technical text, it reads more like a story It’s a pleasure to read and hard to put down Did I say that?! :-)” —David Hopkins Business Process Architect “Thanks for your work and for the book you wrote There are really few books that can help people to become more efficient administrators of different workstations We hope (in Russia) that you will continue bringing us a new level of understanding of Linux/UNIX systems.” —Anton Petukhov “Mark Sobell has written a book as approachable as it is authoritative.” —Jeffrey Bianchine Advocate, Author, Journalist “Excellent reference book, well suited for the sysadmin of a Linux cluster, or the owner of a PC contemplating installing a recent stable Linux Don’t be put off by the daunting heft of the book Sobell has striven to be as inclusive as possible, in trying to anticipate your system administration needs.” —Wes Boudville Inventor “A Practical Guide to Red Hat® Linux® is a brilliant book Thank you Mark Sobell.” —C Pozrikidis University of California at San Diego “This book presents the best overview of the Linux operating system that I have found [It] should be very helpful and understandable no matter what the reader’s background: traditional UNIX user, new Linux devotee, or even Windows user Each topic is presented in a clear, complete fashion and very few assumptions are made about what the reader knows The book is extremely useful as a reference, as it contains a 70-page glossary of terms and is very well indexed It is organized in such a way that the reader can focus on simple tasks without having to wade through more advanced topics until they are ready.” —Cam Marshall Marshall Information Service LLC Member of Front Range UNIX Users Group [FRUUG] Boulder, Colorado “Conclusively, this is THE book to get if you are a new Linux user and you just got into RH/Fedora world There’s no other book that discusses so many different topics and in such depth.” —Eugenia Loli-Queru Editor in Chief OSNews.com Praise for Other Books by Mark G Sobell “This book is a very useful tool for anyone who wants to ‘look under the hood’ so to speak, and really start putting the power of Linux to work What I find particularly frustrating about man pages is that they never include examples Sobell, on the other hand, outlines very clearly what the command does and then gives several common, easy-tounderstand examples that make it a breeze to start shell programming on one’s own As with Sobell’s other works, this is simple, straightforward, and easy to read It’s a great book and will stay on the shelf at easy arm’s reach for a long time.” —Ray Bartlett Travel Writer “Overall I found this book to be quite excellent, and it has earned a spot on the very front of my bookshelf It covers the real ‘guts’ of Linux— the command line and its utilities—and does so very well Its strongest points are the outstanding use of examples, and the Command Reference section Highly recommended for Linux users of all skill levels Well done to Mark Sobell and Prentice Hall for this outstanding book!” —Dan Clough Electronics Engineer and Slackware Linux User “Totally unlike most Linux books, this book avoids discussing everything via GUI and jumps right into making the power of the command line your friend.” —Bjorn Tipling Software Engineer ask.com “This book is the best distro-agnostic, foundational Linux reference I’ve ever seen, out of dozens of Linux-related books I’ve read Finding this book was a real stroke of luck If you want to really understand how to get things done at the command line, where the power and flexibility of free UNIX-like OSes really live, this book is among the best tools you’ll find toward that end.” —Chad Perrin Writer, TechRepublic “I currently own one of your books, A Practical Guide to Linux® I believe this book is one of the most comprehensive and, as the title says, practical guides to Linux I have ever read I consider myself a novice and I come back to this book over and over again.” —Albert J Nguyen “Thank you for writing a book to help me get away from Windows XP and to never touch Windows Vista The book is great; I am learning a lot of new concepts and commands Linux is definitely getting easier to use.” —James Moritz “I am so impressed by how Mark Sobell can approach a complex topic in such an understandable manner His command examples are especially useful in providing a novice (or even an advanced) administrator with a cookbook on how to accomplish real-world tasks on Linux He is truly an inspired technical writer!” —George Vish II Senior Education Consultant Hewlett-Packard Company “Overall, I think it’s a great, comprehensive Ubuntu book that’ll be a valuable resource for people of all technical levels.” —John Dong Ubuntu Forum Council Member Backports Team Leader “The JumpStart sections really offer a quick way to get things up and running, allowing you to dig into the details of the book later.” —Scott Mann Aztek Networks “I would so love to be able to use this book to teach a class about not just Ubuntu or Linux but about computers in general It is thorough and well written with good illustrations that explain important concepts for computer usage.” —Nathan Eckenrode New York Local Community Team “Ubuntu is gaining popularity at the rate alcohol did during Prohibition, and it’s great to see a well-known author write a book on the latest and greatest version Not only does it contain Ubuntu-specific information, but it also touches on general computer-related topics, which will help the average computer user to better understand what’s going on in the background Great work, Mark!” —Daniel R Arfsten Pro/ENGINEER Drafter/Designer “I read a lot of Linux technical information every day, but I’m rarely impressed by tech books I usually prefer online information sources instead Mark Sobell’s books are a notable exception They’re clearly written, technically accurate, comprehensive, and actually enjoyable to read.” —Matthew Miller Senior Systems Analyst/Administrator BU Linux Project Boston University Office of Information Technology “This is well written, clear, comprehensive information for the Linux user of any type, whether trying Ubuntu on for the first time and wanting to know a little about it, or using the book as a very good reference when doing something more complicated like setting up a server This book’s value goes well beyond its purchase price and it’ll make a great addition to the Linux section of your bookshelf.” —Linc Fessenden Host of The LinuxLink TechShow tllts.org “The author has done a very good job at clarifying such a detail-oriented operating system I have extensive Unix and Windows experience and this text does an excellent job at bridging the gaps between Linux, Windows, and Unix I highly recommend this book to both ‘newbs’ and experienced users Great job!” —Mark Polczynski Information Technology Consultant “When I first started working with Linux just a short 10 years or so ago, it was a little more difficult than now to get going Now, someone new to the community has a vast array of resources available on the web, or if they are inclined to begin with Ubuntu, they can literally find almost every single thing they will need in the single volume of Mark Sobell’s A Practical Guide to Ubuntu Linux® “I’m sure this sounds a bit like hyperbole Everything a person would need to know? Obviously not everything, but this book, weighing in at just under 1200 pages, covers so much so thoroughly that there won’t be much left out From install to admin, networking, security, shell scripting, package management, and a host of other topics, it is all there GUI and command line tools are covered There is not really any wasted space or fluff, just a huge amount of information There are screen shots when appropriate but they not take up an inordinate amount of space This book is information-dense.” —JR Peck Editor GeekBook.org “I have been wanting to make the jump to Linux but did not have the guts to so—until I saw your familiarly titled A Practical Guide to Red Hat® Linux® at the bookstore I picked up a copy and am eagerly looking forward to regaining my freedom.” —Carmine Stoffo Machine and Process Designer to pharmaceutical industry “I am currently reading A Practical Guide to Red Hat® Linux® and am finally understanding the true power of the command line I am new to Linux and your book is a treasure.” —Juan Gonzalez “Overall, A Practical Guide to Ubuntu Linux® by Mark G Sobell provides all of the information a beginner to intermediate user of Linux would need to be productive The inclusion of the Live DVD of the Gutsy Gibbon release of Ubuntu makes it easy for the user to test-drive Linux without affecting his installed OS I have no doubts that you will consider this book money well spent.” —Ray Lodato Slashdot contributor www.slashdot.org ¥ A Practical Guide to Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux ® SIXTH EDITION ® This page intentionally left blank ¥ A Practical Guide to Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux ® ® SIXTH EDITION Mark G Sobell Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City 1254 Main Index security, continued FTP 702, 708, 713, 719 fwtk utility 1141 hole 554 host 1135–1140 host-based trust 383 hping utility 1141 Internet, root access 412 IP spoofing 1171 IPSec 1133 John the Ripper utility 1141 Kerberos 1172 kerberos utility 1137 Linux features 13 login 1136 login shell 509 login, last 136 man-in-the-middle 1130 MD5 encryption 1175 messages 514 MITM see security, man-in-the-middle more information 1140 MUA 1132 nessus utility 1141 netcat utility 1141 network 1132–1135 NFS 795, 802, 808 NIS 772 nmap utility 1141 OpenSSH 674 OPIE utility 1137 PAM 452, 1137 passphrase 1180 password 137, 508, 1180 password, one-time 1137 PATH and root privileges 414 PATH variable 309, 458 physical 1139 plaintext 1126 Postfix utility 1132 privileged ports 1132 Qmail utility 1132 RAS 1138 Red Hat information 1142 remote access 1137 resources 1140t rhosts file 1135, 383 root access, Internet 412 root password 630 RSA encryption 1186 S/Key utility 1137 samhain IDS utility 1135 Schneier, Bruce 1142 SELinux 459–463 server, securing a 484–489 setgid files 206 setuid files 206, 631 SHA1 hash algorithm 1187 SHA2 hash algorithm 1187 smartcards 1137 snort utility 1142 software, keeping up-to-date 533, 553 spoofing 1171 ssh see ssh SSL 1132 STARTTLS 756, 1132 swatch utility 1142 system 630 TCP wrappers 484–485 telnet utility 384, 1132 TLS 1132 tripwire utility 1135, 1142 Trojan horse 458, 458–459, 1194 trusted hosts 382 virus 1138, 1196 web of trust 1130 wiping a file 505 wireshark utility 1142 worm 1138, 1197 xhost 262 security file 463 sed utility 633 seed, BitTorrent 545 segment, network 365, 1178 select control structure 999–1001 selection buffer 116 self-signed certificates 755, 959–961 SELinux 459–463 selinux file 461 sendmail 730–756 see also mail access file 742 aliases 736 aliases.db file 737 daemon 397 dnl m4 token 739 Main Index firewall setup 733 forward file 737 forwarding 736–738 forwarding techniques 743t how sendmail works 735 init script 733 JumpStart: configuring sendmail on a client 733 JumpStart: configuring sendmail on a server 734 m4 utility 739 mail directory 735, 739, 741 mailertable file 741 maillog file 736 makemap utility 739 masquerade 1175 mqueue directory 735 port 25 731 praliases utility 737 prerequisites 733 relay host 742 sendmail.cf file 739 sendmail.mc file 733, 739–741 serving multiple domains 742 smarthost 731 SSL, enabling 755 testing 734 virtusertable file 742 sendmail.cf file 739 sendmail.mc file 733, 739–741 serial ports, setting information 473 server 427 Server Message Block protocol see Samba, SMB servers 1187 see also specific server name (e.g., DNS, FTP) debug using telnet 385 mail list 382 name 391, 393 proxy 398 securing 484–489 setting up 477–489, 656 superserver see inetd daemon; xinetd daemon X 259, 263, 1198 service directory 1161 network 394 systemd 427 Upstart 437 service filename extension 431 service utility 431, 444, 447 services file 394, 511, 905 1255 session 1187 failsafe 1164 initialize 452 key, OpenSSH 675 manager 110 record using script 158 sestatus utility 462 set builtin 341, 979, 982, 1014 set group ID see setgid set user id see setuid set utility 981 setenforce utility 462 setfacl utility 209–213 setgid 1187 setgid files, locate using find 459 setgid permissions 205–206 setserial utility 473 setuid 205–206, 412, 1187 files, locate using find 459 files, security 412, 631 NFS 796 nosuid option to mount 523, 796 sexillion 1187 sftp utility 685 sh filename extension 282 sh Shell 280, 1154 SHA1 hash algorithm 1187 SHA2 hash algorithm 1187 sha256sum utility 47 shadow file 425, 451, 511 shar file 1002 share 1188 share directory 201 share, Samba 819 shared memory 505 shared network topology 1188 shell 14–15, 1188 see also bash; bash parameters; bash variables; command line; job control; shell features; shell scripts; usage messages ~ (tilde) expansion 193 archive file 1002 Bourne (original) 1154 changing default 469 command interpreter 118 csh 1155 dash 281 Debian Almquist 14, 281 default, change using chsh 281 1256 Main Index shell, continued features 341–344 filename generation 244–249 functions 1188, see also bash, functions job control see job, control ksh 281 login 282, 1174 OpenSSH 681 options 341–344 parameters 301, 301–314 pathname expansion 244–249 prompt 19 quoting special characters 303 root privileges see root privileges sh 280, 1154 sleep 231 subshell 295 variables see bash variables shell scripts 288, 288–292, 1188 see also bash, functions; usage messages addbanner 1027 arguments, testing 980 bash 1040–1050 birthday 1001 bundle 1002 chkargs 972, 974 chmod, using to make executable 288–290 command_menu 995 comments, begin using # 291, 980 configure 552 count 987 count_down 1010 cpdir 295 debug using xtrace 1042 debugging 982 executing 291 exit status 972, 974 Here document 1001–1003 input, read using read 1019–1022 is_regfile 973 lnks 978 locktty 991 makepath function 1042 menu 995 out 976 positional parameters 1012, 1012–1015 quiz 1048 recursion 1041 safedit 997 shell, specify using #! 290, 980 sortmerg 1005 spell_check 988 temporary filenames 1011 temporary files 999 whos 985 shells file 469 shift builtin 1014 shift utility 976 shm file 505, 521 shopt builtin 344 short-circuiting operators 1038 shortcut see link shutdown utility 440, 453 Sidebar, Nautilus 267 signals 1025, 1025t, 1188 see also signal name (e.g., KILL) display list of using kill 1028 Silicon Graphics 401 simple filenames 192, 230, 1188 single quotation marks see quotation marks single-user mode 449–451 from multiuser mode 454 root privileges 411 single-user system 1188 sitelist.cfg file 753 skel directory 604 slapcat utility 782 slappasswd utility 780 sleep, shell 231 sleep utility 1012 sleep() system call 318 slice see partition slider 1188 SMART disk monitoring 81 smartcards 1137 smarthost 731 SMB see Samba, SMB smb.conf file 830, 834–840 smbclient utility 823, 843 smbd daemon 818 smbfs filesystem 520 smbpasswd file 821 smbpasswd utility 822 smbstatus utility 819 smbtar utility 819 smbtree utility 823 smbusers file 820 SMF 426 Main Index smiley 1188 smilies, plural of smiley smolt utility 67 SmoothWall, Linux router distribution 647 SMTP 730, 1189 SMTP relay see smarthost snap, window 1189 sneakernet 1189 sniff 1189 SNMP 664 snmpd daemon 664 snmpd file 664 snort utility 1142 SOA records, DNS 853 sockets 517 SOCKS 1189 soft links see links, symbolic software bug 553 downloading 1120t free, definition 1145 GNU Configure and Build System 552 keeping up-to-date 533, 553 termination signal 1025 Update Manager 109 updating 109 software packages 532 binary 547 dependencies 532 finding 537 install using rpm 550 install using yum 534 install/remove 122–125 install/remove using yum 534–536 metapackages see software packages, virtual noarch 548 package management system, 532 PMS 532 query using rpm 548 remove using rpm 550 remove using yum 536 repositories 533 SRPMS 547 update using yum 539 yum repositories 543–544 sort 1189 sort utility 154, 240, 354, 1005 sortmerg shell script 1005 source builtin 284 1257 source code, download kernel using yumdownloader 586 SPACE 1189, see also whitespace SPACE bar 146 spam 1189, see also SpamAssassin SpamAssassin 744–748 client, using with a 748 configuring 746 local.cf file 746 prerequisites 745 running on a mail server using procmail 747 spamassassin utility 744 spamassissin init script 745 spamc utility 744 spamd daemon 744, 748 spamd init script 745 testing 745 user_prefs file 746 spamassassin utility 744 spamassissin init script 745 spamc utility 744 spamd daemon 744, 748 spamd init script 745 sparse file 1189 Spatial versus File Browser windows, Nautilus 103 spawn see fork special characters 146, 244, 1106, 1189 ? 245 [] 247 * 246 bash 315t filename generation 244–249 pathname expansion 244–249 quoting 303 regular expressions 1105, 1113t special files 515, 1156, see also device files spell_check shell script 988 spin box 1190 spinner see spin box spins, Fedora 33 splash boot parameter 54 spontaneous process 317 spoofing, IP 1171 spool 1190 spool directory 201, 1116 SQL 1190 square brackets 1190 square brackets, using in place of test 974 SquirrelMail 750–751 1258 Main Index squirrelmail directory 750 sr0 file 503 src directory 201 ssh directory 676 ssh directory 675 ssh utility 678, 681–683, 1137, see also OpenSSH ssh_config file 686 ssh_known_hosts file 680 ssh-add utility 692 ssh-agent utility 691–692 ssh-copy-id utility 690 sshd daemon 688–695 sshd init script 688 sshd_config file 692 ssh-keygen utility 689–691 SSL Apache 958–961 enabling in mail client 756 enabling in sendmail 755 mail 755 security 1132 stack, directory 298, 298–300, 348 stack, PAM 464 Stale NFS file handle error message 809 Stallman, Richard standard error 232, 285, 1190 duplicate file descriptor using 1>&2 287, 974 file descriptor 286, 1003 redirect 285–288 redirect error messages to 287, 974 redirect using 2> 286 redirect using exec 1023 redirect while redirecting standard output 286 standard input 232, 1190 file descriptor 286, 1003 keyboard as 233 redirect using < 236 redirect using 0< 286 redirect using exec 1023 standard output 232, 1190 append using >> 238 duplicate file descriptor using 2>&1 287 file descriptor 286, 1003 redirect output of sudo using tee 418 redirect using > 234–236 redirect using 1> 286 redirect using exec 1023 redirect using tee 242 redirect while redirecting standard error 286 screen as 233 standards directories and files 199–201 FHS (Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard) 199 FSG (Free Standards Group) 200 FSSTND (Linux Filesystem Standard) 199 Linux LSB (Linux Standard Base) 200 OpenPGP Message Format 1131 option handling 1031 POSIX 6, 281 start utility 438 STARTTLS MTA 1132 STARTTLS, security 756 startup files 191, 1190 bash 282–285 BASH_ENV variable 283 bash_login 282 bash_logout 282 bash_profile 282–284, 339, 502 bashrc 283–284, 502 bashrc 283 cshrc 1159 ENV variable 283 inputrc 332 login 1174 logout 1174 netrc 708 profile 282, 1182 profile 282, 509 profile.d 509 toprc 617 startx utility 260 stat utility 473 statd daemon 396 statements, Perl 1064 static IP address 378, 493, 652 status bar, Nautilus 269 status line 1190 status utility 438, 439 status, exit 1164 sticky bit 206, 1190 stop utility 438 stopping a program 140 stream-based protocols 371 streaming tape 1190 streams see connection-oriented protocol strings 1191 comparing 1034 null 1179 operators 1034t Main Index pattern matching 1034 search for using grep 152 within double quotation marks 303 Stroustrup, Bjarne 11 strtok() system call 963 Structured Query Language see SQL; MySQL stty utility 140, 502 stylesheet see CSS su utility 411 subdirectories 187, 1191 subdomain (DNS) 848 subnet 378, 1191, see also network, address address 1191 mask 378, 1191 number 1191 specifying 479, 479t subpixel hinting 1191 subroutine see procedure subshell 295, 1191 subtraction operator 1036 sudo utility 415–425 see also root privileges configuring 419–425 defaults (options) 423 edit sudoers file using visudo 419 editing a file using –e or sudoedit 419 environment 418 options 419 redirecting output 418 redirecting output using tee 418 root shell, spawning 417 SUDO_EDITOR variable 419 sudoedit utility 419 sudoers file 419–425 timestamps 416 wheel group 416, 422 SUDO_EDITOR variable 419 sudoedit utility 419 sudoers file 416, 419–425 Sun Microsystems 760, 792 superblock 1191 superserver see xinetd daemon Superuser 90, 1191, see also root account; root privileges suspend key (CONTROL-Z) 140, 141, 243 SVID see System V Interface Definition swap 1191 filesystem 39, 513 RAM and 39 space 513, 1191 swapon utility 513 swarm, BitTorrent 545 swat utility 830–834 swatch utility 1142 switch, network 363, 365, 646, 1178 Switcher, Workspace 98, 99 symbolic hostname 393 symbolic links see links, symbolic symlinks see links, symbolic /sys directory 201, 514, 516 sys directory 584 sysconfig file 512 sysctl utility 584 sysimage file 457 system see also system calls administrator 90 boot failure 456 booting 449 characteristics of a well-maintained 408 console see console crash 455 dataless 794, 1160 diskless 793 initialization, customizing 443 logging in 91 logs 623–625 messages 514 messages, rsyslogd daemon 623–625 mode 1192 powering down 455 rebooting 454 reports 615, 632 rescue mode 457 security 630 shutting down 453 single-user 1188 slow 629 system calls 12 exec() 317 fork() 317, 318, 962 gethostbyname() 857 sleep() 318 strtok() 963 System V 1192 init daemon 436 init script see init script Interface Definition 1259 1260 Main Index system-config-authentication utility 475, 631 system-config-bind utility 861 system-config-date utility 476 system-config-firewall, see also iptables; iptables rules system-config-firewall utility 893–895, 899 system-config-keyboard utility 476 system-config-kickstart utility 82 system-config-language utility 476 system-config-netboot utility 476 system-config-network utility 655 system-config-network-cmd utility 477 system-config-nfs utility 802 system-config-printer utility 562–568 system-config-rootpassword utility 477 system-config-samba utility 827–830 system-config-securitylevel utility 909 system-config-selinux utility 463 system-config-users utility 602 systemctl utility 428, 431–435, 455 systemd 426–435 daemons, configure using systemctl 433–435 default.target file 432 prefdm.service file 452 requires 428 runlevel 428, 432, 448t service unit 427 service utility 431 systemctl utility 428, 431–435, 455 target unit 427, 448t target units 428 terminology 427 wants 428 system-switch-mail utility 477 sysv filesystem 520 SysVinit 436 SysVinit scripts see init script T T-1 line 363 T-3 line 363 TAB key 146 TAB see whitespace table 635 table, hash 1167 tail utility 153 talk utility 397 talkd daemon 397 Tanenbaum, Andrew 5, 520 tape archive see tar utility tape, streaming 1190 tar file 162 tar utility 162–164, 295, 607, 608t, 610 tar.bz2 filename extension 162 tar.gz filename extension 162, 190 tar.Z filename extension 162 tarball 162 target units (systemd) 428, 448t task, Upstart 437 tbz filename extension 162 TC Shell 1192 TCP 371, 1192 TCP wrappers 484–485, 725 TCP/IP 370 tcsh 1192 tee utility 242, 418 teletypewriter 1194 telinit utility 440, 441, 449, 451, 455 telnet utility 383–385, 956, 1132 temporary file 999 tera- 1192 TERM signal 141, 1025 TERM variable 136 Termcap 1122 termcap file 1192 terminal 1192 ASCII 1152 character-based 1156 device 1024 emulator 117, 135, 276 files 232 interrupt signal 1025 names 1122 pseudo 504 reset using reset 473 specifying 1122 standard input 233 standard output 233 X 1198 Terminal Server Project, Linux 793 terminating execution 140 Terminfo 1122 terminfo file 1192 terminology Apache 919 desktop 112 DNS 859 filesystem naming 37 GNOME 112 partition name 37 screen 232 Main Index systemd 427 Upstart daemon 436 ternary operator 1039 test builtin 971–973, 973t, 977, 980, 981, 984, 986, 992 testparm utility 841 text box 1192 textual application, running from a GUI 98 textual interface 31 tftpd daemon 397 tgz filename extension 190 theme 1192 theme, desktop, change using gnome-tweak-tool 95 thicknet 365, 1193 thinnet 365, 1193 Thompson, Ken 10, 1152 thread safe see reentrant code threads in Apache 963 three-finger salute 454 thumb 1193 tick 1193 tick box see check box tif filename extension 190, 1193 tiff filename extension 190, 1193 tilde expansion 193, 308, 348 tildes in directory stack manipulation 348 tiled windows 1193 time series data 657 time to live see TTL time, synchronize using ntpd 396 timed daemon 397 titlebar 102, 115 titlebar buttons, change using gnome-tweak-tool 95 TLS, security 1132 /tmp directory 201, 999 toggle 1193 token ring network 1193 tokens 227, 345, 1193 toolbar 115 toolbar, Nautilus 269 tooltip 112, 1193 top utility 616, 616t topologies 362 toprc file 617 torrent filename extension 545 torrent, BitTorrent 545 torrentinfo-console utility 547 Torvalds, Linus 2, 4, 6, 1172 touch utility 198, 237, 454 tput builtin 991 tr utility 159, 239, 286 1261 traceroute utility 387 traceroute6 utility 387, 387 tracker, BitTorrent 545 transaction signatures, DNS see DNS, TSIG transient window 1193 Transmission Control Protocol see TCP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol see TCP/IP Transport Layer Security see TLS transport layer, IP model protocol 371 trap builtin 991, 1025–1028 trap door see back door trash, emptying 109 trash, Nautilus 271 tripwire utility 1135, 1142 Trojan horse 458, 458–459, 1194 Trolltech 265 true 1038 true utility 1027, 1038 trusted hosts 382 tset utility 473 TSTP signal 1025 TTL 387, 854, 1194 tty file 1024 tty utility 504 TTY see teletypewriter tty.conf file 441 TUI 31 tune2fs utility 526–527 tunneling 1194 tunneling using OpenSSH 696–697 tutorial, ftp 705–707 tutorial, vim 172–179 twisted pair cable 365 txt filename extension 190 type builtin 1019 typeface conventions 19 typescript file 158 typeset builtin 306–307, 1010 tz filename extension 162 U UCE see spam uchroot.c program 488 udev utility 516 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) 370, 372, 1194 ufs filesystem 520 UID 1194 display using id 413 effective 1163 passwd file, in 508 1262 Main Index umask builtin 473 umount utility 508, 523 umsdos filesystem 520 unalias builtin 335, 337 uname utility 475, 594, 681 unary operators 1036 undecillion 1194 unicast packet 1194 unicode 1195 uniq utility 154 University of Illinois 400 UNIX Bourne Shell 280 Linux roots in philosophy 381 printing, traditional 577 System V 3, 1192 System V Interface Definition unix2dos utility 159 unix2mac utility 159 unlocking the root account 425 unmanaged window 1195 unmount a filesystem using umount 523 unset builtin 305 unshielded twisted pair see UTP until control structure 990–991 Update Manager 109 Update Manager window 110 updatedb utility 166 upgrade installation 34 upgrade vs install 60 Upstart see also Upstart daemon event 440 initctl utility 437 reload utility 438 start utility 438 status utility 438 stop utility 438 Upstart daemon 436–442 see also Upstart communicate with Upstart using initctl 437 event 436 job definition files 440–442 jobs 437, 438–440 prefdm task 452 rc task 441 rcS task 442 runlevel emulation 437 runlevel event 441 runlevel utility 448 service 437 shutdown utility 440 starting 449 status utility 439 task 437 telinit utility 440, 441, 449 terminology 436 ttyn tasks 441 uptime, display using w 169 uptime utility 169 urandom file 504 URIs 1195 URLs 401, 1195 usage messages 226, 974, 976, 980, 988, 1195, see also error messages; messages USB devices, list using lsusb 649 user see also user accounts; usernames display information about using finger 167 ID see UID interface 1195 liveuser 54 map, Samba 820 mode 1195 name see username private groups 507 Samba 828 Superuser see root account user accounts see also user; usernames add using system-config-users 603 add using useradd 604 change using chage 605 modify using system-config-users 603 modify using usermod 604 remove using userdel 604 User Datagram Protocol see UDP user_list file (vsftpd) 725 user_prefs file 746 useradd file 604 useradd utility 604 userdel utility 604 usermod utility 416, 604 usernames 1195 see also user; user accounts in the passwd file 508 list using w 168 list using who 166 nfsnobody 807 Main Index root see root account userspace 1195 /usr directory 40, 201 UTC 1195 UTF-8 1195 utilities 1195 see also commands; the Utility index (page 1205) alternative names 506 backup 607 builtin 249 builtins versus 972 links to 506 locate using whereis 164 locate using which 164 mail 171 names, typeface 18 UTP cable 365 UUID 1196 fstab, in 524 number, display using blkid 524 numbers, device 503 V /var directory 39, 201 var filename extension 930, 950, 951 variable 1196 see also bash variables completion 331 Perl lexical 1062 Perl package 1061 VeriSign 1128 vfat filesystem 520 VG see LVM, VG vi see vim View pane, Nautilus 267 viewport see workspace vim 172–179 case sensitivity 1155 Command mode 174 correcting a mistake 178 correcting text 176 deleting text 178 exit, emergency 173 help system 176 Input mode 174, 175 inserting text 178 Last Line mode 174 moving the cursor 177 Normal mode see vim, Command mode page breaks 179 quitting 179 safedit script 997 starting 172 terminal, specifying 1122 undoing changes 178 vimtutor utility 172 Work buffer 179 virtual consoles 138, 1196 machines 7–9 memory and swap space 513 memory, report on using vmstat 615 private network see VPN virtualBox virtusertable file 742 viruses 1138, 1196 VISUAL variable 419 visudo utility 419 VLAN 1196 VMM (virtual machine monitor) VMs (virtual machines) 7–9 vmstat utility 615 VMware Volume group see LVM, VG volume label 470 VPN 361, 1196 vsftpd see also FTP; FTP clients configuration files 715, 725 configuration parameters connection 723 display 721 download 719 log 722 logging in 716 message 721 miscellaneous 724 stand-alone mode 715 upload 719 daemon 712 firewall set up 713 more information 703 prerequisites 712 running in a chroot jail 717 setting up 712–725 stand-alone mode 713 testing 713 vsftpd.banned_emails file 717 vsftpd.conf file 715 vsftpd.log file 722 xferlog file 725 1263 1264 Main Index vsftpd.banned_emails file 717 vsftpd.conf file 715 vsftpd.log file 722 vt100 terminal 1122 vt102 terminal 1122 vt220 terminal 1122 Vulcan death grip 454 VxFS filesystem 520 W w utility 168, 169t W2K 1196 W3 see World Wide Web W3C 1196 wall utility 626 Wall, Larry 1058 WAN 367, 1196 wants (systemd) 428 WAP 646, 1196 wc utility 156, 349 Web see also World Wide Web crawler 401 ring 1196 web of trust 1130 webalizer utility 963 Webmail 749–751 weekly file 613 Weissman, Terry 554 welcome.conf file 949 wget utility 555 whatis utility 67, 128, 440 wheel group 66, 416, 468 wheel group and sudo 416, 422 whereis utility 165 which utility 164 while control structure 986–989 whitespace 146, 1196 on the command line 292 quoting 303 who utility 166, 169t, 448 whois utility 388 whos shell script 985 wide area network see WAN widget 1197, see also GUI Wi-Fi 1197, see also wireless wildcards 244, 1197, see also special characters window 112, 115, 115–119, 1197 see also screens Add/Remove Applications 124 Browse/Save 107 cascading 1155 clipboard 116 cut and paste 116 cycling 116 decorations 118 File Browser see Nautilus focus, input 116 GNOME Desktop Help 125 ignored 1169 manager 17, 118, 265–266, 1197 Compiz 118 GNUStep 266 Metacity 118 Mutter 118 WindowMaker 266 minimize 1176 moving 102 Nautilus File Browser see Nautilus File Browser Object Properties 121–122 Pick a Color 274 Pick a Font 273 resizing 102 root 112, 117, 1186 Run Application 97, 274 Save 107 scrollbar 1187 Search for Files 274 slider 1188 snap 1189 Software Update 110 theme, change using gnome-tweak-tool 95 thumb 1193 tiled 1193 titlebar 102, 115 toolbar 115 transient 1193 unmanaged 1195 working with 102 Workspace Switcher 99 Workspace Switcher Preferences 99 Window List applet 113 Window Operations menu 115 WindowMaker window manager 266 Windows see also Samba convert files from/to Linux format 159 Main Index dual-boot system 82–84 file namespace versus Linux 36 filename limitations 189 formatting 34 integration see Samba net use utility (Samba) 842 net view utility (Samba) 841 networks, browse using Samba 824 print from, using CUPS 579 print from, using Samba 580 print to, using CUPS 581 shares see also Samba, share mounting 824 working with using Samba 823 WINS 1197 wiping a file 505 wire see cable wireless 802.11 specification 1150 access point 646, 1197 ad hoc mode 648 bridge 648 configuring 655 infrastructure mode 648 network 367 wireshark utility 1142 words 140, 227, 1197 count using wc 156 delete using CONTROL-W 140 erase key (CONTROL-W) 229 looking up 1120t on the command line 345 splitting 312, 352 Work buffer 1197 working directory 190, 1197 change to another using cd 196 executing a file in 290, 309 relative pathnames and 193 significance of 193 versus home directory 197 workspace 112, 1197 Workspace Switcher 98 workspace, desktop and the 96 workstation 9, 1197 World Wide Web 400 browsers 400, 401 Consortium 1196 hypertext 400 1265 Mosaic browser 400 Netscape Navigator 401 search engines 401 URLs 401 Web crawler 401 worms 1138, 1197 write access permission 202 write utility 170, 625 wtmp file 622 WWW see World Wide Web WYSIWYG 1198 X X Consortium 258 X server 1198 X terminal 1198 X Window System 16, 258, 1198 client and server 259 color depth 263 display number 262 –display option 263 DISPLAY variable 262 display, access to 261 events 260 exiting from 264 freedesktop.org group 266 ID string 262 library 118 mouse see mouse –nolisten tcp option 261 remote computing and local displays 260 screen number 262 server 259 starting 260 startx utility 260 X servers, running multiple 263 X stack 258 X terminal 1198 X11 forwarding, OpenSSH 678, 686, 694, 696 xev utility 260 XFree86 versus X.org 258 xhost utility 261 Xinerama 1198 Xlib 258 xmodmap utility 264 X11 directory 200 x86 processor architecture 31 xargs utility 633 1266 Main Index XDMCP 1198 xDSL 1198 Xen xev utility 260 xferlog file 725 xfs filesystem 520 xhost utility 261 Xinerama 1198 xinetd daemon 397, 447, 481, 713, 830 xinetd.conf file 482 xinetd.d directory 482 xinitrc file 692 XINU Xlib 258 XML 1198 xmodmap utility 264 Xorg utility 258 XSM 1198 xterm terminal name 1122 Y Yellow Dog Updater, Modified see yum Yellow Pages 760 yp.conf file 765 ypbind daemon 765, 766 ypbind-mt daemon 765 ypcat utility 762 ypinit utility 774 ypmatch utility 762 yppasswd utility 767–768 yppasswdd init script 775 ypserv.conf file 770 ypwhich utility 766 ypxfr utility 769 ypxfrd daemon 769 yum commands 540 dependencies see software packages, dependencies groups 540 JumpStart: installing and removing packages using yum 534 remove option 536 repositories 543–544 update option 539 updating packages 539 yum.conf file 542 yum.repos.d file 543 yumex graphical interface 533 yum.conf file 542 yum.repos.d file 543 yumdownloader utility 541, 586 yumex utility 533 Z Z filename extension 161, 190 Z Shell 1198 zcat 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