Colección Támesis SERIE A: MONOGRAFÍAS, 186 THE CRUCIFIED MIND RAFAEL ALBERTI AND THE SURREALIST ETHOS IN SPAIN ROBERT HAVARD THE CRUCIFIED MIND RAFAEL ALBERTI AND THE SURREALIST ETHOS IN SPAIN TAMESIS © Robert Havard 2001 All Rights Reserved Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner First published 2001 by Tamesis, London ISBN 85566 075 X Tamesis is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP12 3DF, UK and of Boydell & Brewer Inc PO Box 41026, Rochester, NY 14604–4126, USA website: http://www.boydell.co.uk A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Havard, Robert The crucified mind: Rafael Alberti and the surrealist ethos in Spain / Robert Havard p cm – (Colección Támesis Serie A, Monografías; 186) Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index ISBN 1–85566–075–X (hardbound) Alberti, Rafael, 1902 – Criticism and interpretation Religion in literature Surrealism – Spain I Title II Series PQ6601.L2 Z692 2001 861¢.62 – dc21 2001023349 This publication is printed on acid-free paper Printed in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Abbreviations viii Foreword ix THE CRUCIFIED MIND Surrealism’s three phases Religion and paranoia Materialism and the transition to political commitment 12 Politics and religion 17 The Loyolan imagination: ‘viendo el lugar’ [seeing the place] 22 Religion and materiality 28 Alberti’s views on Surrealism 32 UNDER THE JESUITS The sins of the fathers Straw floors and severed hands In the classroom: Matthew, Maths and Marx Sobre los ángeles: structure, paranoia and Surrealism 39 42 50 72 LAST THINGS FIRST: SCATOLOGY AND ESCHATOLOGY Giménez Caballero and scatology 80 Maruja Mallo and eschatology 92 Alberti’s elegy to matter 105 FROM PAIN TO PROPHECY Lorca’s mantic poet in New York 112 Working the oracle: mantic trance or psychic dictation? 128 Alberti’s oracular imperative 141 TRANSUBSTANTIATION AND METAMORPHOSIS The paradigm of the Eucharist From mass to masturbation: Dalinian metamorphosis The dissolve in Buñuel’s Un Chien andalou Alterity in Aleixandre: mysticism or evasion? 152 155 165 177 COME THE REVOLUTION Alberti’s sermonic syntax Land Without Bread: Buñuel’s surrealist documentary on Spain Communist adventism: De un momento a otro The proletarian poet: ‘Capital de la gloria’ 191 200 212 222 Conclusion 232 Select Bibliography 234 Index 242 ILLUSTRATIONS Between pages 116 and 117 Detail from Hieronymus Bosch, The Garden of Earthly Delights (top of right-hand panel) Salvador Dalí, The Lugubrious Game (1929) Salvador Dalí, Apparatus and Hand (1927) Salvador Dalí, The Metamorphosis of Narcissus (1936–7) Salvador Dalí, Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire (1940) Maruja Mallo, Espantapájaros [Scarecrows] (1929) Maruja Mallo, Tierra y excremento [Earth and Excrement] (1932) Maruja Mallo, La Huella [The Footprint] (1929) Hand full of Ants trapped in Door; still from Luis Buñuel, Un Chien andalou [An Andalusian Dog] (1929) 10 Bare Feet of Children under Desk; still from Luis Buñuel, Tierra sin pan [Land without Bread] (1933) ABBREVIATIONS Alberti, Rafael: OCRA Obra completa, vol I, Poesía 1920–1938 (Aguilar, Madrid, 1988) LG The Lost Grove (University of California Press, Berkeley/Los Angeles, 1959) AP La arboleda perdida Libros I y II de memorias (Alianza, Madrid, 1988) AP La arboleda perdida Libros III y IV (Seix Barral, Barcelona, 1927) AP La arboleda perdida, Quinto libro (1988–1996) (Anaya & Mario Muchnik, Barcelona, 1996) Aleixandre, Vicente: OCVA Obras completas (Aguilar, Madrid, 1968) Breton, André: MS Manifestoes of Surrealism (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1972) Buñuel, Luis: MLB My Last Breath (Jonathan Cape, London, 1984) UCA Un Chien andalou (Faber & Faber, London, 1994) Dalí, Salvador: UCSD The Unspeakable Confessions of Salvador Dalí (Quartet Books, London, 1977) DG Diary of a Genius (Hutchinson, London, 1990) SLSD The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí (Vision, London, 1968) García Lorca, Federico: OCGL Obras completas (Aguilar, Madrid, 11th edition, 1966) Giménez Caballero, Ernesto: YIA Yo, inspector de alcantarillas (Ediciones Turner, Madrid, 1975) Mallo, Maruja: MM Maruja Mallo: 59 grabados en negro y láminas en color (1928–1942) (Losada, Buenos Aires, 1942) FOREWORD My first priority in this book is to shed new light on the poetry Rafael Alberti wrote in his avant-garde period, 1927–38 My second is to unravel the complexities that beset the issue of Surrealism in Spain and offer a pragmatic approach to its distinctive ethos (it being accepted here that a varietal difference between Surrealism in Spain and in France – its HQ – is inevitable for the simple reason that the two countries have two very different cultures) In practice my priorities are complementary, for it should be mutually enlightening to compare Alberti’s work with that of such radical avant-gardists as Salvador Dalí, Luis Buel, Federico García Lorca, Maruja Mallo, Gimémez Caballero and Vicente Aleixandre across the genres of painting, film, prose and poetry My approach is driven by a double conviction: that there is no more luminous star than Alberti in the galaxy of Spanish poets who began to shine in the 1920s, and that his work provides a unique touchstone for appreciating the ethos of Surrealism in Spain The reasons for this latter claim are outlined in Chapter One, ‘The Crucified Mind’, which serves as an introduction by relating Alberti to Surrealism’s different phases My own view, polemical as it may be, is that assessments of Surrealism in Spain have tended to be too narrow and too exclusively based on ideas found in Breton’s First Manifesto which, though important, not constitute the whole picture The fact is that Surrealism evolved, and so too, in surprisingly close step, does Alberti’s poetry His disarming self-assessment, ‘Yo me defino como un poeta de mi tiempo’1 [I see myself as a poet of my time], applies especially to his so-called ‘crisis’ volumes From the personal anguish of Sobre los ángeles (1927–1928) [Concerning the Angels], to the increasingly metaphysical themes of Sermones y moradas (1928–1929) [Sermons and Dwelling Places], to the political turmoil of El poeta en la calle (1931–1935) [The Poet in the Street] which culminates in a moving poetic diary of the Spanish Civil War, De un See José Luis Tejada, ‘Una entrevista Rafael Alberti’, Gades Revista del Colegio Universitario de Filosofía y Letras de Cádiz, XII (1984), 19 x FOREWORD momento a otro (poesía e historia) (1934–1938) [Any Minute Now (Poetry and History)], Alberti is undeniably a poet of rapid shifts of focus and strong experimental tendencies Yet he is no gadfly; rather a poet who imbibes the spirit of his age and who has a gift for assimilating its changes There is another reason why Alberti serves as a standard for Surrealism in Spain This, in a word, is religion, which is to say, the distinctively biblical register of his language and his mental constructs already evident in the titles Sobre los ángeles and Sermones y moradas The point is that Alberti was educated by Jesuits, as was Buñuel, while Dalí was taught by the scarcely less rigorous Christian Brothers, founded by La Salle, another order which had been banned in France.2 Consequently, and typically, Alberti sees religion as a fact of Spanish life, a conditioning ineradicable even in those who, like himself, had long since turned atheist: Esas cosas las conocemos y las tenemos a flor de piel, y cuando queremos ser sinceros nosotros mismos, esa cosa la encontramos en la masa de la sangre … Son cosas que, sobre todo en España, están en la médula ¿verdad? …Toda nuestra educación sido profunda ¿verdad?, y no son cosas que se eliminen fácilmente … Nuestra formación no pudo ser peor … Referente a Buñuel, supongo que estado en un colegio tan religioso como el mío, de jesuítas ¿Y qué? Eso es lo que deja más huella Luego lo rechazamos y lo protestamos, pero, en el fondo, lo que aprendió allí no se desaparece, ¿comprendes?, aunque digamos que sí Y surge constantemente.3 [We understand these things; they’re ingrained in us, and if we’re honest with ourselves we’d say it’s in our blood … It’s in the marrow, at least in Spain … The effect of our schooling runs deep It’s not easily expunged … Our formation could not have been worse … As for Buñuel, I imagine he went to as religious a school as I did, run by Jesuits And? Well, it leaves a deep mark We reject it and fight against it, but in the end what we learnt stays with us – you know what I mean? – even if we say it doesn’t It keeps coming back …] The thrust of my argument is that religion, the most traditional facet of Spanish life, is paradoxically the underlying reason why the avant-garde movement flourished in Spain and, furthermore, that the pervasive influence of religion is what most distinguishes surrealist practice in Spain from the For Dalí this distinction was decisive: ‘la gran diferencia entre Buel y yo es que él estudió los jesuítas y yo los hermanos de las Escuelas Cristianas’ [the main difference between Buñuel and me is that he studied under Jesuits and I with the Brothers of the Christian Schools] See Max Aub, Conversaciones Luis Buñuel (Aguilar, Madrid, 1985), 531 Ibid., 293–4 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 237 La Biblia Vulgata Latina traducida en Español, y anotada por el P Phelipe Scio de S Miguel Segunda edición revista, corregida y 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BIBLIOGRAPHY 239 Jiménez, Juan Ramón, Libros de poesía, recopilación y prólogo de Agustín Caballero (Aguilar, Madrid, 1959) Jiménez-Fajardo, Salvador, Multiple Spaces The Poetry of Rafael Alberti (Tamesis, London, 1985) Jiménez Millán, Antonio, La poesía de Rafael Alberti (1930–39) (Diputación Provincial de Cádiz, 1984) Joyce, James, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (Jonathan Cape, London, 1964) Kerr, Walter, The Silent Clowns (Da Capo, New York, 1980) Kugel, James L (ed.), Poetry and Prophecy The Beginnings of a Literary Tradition (Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1990) Lacan, Jacques, Écrits (Seuil, Paris, 1966), trans into English by Alan Sheridan, Écrits A Selection (Routledge, London, 1977) ———, The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psycho-Analysis, trans Alan Sheridan (Penguin, London, 1977) Ln, María Teresa, Memoria de la melancolía (Losada, Buenos Aires, 1970) Lever, Maurice, Marquis de Sade A Biography, translated by Arthur Goldhammer (HarperCollins, London, 1993) 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Tradition: The Poetry of Rafael Alberti (Albatros, Valencia/Chapel Hill, 1981) Whitman, Walt, Leaves of Grass, ed S Bradley and H.W Blodgett (W.W Norton, New York and London, 1973) INDEX abreaction see catharsis Abraham (and Isaac) 154 Acín, Ramón 202, 210 Ades, Dawn 163 Aitchison, Jean 197 Alberti, Rafael 1–79, 105–11, 141–51, 191–200, 212–31, ix, x, xi; in El Puerto de Santa María 5, 9, 39, 40, 45, 50, jail 50, father’s absence from 50; family decline 55, 59; poverty, caciquismo in 59; carnival in 59–60; sherry in 50, 105–6, 150, Holy Week in 153; Bay of Cádiz and dunes 5, 60, 68; and masturbation 41–2, 55, 156 and n, schooling at Colegio de San Luis Gonzaga 5, 24, 40, 41, 50, 51, poor at Maths 51–2, religious education 52, school marks 53n; 54, primary 55; ‘free’ day-boy 55, uniform, rank 56; expulsion from 5, 58; exercises 61; incipient class consciousness 62; arithmetic 65, brainwashing 68, ironic use of numbers 68; in Madrid, with Maruja Mallo 96–7, with María Teresa Ln 17, illness 149, during Civil War 222 et seq.; Berlin 16; Las Hurdes, 20, 200, 211; Moscow (International Union of Revolutionary Writers) 16, 94, 214, 217; America 218–22, Catalonia 228–9, Paris 16, Rome 110, views on Surrealism (Connell interview) 32–8, 96–7 Poetry volumes De un momento a otro [Any Minute Now] ix–x, 21, 212–31 El poeta en la calle [The Poet in the Street] ix, 21, 200, 215, 217, 218 Sermones y moradas [Sermons and Dwelling Places] ix, x, 2, 5, 9, 15, 24, 34, 67, 68, 107, 147, 191, 200n Sobre los ángeles [Concerning the Angels] ix, x, 5, 6, 7, 9, 15, 24, 33, 34, 36, 49, 67, 68, 72, 73, 76, 93, on angels 95–6, 101, 103, 141, 147, 148, 224, 233 Yo era un tonto y lo que visto me hecho dos tontos [I was a Fool and what I have seen has made Two fools of Me] 15, 19, 175, 200n Poems ‘Abril, 1938’ [‘April, 1938’] 229 ‘Adiós a la sangre’ [‘Goodbye to Blood’] 198 ‘A las Brigadas Internacionales’ [‘To the International Brigades’] 226 ‘Aniversario’ [‘Anniversary’] 223 ‘Can de llamas’ [‘Dog of Flames’] 75–6, 141 ‘Capital de la gloria’ [‘Capital of Glory’] 222, 229, 231 ‘Casi son’ [‘Almost Song’] 222 and n ‘Castigos’ [‘Punishments’] 24, 146 ‘Colegio (S.J.)’ [‘School (S.J.’)] 54–9, 61–5, 71, 217, 222 ‘Con los zapatos puestos tengo que morir’ [‘With My Boots on I must Die’] 15 ‘Defensa de Madrid, defensa de Cataluña’ [‘Defence of Madrid, Defence of Catalonia’] 228 ‘Desahucio’ [‘Eviction’] 7, 24 ‘Dos niños’ [‘Two Boys’] 67n ‘El alma en pena’ [‘The Soul in Torment’] 24 ‘El ángel ceniciento’ [‘The Ashen Angel’] 76 ‘El ángel de la arena’ [The Angel of Sand’] 62 INDEX ‘El angel de las bodegas’ [‘The Angel of the Wine Cellars’] 106 ‘El ángel de los números’ [‘The Angel of Numbers’] 51–4, 65, 67n, 71, 72, 79 ‘El ángel desconocido’ [‘The Unknown Angel’] 49 ‘El ángel falso’ [‘The False Angel’] 147 ‘El ángel mentiroso’ [‘The Lying Angel’] 27, 144–5 ‘El cuerpo deshabitado’ [‘The Disinhabited Body’] 7, 24, 27, 101, 224 ‘Elegías’ [‘Elegies’] 9, 108–10 ‘El oto en el Ebro’ [‘Autumn on the Ebro’] 229 ‘El perro rabioso’ [‘The Rabid Dog’] 215 ‘Engaño’ [‘Deception’] 57, 144 ‘Espantapájaros’ [‘Scarecrow’] 101–2 ‘Geografía política’ [‘Political Geography’] 217 ‘Guajiras burlescas de los banqueros alegres y desesperados de Wall Street’ [‘Burlesque Songs of Happy and Desperate Wall Street Bankers’] 221–2 ‘Hace falta estar ciego’ [‘You’d Have to be Blind’] 217 ‘Hallazgos en la nieve’ [‘Discoveries in the Snow’] ‘Harry Langdon hace por primera vez el amor a una niña’ [‘Harry Langdon makes love to a girl for the first time’] 175 ‘Himno de las bibliotecas proletarias’ [‘Hymn to Proletarian Libraries’] 20 ‘Invitación al harpa’ [‘Invitation to the Harp’] 144, 148 ‘La familia’ [‘The Family’] 217 ‘La iglesia marcha sobre la cuerda floja’ [‘The Church is Walking a Tightrope’] 18–19 ‘La lucha por la tierra’ [‘The Struggle for Land’] 20–1, 217 ‘La primera ascensión de Maruja Mallo al subsuelo’ [‘The First Ascension of Maruja Mallo to the Subsoil’] 13, 30, 96, 107–8 243 ‘Los ángeles bélicos (Norte, Sur)’ [‘The Bellicose Angels (North, South)’] 73–5, 141 ‘Los ángeles colegiales’ [‘The Schoolboy Angels’] 52, 66 ‘Los ángeles feos’ [‘The Ugly Angels’] 149–50 ‘Los ángeles mohosos’ [‘The Mouldy Angels’] 77–8 ‘Los ángeles mudos’ [‘The Dumb Angels’] 10 ‘Los ángeles muertos’ [‘The Dead Angels’] 9, 95, 96, 103–4, 147, 148–9 ‘Los ángeles sonámbulos’ [‘The Somnambular Angels’] 141–2, 145 ‘Los campesinos’ [‘The Peasants’] 226 ‘Los dos ángeles’ [‘The Two Angels’] 67n ‘Los niños de Extremadura’ [‘The Children of Extremadura’] 20 ‘Madrid por Cataluña’ [‘Madrid for Catalonia’] 229 ‘Madrid-otoño’ [‘Madrid-Autumn’] 63n, 222–6, 231 ‘Monte de El Pardo’ [‘El Pardo Mountain’] 230 ‘Muerte y juicio’ [‘Death and Judgement’] 24, 26, 66, 145 ‘New York (Wall Street en la niebla Desde el Bremen)’ [‘New York (Wall Street in the Mist From the Bremen)’] 62n, 219–21, 222 ‘Nocturno’ [‘Nocturne’] 230 ‘Romance de los campesinos de Zorita’ [‘Ballad of the Zorita Peasants’] 217 ‘Paraíso perdido’ [‘Paradise Lost’] 26, 73, 115 ‘Quinto Cuerpo del Ejército (A Modesto su Jefe)’ [‘The Army’s Fifth Corps (To Modesto its Leader)’] 228 ‘Sermón de la sangre’ [‘Sermon on Blood’] 45, 197–8 ‘Sermón de las cuatro verdades’ [‘Sermon on the Four Truths’] 10–11, 67n, 82, 105, 109, 117, 150, 192–7 244 INDEX ‘¡Soy del Quinto Regimiento!’ [‘I Belong to the Fifth Regiment!’] 228 ‘Tres recuerdos del cielo’ [‘Three Recollections of Heaven’] 67n, 142–4 ‘Un fantasma recorre Europa’ [‘A Spectre Haunts Europe’] 214n, 215 ‘Vida de mi sangre’ [‘Life of my Blood’] 198 ‘Viaje’ [‘Journey’] 68–71 ‘Vosotros no caísteis’ [‘You Did Not Fall’] 226 ‘5’ [‘5’] 25–6 ‘13 bandas y 48 estrellas’ [‘13 Stripes and 48 Stars’] 217–18 Plays Bazar de la providencia [Providence Bazaar] 199n Dos farsas revolucionarias [Two Revolutionary Farces] 199n El hombre deshabitado [The Disinhabited Man] 15, 16, 92 Fermín Galán [Fermín Galán] 16 La farsa de los Reyes Magos [Farce of the Three Kings] 19, 199n Autobiographies and writings El poeta en la España de 1931 [The Poet in 1931 Spain] 18n, 19n ‘Palomita y galápago’ [‘Dove and Turtle’] (lecture) 15 The Lost Grove (English translation) 4, 14, 15, 16, 19, 33, 40, 41, 42, 50, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 68, 70, 74n, 76, 141, 149, 194n, 195n, 224n La arboleda perdida [The Lost Grove] vols I-II, 4n, 97; vols III–IV, 93, 214; vol V, 34, 97, 101n Aleixandre, Vicente 177–90, ix, xi, 35, 36, 37; recalls childhood 182–3; and transformation 184; and irrationalism 184; 186, 187, 188, 191, 192, 232, 233 Poetry volumes Espadas como labios [Swords like Lips] 179, 182n, 187 La destrucción o el amor [Destruction or Love] 179 Mis poemas mejores [My Best Poems] 178, 188n Pasión de la tierra [Passion for the Earth] 188 Poesías completas [Complete Poetry] 179 Poesía surrealista Antología [Surrealist Poetry Anthology] 177 Poems ‘Cada cosa, cada cosa’ [‘Each Thing, Each Thing’] 184–6 ‘Muerte’ [‘Death’] 188n ‘Partida’ [‘Departure’ or ‘Game’] 188n ‘Ser de esperanza y lluvia’ [‘Being of Hope and Rain’] 188n ‘Silencio’ [‘Silence’] 182–4, 186 ‘Toro’ [‘Bull’] 186–90 ‘Unidad en ella’ [‘Unity in Her’] 178–82 Alfonso XIII 12, 15, 16, 201, 202 and n, 206 Alliance of Anti-Fascist Intellectuals 225 Alonso, Dámaso and n, 35 Alquié, Ferdinand 213 Aragon, Luis 16, 32, 191, 202 and n, 212, and Alberti 213–15 Aranda, J Francisco 168n, 202n, 208n Arnés, Benjamín 97 Artaud, Antonin 213 Asturian miners’ revolt 1, 12, 218 Aub, Max x and n, 5n, 7, 13n, 43n, 200n, 201n, 202n, 205n, 207n, 212n Auden, W.H 227 and n Aza, Manuel 6, 19 Azorín (Martínez Ruiz, José) 86 Balakian, Anna 8–9 Baroja, Pío 203 Barthes, Roland 27–8, 30, 67, 68, 78, 90n Bataille, Georges 158 Baxter, John 202n Baudelaire, Charles 80, 92 and n Bécquer, Gustavo Adolfo 143–4, 148, 184 and n Beimler, Hans 228 Belmonte, Blanco 201 Berenguer, General Dámaso 15, 16, 201 Berghahn, Wilfried 203n Bergson, Henri 66, 143 Bible, the (and ‘biblical register’) 22, 53 and n, Biblia Vulgata Latina 54n; and anaphora 90, 126n; and binary structures 128, 142; and syntax 199; Ecclesiastes 59, 105, Exodus 191, Ezeiel 121, 125, 130, Genesis 78, Isaiah INDEX 113, 122, 146, Jeremiah 112, 117, 121, 122, 125, 126, 130, 133, John 144, 191, Luke 126, 159, Lamentations 125, Matthew 50, 53–4, 57, 71, 115, 159, Revelations 121, 131, 146 Biddle, Mark E 112n Blake, William 112, 113 Bodini, Vittorio 177, 187n Boltwood, Geoff 119n Bosch, Hieronymus (‘el Bosco’) 48, 114, 146, 233; The Garden of Earthly Delights [plate 1] 48 Bousoño, Carlos 177, 178, 180, 186 Bowie, Malcolm 72–3 Bradley, Fiona 163n Brahms, Johannes 207 Brecht, Bertolt 16 Brenan, Gerald 17, 18 Breton, André 2, and n, 12, 32, 34, 36, 37, 92; buys Maruja’s painting 95, 99, 179, 191, 202, 208, 212, 213, 215, 222, 227 and n, 232 First Manifesto ix, 1, 3, 9, 39, 180n, 212, 232 Second Manifesto 1n, 4, 8, 212, 213, 222 and n Pour un art révolutionnaire 213 ‘Le Message automatique’ 180n La Révolution surréaliste Le Surréalisme au service de la révolution 1, 12n, 100, 213 L’Objet fantôme 100 Surrealism and Painting, 8n, 100 Brown, Norman O 1, 10, 111n Brunius, Jacques 166 Buñuel, Luis 165–77, 200–12, ix, x and n, xi, 4, schooling at Colegio del Salvador, Zaragoza 5, 6–7, 24, 42, and masturbation 43, and discipline 49, 52 and n, 56, and rotting donkey 87, 94, 152, plays at Mass 155, Calanda miracle and drums 153, 171, 165, first cinema in Aragón 165, with Dalí 166, 168, in Jesuit uniform 168n, 190, 199, and entomology 206; 232 Films Belle de jour [Day-time Beauty] 101n Cet obscur objet du désir [That Obscure Object of Desire] 177 L’Age d’or [The Golden Age/La edad de oro] 6, 90, 104, 176, 205, 208, 213 245 Le Fantôme de la liberté [The Phantom of Liberty] 84 Nazarín [Nazarene] 31 Terre sans pain [Land without Bread/Tierra sin pan/Las Hurdes] 20, 200–12 Tristana 176 Un Chien andalou [An Andalusian Dog/Un perro andaluz] 166–75, 6, 14, 43, 87, 104, 110, 207, 233 Viridiana 90, 155, 174n, 176, 209 Writings ‘Alucinaciones en torno a una mano muerta’ [‘Hallucinations about a Dead Hand’] 171 La Sancta Misa Vaticana 154 Mi último suspiro [My Last Breath] 5n, 56, 101n, 152n, 165n, 166 ‘Léxico sucinto del erotismo’ [‘Brief Lexicon of Eroticism’] 43 cante jondo [flamenco deep song] 50, 116 Cano, José L 190n Cassou, Jean 97, 101 Castaneda, Carlos 119n catharsis xi, 7, 51, 79, 203, 207 Catherine of Siena, St 126 Catholicism 4, 41; and bigotry 50, 133, 191, 192; and CEDA party 206 Catholic Monarchs 17 Cernuda, Luis 36, 37 Chadwick, N.K 118, 119, 128n, 137, 140 Chagall, Marc 16 Chaplin, Charles 174 Chavarri, Raúl 94n Christ, Jesus and Christomorphism (see also prophet) 10, 11 and n, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 53, 86, 87–8, 90, 101–2, 106, 111, 153; and Eucharist 153–4, 155, 159; wounds 170, 173, 191, 224 Christian Brothers x and n, xi, 29, Dalí as 104, 173 Cine Club Madrid 15, 92 Cirlot, J.-E 100 Clarke, Bruce 164 Commune (journal) 21, 213, 214n Communism (and Party) 4, 12, 14, 16, 21, 202, 203, 212, 213, 216, 218, 222, 227, 228 Company of Jesus see Jesuits Connell, Dr Geoffrey xi, 1n, 14n, 21n, 35, 37n, 96–7, 216n Cossío, José María de 74–5n, 141, 198n 246 INDEX Couffon, Claude 152n Cowley, Malcolm 134 Cowley, Rowanne xi, 54 Crispin, John 101 and n Crystal, David 191 and n, 192 Dada 2, 12, 15, 96, 199, 212 Dalí, Gala 107, 162 Dalí, Salvador 155–65, ix, x and n, xi, 2, 4, 6, 11, expulsion from surrealist group 12, 15, 22, elder brother 27, 29, schooling 29, at Port Lligat 31, and masturbation 45, 156–7, and spirituality 80; and excrement 83–4, 85 106, 92, 98, 100, 110, and Cadaqués Mass 154–5, imaginative games 158–9, ‘eatables’ 84, 161, and Port Lligat fishermen 162, dematerialization 167, and Un Chien andalou 173 and n, 174, 190, 232, and paranoia-critical method 2, 8, 10, 12, 34n, 37, 44, 72, 157 Paintings, drawings Accommodations of Desire (1929) 167 Apparatus and Hand (1927) [plate 3] 44, 163 Apparition of a Face and Fruit Dish on a Beach (1938) 161 Archaeological Reminiscence of Millet’s Angelus (1935) 176 Assumption (1952) 31 Atavistic Vestiges after the Rain (1934) 168 Autumn Cannibalism (1937) 161 Basket of Bread (1926) 161 Cannibalism of Objects (1932) 161 Catalan Bread (1930) 160 City of Drawers (1936) 172 Composition: Evocation of Lenin (1931) 12 Couple with their Heads Full of Clouds (1936) 161 Enigmatic Elements (1934) 168 Honey is Sweeter than Blood (1926–7) 43, 172 Imperial Violets (1938) 161 Invisible Afghan Hound with the Apparition on the Beach of the Face of García Lorca in the Form of a Fruit Dish with Three Figs (1938) 161 Last Supper (1955) 155 Partial Hallucination: Six Apparitions of Lenin on a Piano (1931) 168 Profanation of the Host (1929) 155, 158 Slave Market with the Disappearing Bust of Voltaire (1940) [plate 5] 9, 155–6, 161 The Birth of Liquid Desires (1932) 160 The Endless Enigma (1938) 161 The Enigma of Desire (1929) 167 The Enigma of William Tell (1933) 12 The First Days of Spring (1929) 168 The Font (1930) 157, 159 The Great Masturbator (1929) 9, 44, 157, 158 The Great Paranoiac (1936) The Invention of Monsters (1927) 161 The Invisible Man (1929) The Lugubrious Game (1929) [plate 2] 43, 84, 158, 163, 176, 233 The Metamorphosis of Narcissus (1936–7) [plate 4] 44, 162–3, 176 The Old Age of William Tell (1931) 161 The Persistence of Memory (1931) 84, 160 The Spectre of Sex Appeal (1934) 168 The Transparent Simulacrum of the Feigned Image (1938) 161 The Triangular Hour (1934) 168 The Weaning of Furniture: Nutrition (1934) 9, 167 Venus de Milo with Drawers (1936) 172, 176 William Tell, Gradiva and the Average Bureaucrat (1932) 160, 171 Writings Diary of a Genius 8n, 31–2, 34n, 232 ‘Metamorphosis of Narcissus’ (poem) 163 The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí 160n The Unspeakable Confessions of Salvador Dalí and n, 11 and n, 28, 29, 44, 84, 101n, 160, 161, 167n, 170n, 232 INDEX L’Âne pourri [The Rotting Donkey] 12, 72, 87, 167n ‘Reverie’ 160, 203 Darío, Rubén 218 Darwin, Charles 65 Davies, John 202n Da Vinci, Leonardo 155 de Chirico, Giorgio 100 Descartes, René 65 dépaysement 100, 109 Día Gráfico, El (journal) 202n Duchamp, Marcel 109 Duggan, Craig xi Ecclesiastes see Bible Edward VIII (of England) 202 Edwards, Gwynne 168n Eisenstein, Sergei The Battleship Potemkin 14 Eliot, T.S 120 Eluard, Paul 81, 191, 212 epiplasm 82, 92, 95, 104, 106, 196 Epstein, Jean 208, 209 Ernst, Max 81 eschatology 80n, 81, 82, 87, 104, 110 Espronceda, José de 89, 233 Estampa (journal) 201 Eucharist 11n, 85, 152–5, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 209, 233 Everson, William K 169n excrement 31, 83, 84, 85, 102, 104, 108, 110, 111, 163 Ezeiel see Bible Fabre, Jean Henri 110 Fellini, Federico 121 Finkelstein, Haim F 9n, 106n, 160, 168n First World War (Great War) 2, 115, 212 Flaherty, Robert 208 Four Last Things see eschatology Franco (Bahamonde), General Francisco 35, 62, 216, 223 Freud, Sigmund 1, 2, 3, 4, 7–8, 10, 22, 35, 37, 73n, 85, 115; neurotic ceremonials 157, 165, 188, 232 Fuentes, Carlos 90n Gaceta Literaria, La 1, 14n, 80 and n, 81, 92, 164, 167n, 208, 212n, 213 Gala see Dalí, Gala Galán, Captain Fermín 15 and Jaca 202 247 Galdós, Benito Pérez 176, 203 Galileo 65 Garbo, Greta 209 García Hernández, Ángel 15 García Lorca, Federico 112–41, ix, xi, schooling 5; 15, views on Surrealism 33, 34, called Federica 46, and Un Chien andalou 46, 168–9; 78, 89, 97, 98, spiritualist style 33, 114, and New York 114, 115, 118, 119, 121, and nature, 120, 123, 124; 136, 141, plays at Mass 152, 172, 175, 204, 205, 207, 219, 220, 232 Poetry volumes Poeta en Nueva York [Poet in New York] xi, 6, 19, 27, 36, 48, 112–41, 155, 233 Romancero gitano [Gypsy Ballads] 113 Poems ‘Ciudad sin sueño’ [‘Sleepless City’] 115 ‘Crucifixión’ [‘Crucifixion’] 112 ‘Danza de la muerte’ [‘Dance of Death’] 119–20, 130 ‘El niño Stanton’ [‘The Boy Stanton’] 27, 115, 116, 117, 124 ‘Fábula y rueda de los tres amigos’ [‘Fable and Ring of the Three Friends’] 27, 169n ‘Grito hacia Roma’ [‘Shout at Rome’] 19, 112, 117, 125, 130 ‘Iglesia abandonada’ [‘Abandoned Church’] 112, 115 ‘La aurora’ [‘Dawn’] 114, 138 ‘La monja gitana’ [‘The Gypsy Nun’] 89 ‘Luna y panorama de los insectos’ [‘Moon and Panorama of Insects’] 126 ‘Muerte’ [‘Death’] 139 ‘Muerto de amor’ [‘Dead from Love’] 46, 58 ‘Nacimiento de Cristo’ [‘Birth of Christ’] 112 ‘Navidad en el Hudson’ [‘Christmas on the Hudson’] 112, 131–2 ‘New York (oficina y denuncia)’ [‘New York (Office and Denunciation)’] 131, 155 ‘Niña ahogada en el pozo’ [‘Girl Drowned in a Well’] 27 248 INDEX ‘Norma y paraíso de los negros’ [‘Practice and Paradise of the Blacks’] 139 ‘Oda al rey de Harlem’ [‘Ode to the King of Harlem’] 122–3 ‘Oda a Walt Whitman’ [‘Ode to Walt Whitman’] 116, 124–5, 132–7, 140 ‘Paisaje de la multitud que orina’ [‘Landscape of the Pissing Multitude’] 121 ‘Paisaje de la multitud que vomita’ [‘Landscape of the Vomiting Multitude’] 121 ‘Panorama ciego de Nueva York’ [‘Blind Panorama of New York’] 117, 123–4 ‘Paisaje dos tumbas y un perro asirio’ [‘Landscape with Two Graves and an Assyrian Dog’] 116 ‘Poema doble del Lago Edem’ [‘Double Poem of Lake Eden’] 27, 46, 115, 117, 127–8, 169n ‘Tu infancia en Menton’ [‘Your Childhood in Menton’] 27, 169n ‘Vaca’ [‘Cow’] 116 ‘Vuelta de paseo’ [‘Back from a Walk’] 48, 114, 129–30 ‘1910 (intermedio)’ [‘1910 (Intermediate)’] 27, 45–6, 169 Plays, prose ‘El paseo de Buster Keaton’ [‘Buster Keaton’s Ride’] 169 Mariana Pineda 28 Drawing Manos cortadas [Severed Hands], 46–7 Garcilaso de la Vega 180n Gaudí, Antoni 160, 161 Genesis see Bible George V (of England) 201 Giacometti, Alberto 100 Gibson, Ian 43, 44, 46n, 84n, 168n, 172 Gide, André 217 and n Giménez Caballero, Ernesto 80–92, ix, xi, 1, and La Gaceta Literaria 80n, Yo, inspector de alcantarillas [I, Inspector of Drains] 80–92, 107; and Surrealism 81, 99, 100, 110, 158, 208 Stories ‘Esa vaca y yo’ [‘That Cow and I’] 85 ‘El redentor mal parido’ [‘The Ill-born Redeemer’] 85–8 ‘Infancia de Don Juan (Cuadernos de un jesuíta)’ [‘Don Juan’s Infancy (A Jesuit Notebook)’] 88–9 ‘Monjas’ [‘Nuns’] 89–90 ‘Patio sucio’ [‘Filthy Yard’] 90–2 Giner de los Ríos, Francisco 52n, 66 Gómez de la Serna, Ramón 13n, 97n Góngora, Luis (and gongorismo) 2, 142, 180–1, 183, 184 Gorky, Maxim 222 and n Goya, Francisco 18, 101, 203, 233 Gracián, Baltasar 81, 82 Great Chain of Being 108 green flash 65, 66n, 71 Grünewald, Matthias 101 and n Guillén, Jorge 183, 184 Gullón, Ricardo 216n hand (motif) 43–8, 58, 171, 173, 189 Hardy, Oliver 174 Harris, Derek and n, 34n, 35, 118, 177, 186, 187, 188 Hayman, Ronald 90 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 12, 22 Heraclitus 178 Hitler, Adolf 12, 211 Ibarz, Mercè 201 and n, 204n, 205n, 207, 208n, 210n Ilie, Paul Imparcial, El 201 International Brigades 225, 226, 227 and n, 229 Isaiah see Bible Ivanov, Piotr 16 Ivens, Joris 225 Jeremiah see Bible Jesuits x and n, and n, 6, 7, motto 15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 26, 28; hypocrisy of 29, 30, 39–79, teachers 41–2, 82, 109, 142, 147, 190, 193, 206, 217, 233 Jiménez, Juan Ramón 53n, 60–1 Jiménez Fajardo, Salvador 216n Jiménez Millán, Antonio 169n John, St see Bible Jones, Dr Bob Morris xi Joyce, James 5, 23, 25, 30, 39–40, 41, 42, 81, 99 Juan de la Cruz, San 180n, 184 INDEX 249 Paintings Antro de fósiles [Den of Fossils] 95 Basuras [Rubbish] (1930) 13, 95 Cardos y esqueletos [Thistles and Skeletons] 95 Cloaca [Sewer] 14n Espantapájaros [Scarecrows] [plate 6] 95, 100–1, 233 Estampas [Illustrations] 97 Lacan, Jacques 37, 47, 48, 71, 72–3; Fósiles [Fossils] 95 structure of unconscious 73 and n, 75, Grajo y Excrementos [Rook and 78, 141 Excrement] (1931) 13, 95 Lang, Fritz Metropolis 14, 92 Lagarto y cenizas [Lizard and Ashes] 95 Langdon, Harold 174, 175 La Huella [The Footprint] (1929) [plate Larra, Mariano José de 203 8] 13, 14n, 95 La Salle (see also Christian Brothers) x, xi, Tierra y excremento [Earth and 49 Excrement] [plate 7] Laurel, Stan 174 Verbenas [Festivals] 97, 98 Lautréamont, Comte de 12, 137 Manrique, Jorge Coplas [Verses] 59 and n, Lawrence, D.H 134 105 Légendre, Maurice 201, 205 mantic 112, 113, 126, 128, 137, 140, 141, Lenin, Vladimir 12, 215, 218 and n 187, 188; see also prophetic Ln, María Teresa 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 200 Marón, Gregorio 201, 206 and n, 213 Marcilly, C 46n Lewis, Helena 191n, 203n, 214n, 218n, Marrast, Robert 16n, 214n 222n, 232 Marx, Karl (and Marxism) xi, 2, 3, 4, 12, Lio, Ignacio Gómez de 161 20, 21, 22, 50, 62, 71, 199, 206, 212, Loeb, Pierre (Galerie Pierre) 98 213, 215, 221, 226 Lomas, David 163 Mass playing at 28, 41, 152–3, 55, 155, Lope de Vega 201 157; see also Eucharist Lotar, Eli 202, 210 masturbation 41–6, 88, 89, 145, 155, Lowth, Robert 140 156–7, 158, 160, 163; onanastic Loyola, St Ignatius of [San Ignacio de] 22, repetition 164; 169, 171, 189, 203 and n 27, militarism 28, 41, 30, 115, 186, 233; materialism 4, 12, 13, 14, 30, 31, 82, 83, ‘viendo el lugar’ [seeing the place] 87, 91; and Alberto Sánchez 94; 107, 22–3, 28, 32, 37 108, 147, 185, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, Spiritual Exercises 40, 61n, (and 209, 210, 212, 226 numbers) 67 and n, 68 materio-mysticism (and subject-object Luke, St see Bible integration) 2, 8, 9, 30, 83, 110, 148, 184 Luther, Martin 111n Matthew, St see Bible Lynch, Carlos Morla 48n, 113n, 114 Merello (S.J.), Agustín Castro 40, 41, 55 Lynch, Lawrence 90n Messiah see Christ Machado, Antonio 21, 66 and n, 101 and n, Meissonier, Ernest 8n Mellen, Joan 90n 203, 227 and n, 228 metamorphosis xi, 32, 84, 152 et seq., 159, Mahomet 126 161, theory of 164; 170, 175, 190, and Mallo, Maruja 92–105, ix, xi, 2, 13, 14, cinematic dissolve 169–70, 174, 175, 15, 30, 34, early days 92–3, and 176, 178, 184, 185 Vallecas school 93, skulls on front-door Miller, Henry 166 97, Lorca on 97, Cloacas y Millet, Jean Francois The Angelus 29 campanarios [Sewers and Belfries] exhibition 95, 98, and Madrid slums 99, Miró, Joan 81, 98 self-appraisal 99, 101, 102–3, 104, 105, Monguió, Luis 37 Montero, Enrique 16 107, 109, 111; 143, 147, 148, 163, 211 Kafka, Franz 81, 90 Kant, Immanuel 65 Keaton, Buster 169, 174, 175, 209 Kerr, Walter 174n Kleber, General Emilio 228 Krause, Karl Christian Friedrich 66 Kugel, James 130 250 INDEX Morris, C Brian 2, 35 and n, 216n Moses 191 Mussolini, Benito 19, 125 mystic(ism) 10, 28, 177, 180, 184, 186, 191, 233 Nantell, Judith 216n Naville, Pierre 205 Neruda, Pablo 227 and n Nietzsche F.W 111, Thus Spake Zarathustra 135, 233 and n Nuestro Cinema [Our Cinema] (journal) 17 Nueva España [New Spain] (journal) 17 numbers (motif) 67–8, 109, 110 object-orientation see materialism Octubre, escritores y artistas revolucionarios [October, revolutionary writers and artists] (journal) 1, 17; and Goya 18; 19, 20, 21, 199n Oppenheimer, Helen 46n Ortega y Gasset, José 5; on his Jesuit education 57–8; 64, 65, 94–5, 102, 182; recalls childhood 183, 184 Owen, Wilfred 223, 226 Palencia, Benjamín 13, 93 paranoia see also Dalí 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 32; and Lacan 37, 44, 72, 111, 167n, 233 Passera, Thierry xi Passion see also Christ 11n, 30, 89, 112, 145 ‘Pasionaria, La’ (Dolores Ibarruri) 228 Pasternak, Boris 16 Péret, Benjamin 191, 212 Pérez de Ayala, Ramón 5, 64, 108 Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) 180n phenomenology 183, 184 Phillip II 108 Polk, Timothy 125, 139, 140 Popkin, Louise 200n Pope, the 18, 19, 123, 125 Prado, the 47, 224 Primo de Rivera, Miguel 14, 15, 19, 201 prophet (prophecy, prophetic discourse) xi, 10, 21, 22, 78, 104, 113 et seq., 146, 147, 150, 159, 176, 187, 233 psychic dictation see Surrealism punishment 41, 69, 171, 174 putrefaction 15, 28, 87, 108 Quevedo, Francisco de 233 Quintana, Manuel José 223 Quirk, Randolph 194 Ray, Man 81 Reinhart, Melanie 119n Residencia de Estudiantes [Student Residence, Madrid] 52n, 93, 169 Reverdy, Pierre 99 Révolution surréaliste, La (see also Breton) 80, 92 Riefensthal, Leni 211 Riff wars 212 Ripalda’s Catechism 40 Robeson, Paul 191 Rofé, Alexander 125 Rose, Alan 180n Rubin, Miri 152n Sade, Marquis de 90, Jesuit school 158, 205 sadism 172, 175 Sadoul, Georges 202 Salinas, Pedro 199 Salinas de Marichal, Solita 216n Sánchez, Alberto 13, 93, 94, 95, 109 Sánchez Ventura, Rafael 202 Sánchez Vidal, Agustín 43n, 113n, 168n, 199n Sandino, General César Augusto 218 Santamaría, Alfredo xi, 49 Santamaría Iglesias, Esther xi, 70n Santos Torroella, Rafael 158, 172 scatology 13, 30, 80–1n, 85, 87, 108, 110 Second Spanish Republic 6, 12, 16, 19, 80n, 204, 206, 212, 214 Semana Ilustrada, La (journal) 201 Shakespeare, William 180n Sheehy, Judge Eugene 39–40 Sin Dios [Without God] (journal) 17, 20 socialists 206, 220, 230 Soviet Writers’ Congress 222 Spaak, Claude 222 and n Spanish Civil War ix, 1, 16, 21, 63, 191n, 206, 214, 222–31 Spender, Stephen 228, 229 and n Spiritual Exercises, see Loyola Stock Exchange collapse (1929) 12, 113, 120 Stone, Dr Rob xi Storck, Henri 225 Storr, Anthony 126–7 Supervielle, Jules 16 INDEX Surrealism ix, x, xi, 1, 2, 21, 22, 39, 72, 76, 81, 113, 177, 233 first definition of 3, psychic dictation 3, 128, 140, automatic writing 2, 9, 33, 34, metaphysics of 3, 8, phases of ix, 2, 3, 4, 8, 22, 34, surrealist object 2, 4, politics of 8, 212, Alberti on 1, 32–8 and Goya 18, 21, Aleixandre on 32, 35, Buñuel on 199, 202, 212, Dalí on 32, Lorca on 33, and Communism 4, 232, and transcendence xi, 9, 13, 22, 31, 171, 232, 233 Surréalisme au service de la révolution, Le 87n, 167n, 203n Svetlov, Mikhail 16 Swettler, Michael 129 syntax 75, 77, 191–200, binary sentences 128–9, parallelisms and repetition 129, 130, 131; 140, 142, 186, 187 table (motif) 161, 162 Tejada, José Luis ix, 216n Tell, William 157n Teresa de Ávila, Santa 159 Thomas, R.S 71 transubstantiation 10, 32, 153, hocus pocus 154, 155, in cinema 164–5 Trapnell, William 154, 155n 251 Trethewey, Dr John xi Trotsky, Leon 203, 213, 222 and n Unamuno, Miguel de 14, 81, 82, 201 Unik, Pierre 191, 202, 212 Vallecas (art group) 2, 9, 13, 14, 93; ethos of, 94, 95 Velázquez, Diego de Silva 163 Vermeer, Jan 45, The Lacemaker 168, 169, 174 Villalón, Fernando 53n Virgin Mary 16, 1819, 86 Voltaire, Franỗois 155, Jesuit school 158, 162, 232 Wainwright, Geoffrey 159 Wesseling, Pieter 216n, 224 Whitman, Walt 49, 127, 134–40, see also Lorca Williams, Lowri xi Wood, Jennie xi Xirgu, Margarita 16 Yaweh 117, 121, 122, 125, 126, 154 ... acknowledgements in subsequent editions 1 THE CRUCIFIED MIND The Crucified Mind The crucified body, the crucified mind The norm is not normality but schizophrenia, the split, broken, crucified mind Norman... when the scene came in the second act, in which I had the wild idea of having the Virgin appear with rifle and bayonet to defend the battered group of rebels and demanding the heads of the King and. .. found in Dalí, Buñuel and Aleixandre Finally, Chapter Six takes on board the coming of a new Saviour in Marx and the commitment made in the 1930s by many surrealists – including Buñuel and Alberti