Content Networking Fundamentals By Silvano Da Ros Publisher: Cisco Press Pub Date: March 30, 2006 Print ISBN-10: 1-58705-240-7 Print ISBN-13: 978-1-58705-240-8 Pages: 576 Table of Contents | Index A comprehensive introduction to the theory and practical applications of content networking Get a strong introduction to the basic networking concepts necessary for content networking, including network address translation, IP multicast content delivery, quality of service, and streaming media Master the application-layer protocols, including HTTP, SSL, RSTP, RTP and FTP Design redundancy and high availability by using server load balancing, Domain Name System (DNS) directory services, Cisco DistributedDirector software, proximity-based load balancing, and global sticky databases Learn to switch and offload encrypted content by importing, creating, and configuring certificates and keys in Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) termination devices Examine how to configure routers with Web Cache Communication Protocol (WCCP) and to switch content requests to content engines for serving frequently requested objects Learn how to configure caching, live push- and pull-splitting, content acquisitioning, and pre-positioning using Cisco Application and Content Networking System (ACNS) software Content networking is the most popular technology used to enhance network and application performance The growth of content networking has been driven by end-user demands for richer content and lowered response times These demands have caused the field of content networking to flourish with technological advances Today many companies use content networking to add a layer of intelligence to their systems, scaling server availability and optimizing content delivery Content Networking Fundamentals introduces you to content networking solutions and the underlying networking technologies that content networking uses to accelerate your applications in new and unique ways You'll discover various algorithms behind content networking and learn how the Cisco Systems® product suite implements them In this comprehensive guide, you start with a review of the protocols required for content networking, building your knowledge of introductory concepts and applications From there, you delve into the components specific to content networking, with a focus on the content-aware Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Layers 4 through 7 Numerous deployment examples help you understand the more advanced topics You can use the configuration snapshots in this book as skeletal configurations for your production network Following the valuable lessons taught in Content Networking Fundamentals, you'll be able to effectively design, deploy, maintain, and troubleshoot content networks Content Networking Fundamentals By Silvano Da Ros Publisher: Cisco Press Pub Date: March 30, 2006 Print ISBN-10: 1-58705-240-7 Print ISBN-13: 978-1-58705-240-8 Pages: 576 Table of Contents | Index Copyright About the Author About the Technical Reviewers Acknowledgments Icons Used in This Book Command Syntax Conventions Introduction Goals and Methods Who Should Read This Book? How This Book Is Organized Part I: Overview of Content Networking Chapter 1 Introducing Content Networking Defining Content Networking Understanding the Underlying Technologies Purpose and Goals Cisco Content Networking Solutions Summary Review Questions Recommended Reading Part II: Networking Fundamentals Chapter 2 Exploring the Network Layers Ethernet Physical and Data Link Layers Internet Protocol Transport Layer Putting It All Together with a Detailed Network Trace Summary Review Questions Recommended Reading Chapter 3 Introducing Switching, Routing, and Address Translation Exploring Ethernet Frame Switching Configuring Virtual LANs Understanding IP Routing Packet Switching Transparent Bridging Exploring Network Address Translation Summary Review Questions Recommended Reading Chapter 4 Exploring Security Technologies and Network Infrastructure Designs Filtering Packets with Access Control Lists Application Layer Inspection Designing Enterprise Campuses Designing Enterprise Edge Networks Designing Headquarters with Remote Office Networks Employing Internet Content Delivery Networks Summary Review Questions Recommended Reading Part III: Intelligent Network Services for Content Delivery Chapter 5 IP Multicast Content Delivery Introducing IP Multicast Internet Group Management Protocol Internet Standard Multicast Source Specific Multicast (SSM) Ensuring Multicast Delivery With Pragmatic General Multicast Summary Review Questions Recommended Reading Chapter 6 Ensuring Content Delivery with Quality of Service Classification and Marking Congestion Management Congestion Avoidance Summary Review Questions Recommended Reading Part IV: Applications for Serving Content, at the Network Edge Chapter 7 Presenting and Transforming Content Introducing Markup Languages Transforming and Formatting Content Summary Review Questions Recommended Reading Chapter 8 Exploring the Application Layer HTTP Public Key Infrastructure File Transfer Protocol Summary Review Questions Recommended Reading Chapter 9 Introducing Streaming Media Streaming Files and Content Playback Delivering Streaming Media Summary Review Questions Recommended Reading Part V: Application Layer Services for Content, within the Network Chapter 10 Exploring Server Load Balancing Exploring Your Server Load-Balancing Devices Content Switch Operational Modes Load-Distribution Algorithms Health Checking Session Persistence Content Switch High Availability Summary Review Questions Recommended Reading Chapter 11 Switching Secured Content SSL Termination Firewall Load Balancing VPN Load Balancing on the CSM Preventing Connection Table Flooding using SYN-Cookies Summary Review Questions Recommended Reading Chapter 12 Exploring Global Server Load Balancing Domain Name Service Operation BGP-Anycast and DNS Round-Robin Exploring Distributed Director Technologies Exploring CSS Global Server Load Balancing Exploring CSM Global Server Load Balancing GSLB Stickiness Summary Review Questions Recommended Reading Part VI: The Application and Content Networking System: Content Caching, Streaming, Routing, and Distribution Chapter 13 Delivering Cached and Streaming Media Redirecting Application Requests Enabling Transparent Value-Added Services on Your CEs Delivering Streaming Media Summary Review Questions Recommended Reading Chapter 14 Distributing and Routing Managed Content E-learning and Corporate Communications Software and File Distribution Introducing Content Distribution and Routing Initializing and Registering Your ACNS Network Devices Setting Up Your ACNS Network for Acquisition and Pre-Positioning Acquiring Content to Pre-Position Configuring Content Pre-Positioning Content Request Routing Configuring Streaming Media Summary Review Questions Recommended Reading Appendix A Answers to Review Questions Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Index Copyright Content Networking Fundamentals Silvano Da Ros Copyright© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc Cisco Press logo is a trademark of Cisco Systems, Inc Published by: Cisco Press 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 First Printing March 2006 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Number: 2005922508 Warning and Disclaimer This book is designed to provide information about the fundamentals of content networking Every effort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty or fitness is implied The information is provided on an "as-is" basis The authors, Cisco Press, and Cisco Systems, Inc., shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages arising from the information contained in this book or from the use of the discs or programs that may accompany it The opinions expressed in this book belong to the author and are not necessarily those of Cisco Systems, Inc Trademark Acknowledgments All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized Cisco Press or Cisco Systems, Inc., cannot attest to the accuracy of this information Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark RealNetworks images and information in Chapter 13 provided courtesy of RealNetworks, Inc.: Copyright © 19952005 RealNetworks, Inc All rights reserved RealNetworks, Helix, Helix Proxy, RealProxy, RealPlayer, and RealMedia are trademarks or registered trademarks of RealNetworks, Inc Feedback Information At Cisco Press, our goal is the creation of in-depth technical books of the highest quality and value Each book is crafted with care and precision, undergoing rigorous development that involves the unique expertise of members from the professional technical community Readers' feedback is a natural continuation of this process If you have any comments regarding how we could improve the quality of this book, or otherwise alter it to better suit your needs, you can contact us through email at feedback@ciscopress.com Please be sure to include the book title and ISBN in your message We greatly appreciate your assistance Publisher: John Wait Cisco Representative: Anthony Wolfenden Editor-in-Chief: John Kane Cisco Press Program Manager: Jeff Brady Production Manager: Patrick Kanouse Technical Editors: Mark Gallo, Stefano Testa, Maurice Traynor Development Editor: Betsey Henkels Copy Editor: Paul Wilson Editorial Assistant: Raina Han Book and Cover Designer: Louisa Adair Composition: Mark Shirar Indexer: Tim Wright Proofreader: Kayla Dugger as requirement for network development PKI certificates 2nd cryptography public key cryptography selecting RPs with Auto RP with BSR sequence number remapping server farms failure, estimating probability of server groups, enterprise edge network design server load absolute load, calculating configuring relative load, calculating service groups (WCCP), configuring session persistence, maintaining with hash load balancing with HTTP cookies with MSISDN number sticky permanent session information storage with SIP caller ID with source IP stickiness with SSL sticky with URL sticky strings session processing path sessions cookies set qos-group command SET_PARAMETER message (RSTP) SETUP message (RSTP) SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) DTD files shaping 2nd shared trees PIM-SM, creating show port capabilities command SHR (simplified hybrid routing) signaling Ethernet 2nd similarity of RTSP and HTTP single-CSM FWLB, configuring SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) caller ID, maintaining session persistence SLB (Server Load Balancing), content switching applications [See also load balancing.] sliding windows (TCP) slow start (TCP) slowpath SM (single mode) fiber SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language) 2nd 3rd meta-files SMPTE relative time codes SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) SOA records software and file distribution as candidate for content distribution solutions available to ACNSs source IP Address field (IP packets) hashing 2nd source IP stickiness, maintaining session persistence Source Media Access Control address field (Ethernet) source trees spanning-packets command sparse mode (PIM) Bidir-PIM enabling multicast group registration shared trees, creating sparse-dense mode (PIM) specifications for CSS series content switches splitting live and prerecorded broadcasts SPMs (source path messages) SR (sender reports) SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) 2nd caching and tunneling, enabling on CEs processing modules terminating on CSM on CSM-S on CSS versus TLS SSL sticky, maintaining session persistence SSLM (SSL services module) SSM (Source Specific Multicast) 2nd enabling limitations of stateful ACLs stateful DNS sticky, configuring stateless ACLs static NAT static routing, configuring static RP addresses, configuring step index fiber sticky netmask command sticky strings stills-based codecs storing session information STPs (shortest path trees) stream ciphers stream splitting, configuring on internal WMS server multicast-to-multicast live splitting multicast-to-unicast live splitting unicast-to-multicast live splitting unicast-to-unicast live splitting streaming media audio-video codec algorithms configuring configuring on Cisco CEs container files delivery protocols 2nd proprietary versions of RTP RTSP 2nd meta-files MPEG standards progressive downloading QoS, applying raw video content Real Media vendors 2nd WMT streaming VoD content on ACNS network on Cisco CEs, configuring structural markup languages HTML file structure XHTML XML languages based on parsing applications transforming to XHTML/HTML transforming to XSL-FO style sheets CSSs XSL-FO, importing XML content subnet masking SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) switch fabric switched environment multicasting CGMP IGMP Snooping RGMP symmetric key cryptography SYN SYN cookies, preventing connection table flooding Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] tail-drop thresholds, modifying TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) congestion avoidance fast recovery fast retransmit MSS over satellite sliding window slow start three-way handshake TCP/IP [See also TCP/IP protocols.] ACLs parameter adjustments, enabling on CEs TCP/IP protocols ARP associated OSI model layers 2nd ICMP IGMP TCP congestion avoidance fast recovery fast retransmit MSS over satellite sliding window slow start three-way handshake UDP TEARDOWN message (RSTP) third-party ICDNs three-level location tree three-way handshake Time To Live (TTL) field (IP packet) topologies hub and spoke access technologies QoS of ICDNs total internal reflection Total Packet Length field (IP packet) traffic policing 2nd traffic shaping 2nd class-based, configuring committed burst, calculating GTS, configuring traffic-level anomaly detection transforming XML content to WML files to XHTML/HTML to XSL-FO files transparent bridging transparent redirection, configuring via content switches failover bypass load distribution via WCCP Layer 2/3 traffic, redirecting transport layer (OSI model), corresponding TCP/IP protocols TCP UDP triangulation trust points, configuring on CSM-S TSIs (transport session identifiers) Tunnicliffe, William two-rate policing, configuring Type of Service (ToS) field (IP packet) Type/Length field (Ethernet) typesetting procedural markup tags Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] UDP (User Datagram Protocol) unicast-pull distribution trees unicast-to-unicast stream splitting unmanaged content URD (URL Rendezvous Directory) URL balancing URL filtering URL hashing URL header rewriting URL sticky strings, maintaining session persistence user agents UTP (unshielded twisted pair) Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] Valid XML value-added services, enabling on CEs content authentication and authorization ICAP SSL caching and tunneling TCP/IP parameter adjustments URL filtering vendors of streaming media products 2nd video transmission protocols viewing CSM sticky table contents VIPs, VRRP, configuring virtual routers, configuring as redundant VIP as virtual interface virtual servers VLANs configuring trunking configuring MAC learning VoDs RealNetworks VoD files, streaming on ACNS network RealProxy, caching on Cisco CE Windows Media VoDs, configuring on CE VPN load balancing content switching applications on CSM, configuring VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol), configuring on VIPs VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] WAN access in branch office networks WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) markup languages WCCP (Web Cache Control Protocol) CE overload bypass, configuring configuring hash buckets hot spot handling load distribution via hash buckets via mask assignment service groups, configuring transparent redirection, configuring wccp version command WCCPv2 web browsers [See browsers.] web hosting centers in enterprise edge networks Well Formed XML WF (Wildcard Filter) reservations WFQ (weighted fair queuing), configuring wildcard reservation scopes Windows Media VoD, configuring on CE WML (Wireless Markup Language) WMLScript language WMT (Windows Media Technology) streaming Windows Media VoD, configuring on CE WMS server, configuring live stream splitting word processing applications, procedural markup tags WRED (weighted random early detection), configuring WRR (weighted round robin) WTAI (Wireless Telephony Application Interface) WXL-FO (Extensible StyleSheet Language-Format Object) Index [SYMBOL] [A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] X.509 certificates X.509 PEM (Privacy Enhanced Mail) XHTML (Extensible HTML) importing content from XML versus HTML XHTML Basic XLink XML (eXtensible Markup Language) languages based on manifest files parsing applications schemas SMIL transforming to XHTML/HTML to XLS-FO XPath XML element tree structure, defining XQuery XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language) stylesheets, applying with AON XSL-FO (XSL Format Objects), importing content from XML XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Transformation) parsers, transforming XML to HTML ... Chapter 14 Index Copyright Content Networking Fundamentals Silvano Da Ros Copyright© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc Cisco Press logo is a trademark of Cisco Systems, Inc Published by: Cisco Press 800 East 96th Street... Purpose and goals of content networkingInforms the reader of the motivation behind content networking in terms of its purpose and goals Cisco content networking solutionsIntroduces Cisco content networking. .. Part I: Overview of Content Networking Chapter 1 Introducing Content Networking Defining Content Networking Understanding the Underlying Technologies Purpose and Goals Cisco Content Networking Solutions