https://getbooksolutions.com Link full download:https://getbooksolutions.com/download/test-bankfor-anatomy-and-physiology-from-science-to-life-2nd-edition-byjenkins Test Bank for Anatomy and Physiology From Science to Life 2nd Edition by Jenkins CHAPTER 2- The Chemical Level of Organization Choose the best answer to each of the following questions 1) The four elements making up about 96% of the body's mass are represented by the symbols: A) O, Ca, H, Na B) O, C, H, N C) O, C, He, Na D) O, H, K, N E) O, Ca, H, Ni Answer: B Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Easy 2) Which statement about an atom is not true? A) an atom has the characteristics of the element B) the nucleus of an atom is make up of protons and neutrons C) the proton has a positive charge and the neutrons has no charge D) electrons are found in shells around the nucleus E) a neutral atom has more neutrons than protons and electrons Answer: E Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Medium 3) The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties and characteristics of an element is the: A) atom B) molecule C) proton https://getbooksolutions.com D) nucleus E) electron Answer: A Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Easy 30 https://getbooksolutions.com 4) Which of the following carry a negative charge? A) protons only B) neutrons only C) electrons only D) both protons and electrons E) both electrons and neutrons Answer: C Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Easy 5) An atom of one element is distinguished from an atom of another element by the number of: A) neutrons in the nucleus B) electrons in the nucleus C) protons in the nucleus D) electrons orbiting the nucleus E) electrons it can lose when bonding Answer: C Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Medium 6) Isotopes are A) charged atoms that gained or lost electrons B) atoms of different elements that have the same atomic mass C) able to release radiation if their nuclei are unstable D) atoms with unpaired electrons in their outermost shells E) atoms with the same numbers of neutrons but different numbers of protons Answer: C Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Medium 7) What determines the atom’s chemical properties? A) protons B) neutrons 31 https://getbooksolutions.com C) electrons D) the nucleus E) all of the above Answer: C Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Medium 8) Which of the following is an ion and why? - A) O2 because it contains an unpaired electron in its outer shell + B) Na because it has lost an electron C) Co-60 because it is radioactive D) H2 because it is sharing electrons E) H-3 because it has two extra neutrons Answer: B Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Medium 9) A manufacturing company uses a very effective solvent that is composed of groups of atoms with unpaired electrons in their outermost electron shells Which of the following is true? A) The solvent’s atoms are isotopes with unstable nuclei that releases radioactivity B) Workers using the solvent have decreased risk of cataracts, atherosclerosis, or cancers C) Inclusion of antioxidants in workers’ diets may help protect them from effects of the solvent D) The solvent is electrically neutral and therefore poses no risks to workers E) The unpaired electrons in the solvent atoms will stabilize molecules in the workers’ bodies Answer: C Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Hard 10) Which of the following is true of the chemical formula, H2O2? A) The formula represents four atoms sharing electrons B) The formula represents an element C) The formula represents two ions of hydrogen and two ions of oxygen D) The formula indicates the presence of two molecules each of hydrogen and oxygen E) The formula indicates the transfer of electrons from hydrogen to oxygen 32 https://getbooksolutions.com Answer: A Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Medium 11) Which of the following does NOT indicate a compound? A) CO2 B) N2 C) HCl D) H2O E) NaCl Answer: B Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Medium 12) A free radical A) is a stable compound, such as vitamin C B) is an electrically neutral compound C) can break apart important body molecules D) is caused by exposure to the sun E) all of the above Answer: C Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Medium 13) Which of the following is true? A) Chemical bonds are repulsive forces between the atoms of molecules B) The valence electrons involved in bonding are found in an atom’s innermost shell C) Atoms tend to react to decrease the stability of the arrangement of their electrons D) The most reactive atoms already have valence electrons E) Atoms tend react so that they acquire eight electrons in their outermost shell Answer: E Reference: 2.2 Level of Difficulty: Medium 14) Salts are formed by the exchange of electrons between atoms that tend to form cations and those that tend to form anions Which of the following pairs of ions would likely form a salt? 33 https://getbooksolutions.com A) B) C) D) E) potassium ion, iodide ion chloride ion, iodide ion magnesium ion, calcium ion sodium ion, iron (II) ion calcium ion, hydrogen ion Answer: A Reference: 2.2 Level of Difficulty: Hard 15) All of the following are true of ionic compounds EXCEPT A) Many ionic compounds exist as crystalline solids B) Ionic compounds have consistent ratios of cations to anions C) Solid ionic compounds are found primarily in the soft tissues of the body D) Ionic compounds have a neutral electrical charge E) Ionic compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in water Answer: C Reference: 2.2 Level of Difficulty: Medium 16) Covalent bonds are found in A) carbohydrates B) proteins C) lipids D) A and B E) A, B, and C Answer: E Reference: 2.2 Level of Difficulty: easy 17) Each molecule of oxygen gas is composed of two atoms of oxygen sharing two pairs of electrons equally Which of the following best describes the chemical bond between the oxygen atoms? A) covalent bond B) polar bond C) double bond 34 https://getbooksolutions.com D) nonpolar bond E) double nonpolar covalent bond Answer: E Reference: 2.2 Level of Difficulty: Medium 18) Which of the following compounds is polar covalent? A) O2 B) H2O C) NaCl D) CH4 E) KI Answer: B Reference: 2.2 Level of Difficulty: Medium 19) Hydrogen bonds A) are stronger than either covalent or ionic bonds B) tend to destabilize large molecules such as proteins C) are relatively uncommon between molecules in the body D) form between hydrogen and nitrogen or oxygen atoms E) enhance gas exchange in the lungs Answer: D Reference: 2.2 Level of Difficulty: Medium 20) Between which of the following pairs would H bonds be likely to form? A) H2 and CH4 B) H2O and NH3 C) CO2 and H2O D) A, B and C are correct E) Only B and C are correct Answer: E Reference: 2.2 Level of Difficulty: Hard 35 https://getbooksolutions.com 21) In a chemical reaction, A) the starting materials are called products B) the ending substances are called reactants C) electrons are exchanged or shared to make atoms more stable D) matter is created or destroyed E) the starting and ending materials have identical properties Answer: C Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Medium 22) The sum of all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body is called A) metabolism B) anabolism C) synthesis D) catabolism E) exchange Answer: A Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Easy 23) All of the following are true EXCEPT A) Energy is the capacity to work B) The energy stored in body fat is potential energy C) The energy transferred to a ball by a swinging foot is kinetic energy D) Chemical energy is a form of kinetic energy E) Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another Answer: D Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Medium 24) Glycolysis is the catabolism of glucose to pyruvate It requires the hydrolysis of ATP molecules, but ultimately generates ATP molecules Glycolysis is best described as a process 36 https://getbooksolutions.com A) exergonic B) endergonic C) energy neutral D) physiologically improbable E) anabolic Answer: E Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Hard 25) The kinetic energy needed to break the chemical bonds in reactant molecules is called A) chemical energy B) positional energy C) activation energy D) conservation energy E) potential energy Answer: C Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Easy 26) Which of the following influence the rate of a chemical reaction? A) B) C) D) E) the concentration of the reactants the temperature the presence of catalysts or enzymes Both A and B are correct A, B and C are correct Answer: E Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Medium 27) The function of a catalyst is to: A) convert strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases B) store energy released during exergonic reactions C) act as the chemical link between atoms in a covalent bond D) lower the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur 37 https://getbooksolutions.com E) keep particles in a colloid from settling out Answer: D Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Easy 28) Which of the following is true of a catalyst? A) It is changed by the chemical reaction in which it participates B) It helps orient colliding molecules so that a reaction is more likely to occur C) It raises the activation energy required for a reaction to occur D) It prevents chemical reactions from occurring under physiological conditions E) It changes the difference in potential energy between reactants and products Answer: B Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Medium 29) Which of the following is true of anabolic reactions in the body? A) They are exergonic B) They are used to release energy from structural molecules C) They may be represented as A + B  AB D) They are decompositions E) They convert large molecules to smaller ones Answer: C Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Medium 30) The body converts starch to glucose, which is then ultimately to converted to CO2, H2O, and energy These conversions are A) catabolic B) exergonic C) anabolic D) Both A and B are correct E) Both B and C are correct Answer: D Reference: 2.3 38 https://getbooksolutions.com D) blood E) pancreatic juice Answer: A Reference: 2.4 Level of Difficulty: Medium 41) Which of the following is TRUE regarding this situation: Solution A has a pH of 7.48 and Solution B has a pH of 7.39: A) Solution B is more acidic than Solution A B) The pH of Solution A falls within the homeostatic pH range for extracellular body fluids, but the pH of Solution B does not C) Solution A contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions that Solution B D) Solution B contains a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than Solution A E) Both B and C are correct Answer: D Reference: 2.4 Level of Difficulty: Hard 42) Buffers A) convert weak acids or bases into strong ones B) help destabilize pH C) can absorb OH if the pH is too low + D) can release H if the pH is too high E) include the HCl – KOH system Answer: D Reference: 2.4 Level of Difficulty: Medium 43) A common buffer found in extracellular fluid is A) glucose B) bicarbonate ion C) sodium ion D) a triglyceride E) ATP Answer: B 42 https://getbooksolutions.com Reference: 2.4 Level of Difficulty: Medium 44) Specific arrangements of atoms that cause organic molecules to have particular chemical properties are called A) functional groups B) macromolecules C) monomers D) isomers E) polymers Answer: A Reference: 2.4 Level of Difficulty: Medium 45) ALL of the following are organic molecules EXCEPT: A) ATP B) glucose C) DNA D) enzymes E) O2 Answer: E Reference: 2.4 Level of Difficulty: Medium 46) Carbohydrates A) are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of triglycerides B) contain C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio C) are primarily used for structural support D) are composed of subunits called polysaccharides E) include RNA and DNA Answer: B Reference: 2.4 Level of Difficulty: Medium 43 https://getbooksolutions.com 46) Carbon can bond with how many other atoms? A) B) C) D) E) Answer: D Reference: Intro Level of Difficulty: Easy 47) An example of a polysaccharide stored in humans is A) cellulose B) lactose C) glucose D) glycogen E) mannose Answer: D Reference: 2.5 Level of Difficulty: Medium 49) Which of the following is NOT true of lipids? A) may be stored as triglycerides to provide chemical energy later B) usually dissolve freely in blood C) include steroids and eicosanoids D) usually dissolve freely in blood plasma E) usually have large numbers of C and H atoms, but few O atoms Answer: B Reference: 2.7 Level of Difficulty: Medium 50) Glycerol is the backbone molecule for: A) disaccharides B) DNA C) peptides 44 https://getbooksolutions.com D) triglycerides E) ATP Answer: D Reference: 2.7 Level of Difficulty: Medium 51) A fatty acid with only single covalent bonds is said to be: A) oxidized B) reduced C) saturated D) denatured E) hydrolyzed Answer: C Reference: 2.7 Level of Difficulty: Medium 52 Which statement is not true of a steroid? A) The structure of a steroid is four rings of carbon B) Common steroids are cortisol, vitamin D, estrogen C) Body celss make steroids from polysaccharides D) Anabolic steroids increase muscle size E) All of the above statements are true Answer: C Reference: 2.7 Level of Difficulty: Medium 53) Peptide bonds are found in: A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) proteins D) inorganic compounds E) any type of molecule Answer: C Reference: 2.8 45 https://getbooksolutions.com Level of Difficulty: Easy 54) Enzymes and antibodies are examples of A) carbohydrates B) lipids C) amino acids D) nucleic acids E) proteins Answers: E Reference: 2.8 Level of Difficulty: Medium 55) In proteins, the folding of the unit on itself is referred to its A) Primary structure B) Secondary structure C) Tertiary structure D) Quaternary structure E) All answers are correct Answer: C Reference: 2.8 Level of Difficulty: Medium 56) Which of the following is NOT a function of a protein? A) The mechanism that shortens muscles B) Regulates nervous system as neurotransmitters C) Defenses the body by forming antibodies D) Is used to make visual pigments in the eye E) Hemoglobin transports oxygen and some carbon dioxide Answer: D Reference: 2.6 Level of Difficulty: Mediium 57) Enzymes are A) biological catalysts 46 https://getbooksolutions.com B) usually large proteins C) specific for a single substrate D) A and B are true E) A, B and C are true Answer: E Reference: 2.8 Level of Difficulty: Medium 58) Nucleotides contain A) amino acids B) five carbon sugars C) fatty acids D) dipeptides E) disulfide bonds Answer: B Reference: 2.9 Level of Difficulty: Medium 59) Which of the following is NOT found in RNA? A) ribose B) phosphate C) adenine D) cytosine E) thymine Answer: E Reference: 2.9 Level of Difficulty: Medium 60) Which of the following is NOT true of DNA? A) It is the molecule of heredity B) It contains purines C) It contains deoxyribose and phosphate D) It is single stranded E) It contains pyrimidines 47 https://getbooksolutions.com Answer: D Reference: 2.0 Level of Difficulty: Medium Choose the answer from the column on the right that best matches the description or term on in the column on the left 61) found in different energy levels outside of the nucleus A) atoms B) electrons 62) fundamental particles of elements C) molecules D) neutrons 63) subatomic particle with no charge E) protons 61) Answer: B Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Medium 62) Answer: A Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Medium 63) Answer: D Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Medium 66) occurs between N-bases of DNA 64) occurs between two atoms that share electrons equally A) double covalent bonding B) hydrogen bonding 65) occurs when one atom transfers electrons to another C) ionic bonding 48 https://getbooksolutions.com D) nonpolar covalent bonding E) polar covalent bonding 64) Answer: D Reference: 2.2 Level of Difficulty: Medium 65) Answer: C Reference: 2.2 Level of Difficulty: Medium 66) Answer: B Reference: 2,2 Level of Difficulty: Medium 67) glucose + galactose  lactose A) activation energy B) decomposition reaction 68) required to break chemical bonds in reactants C) exchange reaction D) kinetic energy  69) sodium chloride + potassium iodide potassium chloride + sodium iodide E) synthesis reaction 67) Answer: E Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Medium 68) Answer: A Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Medium 69) Answer: C Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Medium 70) protein fount in connective tissues and skin A) ATP 49 https://getbooksolutions.com 71) most abundant lipids in the body B) collagen 72) primary energy transfer molecule of body C) fatty acids D) starch E) triglycerides 70) Answer: B Reference: 2.8 Level of Difficulty: Medium 71) Answer: E Reference: 2.7 Level of Difficulty: Medium 72) Answer: A Reference: 2.10 Level of Difficulty: Medium Write the word or phrase that best completes the sentence 73) Protons, neutrons and electrons are classified as _ particles Answer: subatomic Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Medium 74) Atoms that share the same atomic number, but have different mass numbers are called _ Answer: isotopes Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Medium 75) The _ predicts that atoms will react with each other to become more stable by filling their valence shells with eight electrons 50 https://getbooksolutions.com Answer: octet rule Reference: 2.2 Level of Difficulty: Medium 76) Substances that dissociate into electrolytes in water are held together by _ bonds Answer: ionic Reference: 2.2 Level of Difficulty: Medium 77) In a double covalent bond, _ of electrons are shared Answer: two pairs Reference: 2.2 Level of Difficulty: Medium 78) _ bonds maintain the complex shapes of large molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids Answer: Hydrogen Reference: 2.2 Level of Difficulty: Medium 79) Substances containing _ bonds are water-soluble Answer: polar covalent Reference: 2.2 Level of Difficulty: Medium 80) occur when bonds are broken or created between atoms Answer: Chemical reactions Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Medium 81) _ reactions release energy Answer: Exergonic 51 https://getbooksolutions.com Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Medium 82) The two primary factors influencing activation energy are temperature and _ Answer: concentration Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Medium 83) Products can be converted back into reactants in _ reactions Answer: reversible Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Medium 84) _, or nonpolar covalent, compounds cannot dissolve in water because of their atoms share electrons equally Answer: Hydrophobic Reference: 2.4 Level of Difficulty: Medium 85) In a reaction, a water molecule is used to split a large molecule into smaller molecules Answer: hydrolysis Reference: 2.4 Level of Difficulty: Medium 86) An acid has a pH range of Answer: 1-7 Reference: Level of Difficulty: Medium 87) _ are chemical compounds that help the body maintain homeostasis by preventing drastic changes in the pH of body fluids Answer: Buffers 52 https://getbooksolutions.com Reference: 2.4 Level of Difficulty: Medium 88) Glycogen and starch are examples of complex carbohydrates called _ Answer: polysaccharides Reference: 2.6 Level of Difficulty: Medium 89) _ fats are triglycerides that contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms Answer: Saturated Reference: 2.7 Level of Difficulty: Medium 90) The particular sequence of amino acids found in a protein is its _ structure Answer: primary Reference: 2.8 Level of Difficulty: Medium 91) When amino acids bond, a _ is formed Answer: dipeptide Reference: 2.9 92) _ are the monomers of nucleic acids Answer: Nucleotides Reference: 2.9 Level of Difficulty: Medium Write a short paragraph that answers each of the following questions 93) Describe/discuss the structural arrangement of the subatomic particles of an atom Answer: The positively charged protons and the uncharged neutrons are located in the nucleus of 53 https://getbooksolutions.com the atom Negatively charged electrons, equal in number to the protons, orbit the nucleus in various energy levels, depending on the total number of electrons Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Medium 94) Distinguish between ions, molecules, free radicals and compounds Answer: Ions are atoms that have electrical charges because they have gained or lost electrons Atoms that lose electrons and become positively charged are called cations Atoms that gain electrons and become negatively charged are called anions Some ions have an unpaired electron in their outermost energy shell Those ions are free radicals, which can damage other molecules when they react to achieve a more stable atomic structure Molecules are formed when atoms share electrons Compounds are made of molecules that contain more than one kind of atom All compounds are composed of molecules, but not all molecules are compounds For example, H2 is not a compound because it contains only one kind of atom Reference: 2.1 Level of Difficulty: Medium 95) Compare and contrast ionic vs covalent chemical bonds Answer: Chemical bonding involves either donating/receiving electrons or sharing electrons between atoms In an ionic bond, atoms are held together by the opposite electrical charges created by donating or receiving electrons In a covalent bond, two atoms share electrons to stabilize their outer electron orbitals without loss or gain of electrons Most organic compounds are held together by covalent bonds Electrolytes are held together by ionic bonds Reference: 2.2 Level of Difficulty: Medium 96) Relate activation energy to concentration, temperature and catalysts Answer: Activation energy is the energy needed to break and make chemical bonds during a chemical reaction No chemical reaction can occur unless the reactant molecules collide with each other Hard enough to break chemical bonds The higher the temperature is, the faster reactant molecules will be moving and the more likely they will bump into each other and react If the concentration of reactant molecules is high, the reactants are more likely to collide and react Catalysts are substances that make it more likely that reactant molecules will interact Catalysts are not permanently changed by the chemical reactions in which they participate Many catalysts in the body are large proteins The enzymes hold reactants in ways that make it more likely that the necessary molecular collision will occur, thus lowering activation energy Reference: 2.3 Level of Difficulty: Medium 54 https://getbooksolutions.com 97) Explain the role of water in maintenance of body temperature Answer: Because water has such a high heat capacity, it can absorb and release large amounts of heat with only a modest change in its own temperature, thus lessening the impact of changes in environmental temperatures on the body Also, because of the high heat of vaporization of water, the evaporation of sweat acts as an important cooling mechanism Reference: 2.4 Level of Difficulty: Medium 98) Explain how the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system works in healthy individuals + Answer: Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is a weak acid It can reversibly dissociate molecules into H + ions and HCO3 ions The dissociation could be written as H2CO3 < > H + HCO3 If too many + H ions are present in the body, the reaction will move toward the left to absorb the excess If too + few H ions are present, the reaction will move toward the right to correct the imbalance Reference: 2.4 Level of Difficulty: Medium 99) Describe the three major types of lipids found in the body Answer: The most abundant type of lipid in the body is the triglyceride, which is made of fatty acids joined to one glycerol molecule Fatty acids are long chains of hydrocarbons If there are no double bonds between those carbons, the fatty acid is saturated If there is one double bond, the fatty acid is monounsaturated Fatty acids with many double bonds are polyunsaturated Another kind of lipid is the steroid, which composed of molecules in which carbons are joined together in a particular ring structure Some steroids are hormones; others are important in cell membrane structure The cell membrane is mostly composed of a bilayer of phospholipids The phospholipids have hydrocarbon tails that are hydrophobic and a phospholipid head that is hydrophilic The bilayer arranges the tails of the two layers together and creates a barrier between the cell and its environment Reference: 2.7 Level of Difficulty: Medium 100) Compare and contrast the structures of DNA and RNA Answer: DNA and RNA are both formed from small units known as nucleotides DNA nucleotides contain a phosphate group, deoxyribose, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine) RNA nucleotides contain a phosphate group, ribose, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, uracil, guanine, or cytosine) DNA molecules are double-stranded with nucleotides joined by complementary base pairing (A-T and C-G) RNA molecules are single 55 https://getbooksolutions.com stranded They are much shorter than DNA molecules since they are formed from a part of a DNA molecule Reference: 2.9 Level of Difficulty: Medium 56 ... Medium 14) Salts are formed by the exchange of electrons between atoms that tend to form cations and those that tend to form anions Which of the following pairs of ions would likely form a salt? 33... chemical formula, H2O2? A) The formula represents four atoms sharing electrons B) The formula represents an element C) The formula represents two ions of hydrogen and two ions of oxygen D) The formula... which of the following pairs would H bonds be likely to form? A) H2 and CH4 B) H2O and NH3 C) CO2 and H2O D) A, B and C are correct E) Only B and C are correct Answer: E Reference: 2.2 Level of