W.H.AUDEN: THE CRITICAL HERITAGE THE CRITICAL HERITAGE SERIES General Editor: B.C.Southam The Critical Heritage series collects together a large body of criticism on major figures in literature Each volume presents the contemporary responses to a particular writer, enabling the student to follow the formation of critical attitudes to the writer’s work and its place within a literary tradition The carefully selected sources range from landmark essays in the history of criticism to fragments of contemporary opinion and little published documentary material, such as letters and diaries Significant pieces of criticism from later periods are also included in order to demonstrate fluctuations in reputation following the writer’s death W.H.AUDEN THE CRITICAL HERITAGE Edited by JOHN HAFFENDEN London and New York First published in 1983 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE & 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001 Compilation, introduction, notes and index © 1983 John Haffenden All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ISBN 0-203-19851-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-19854-9 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-15940-7 (Print Edition) General Editor’s Preface T he reception given to a writer by his contemporaries and nearcontemporaries is evidence of considerable value to the student of literature On one side we learn a great deal about the state of criticism at large and in particular about the development of critical attitudes towards a single writer; at the same time, through private comments in letters, journals or marginalia, we gain an insight upon the tastes and literary thought of individual readers of the period Evidence of this kind helps us to understand the writer’s historical situation, the nature of his immediate reading-public, and his response to these pressures The separate volumes in the Critical Heritage Series present a record of this early criticism Clearly, for many of the highly productive and lengthily reviewed nineteenth- and twentieth-century writers, there exists an enormous body of material; and in these cases the volume editors have made a selection of the most important views, significant for their intrinsic critical worth or for their representative quality—perhaps even registering incomprehension! For earlier writers, notably pre-eighteenth century, the materials are much scarcer and the historical period has been extended, sometimes far beyond the writer’s lifetime, in order to show the inception and growth of critical views which were initially slow to appear In each volume the documents are headed by an Introduction, discussing the material assembled and relating the early stages of the author’s reception to what we have come to identify as the critical tradition The volumes will make available much material which would otherwise be difficult of access and it is hoped that the modern reader will be thereby helped towards an informed understanding of the ways in which literature has been read and judged B.C.S v For Sue who suffered it Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS NOTE ON THE SELECTION AND TEXT INTRODUCTION ABBREVIATIONS page xv xix 76 ‘Paid on Both Sides’ (‘Criterion’, January 1930) WILLIAM EMPSON, review, ‘Experiment’, Spring 1931 78 ‘Poems’ (September 1930) NAOMI MITCHISON, review, ‘Week-end Review’, DILYS POWELL, review, ‘Sunday Times’, December October 1930 81 1930 83 MICHAEL ROBERTS, review, ‘Adelphi’, December LOUIS MACNEICE, review, ‘Oxford Outlook’, 1930 84 March 1931 F.R.LEAVIS, unsigned review, ‘Times Literary Supplement’, March 1931 M.D.ZABEL, review, ‘Poetry’, May 1931 DUDLEY FITTS, review, ‘Hound and Horn’, Summer 1931 86 88 91 92 ‘The Orators’ (May 1932) WILLIAM PLOMER, review, ‘Sunday Referee’, May 1932 10 94 ALAN PRYCE-JONES, review, ‘London Mercury’, May 1932 95 11 A.C.BROCK, unsigned review, ‘Times Literary 12 13 Supplement’, June 1932 F.R.LEAVIS, unsigned review, ‘Listener’, June 1932 STEPHEN SPENDER, essay, ‘Twentieth Century’, July 1932 vii 98 100 101 viii Contents 14 GEOFFREY GRIGSON, review, ‘Saturday Review’, July 1932 15 16 17 MICHAEL ROBERTS, review, ‘Adelphi’, August 1932 BONAMY DOBRÉE, review, ‘Spectator’, August 1932 JOHN HAYWARD, review, ‘Criterion’, October 1932 18 112 GRAHAM GREENE, review, ‘Oxford Magazine’, November 1932 19 106 107 110 115 HUGH GORDON PORTEUS, review, ‘Twentieth Century’, February 1933 HENRY BAMFORD PARKES, review, ‘Symposium’, April 1933 21 JOHN GOULD FLETCHER, review, ‘Poetry’, May 1933 22 ROBERT PENN WARREN, review, ‘American Review’, May 1934 23 STEPHEN SPENDER, from ‘The Destructive Element’, 1935 116 20 121 125 128 133 An uncompleted ‘epic’ (1932–3) 24 HAROLD NICOLSON, from his diary, August 1933 ‘The Witnesses’ (‘Listener’, Poetry Supplement, July 1933) 25 T.S.ELIOT, from a report to the BBC, Autumn 1933 136 138 ‘Poems’, second edition (November 1933) 26 27 28 29 30 31 F.R.LEAVIS, review, ‘Scrutiny’, June 1934 ‘The Dance of Death’ (November 1933) A The Text JOHN PUDNEY, review, ‘Week-end Review’, December 1933 D.G.BRIDSON, review, ‘New English Weekly’, December 1933 C.DAY-LEWIS, from ‘A Hope for Poetry’, 1934 B The Productions A.DESMOND HAWKINS, review, ‘New English Weekly’, April 1934 MICHAEL SAYERS, review, ‘New English Weekly’, October 1935 140 144 145 148 150 151 Contents 32 ix A.L.MORTON, review, ‘Daily Worker’, October 1935 152 33 HAROLD HOBSON, review, ‘Christian Science 34 Monitor’, October 1935 ASHLEY DUKES, review, ‘Theatre Arts Monthly’, December 1935 154 156 ‘Poems’ (American edition, September 1934) 35 36 JAMES BURNHAM, review, ‘Nation’, August 1934 RUTH LECHLITNER, review, ‘New York Herald 160 Tribune’, September 1934 MALCOLM COWLEY, review, ‘New Republic’, September 1934 163 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 ‘The Dog Beneath the Skin’ (May 1935) A The Text IAN PARSONS, review, ‘Spectator’, June 1935 A.L.MORTON, review, ‘Daily Worker’, July 1935 MONTAGU SLATER, two reviews, ‘Left Review’, July and October 1935 LOUISE BOGAN, review, ‘New Republic’, November 1935 JOHN LEHMANN, review essay, ‘International Literature’, April 1936 B The Production DEREK VERSCHOYLE, review, ‘Spectator’, February 1936 CYRIL CONNOLLY, review, ‘New Statesman and Nation’, February 1936 165 169 171 172 174 176 183 185 ‘The Ascent of F6’ (September 1936) A The Text 45 46 E.M.FORSTER, review, ‘Listener’, October 1936 STEPHEN SPENDER, review, ‘Left Review’, November 1936 BEN BELITT, review, ‘Nation’, April 1937 WYNDHAM LEWIS, from ‘Blasting and Bombardiering’, 1937 49 STEPHEN SPENDER, essay, ‘New Writing’, Autumn 1938 47 48 189 191 197 198 199 Index 521 One Circumlocution, quoted, 384, 386 On Installing an American Kitchen in Lower Austria, see Grub First, Then Ethics On Sunday Walks, quoted, 85 On the Circuit, 428, 433 ‘On the Frontier’, 22–5, 275–87 ‘On This Island’, see ‘LookStranger!’ On This Island, 433; quoted, 217 ‘Orators, The’, 3, 7–10, 12, 42 58–9, 94–134, 149, 161– 2, 164, 171, 174, 179–81, 183, 186, 204, 216–17, 220, 231, 232, 233, 252, 253, 263, 266, 355, 369, 407, 416, 422, 441–2, 503; Six Odes, 97, 98, 115, 123, 164, 179, quoted, 111, 115–16, 130–1; Ode I, quoted, 127–8, 130; Ode II, 115–16, quoted, 379; Ode IV, 116, quoted, 131, 266; Ode V, 130; Ode VI, 253, quoted, 111, 130–1 O Tell Me the Truth About Love, 359 Our hunting fathers told the story, 223, 231 Out on the lawn I lie in bed, 490, 500; quoted, 217 O what is that sound which so thrills the ear, 227–8 ‘Oxford Book of Light Verse’ (ed Auden), 319, 429 ‘Paul Bunyan’, 445 Paysage Moralisé, 223 Plains, 394; quoted, 402, 419 Pleasure Island, 384, 386, 388, 389, 391 ‘Poems’ (1928), 2, 56, 251, 441, 476–7 ‘Poems’ (1930), 2–4, 5, 8, 9, 10–11, 15, 56–7, 63–4, 81– 93, 102–3, 107, 108, 112, 117, 131–2, 148, 160–8, 176, 177, 186, 200, 216, 222, 231, 232, 324, 351, 401, 410, 422, 441, 478 ‘Poems’ (1933), 15, 140, 145–7, 441 ‘Poems’ (1934), 160–8 ‘Poet’s Tongue, The’ (ed, Auden and John Garrett), 173 Precious Five, 390 Prime, 383–4, 385, 390, 402 Profile, 456, 465–6; quoted, 462 ‘Prolific and the Devourer, The’, 34–5, 71 Prologue (to ‘Look, Stranger!’), 216–17, 218, 443, 478–9 Prologue (to ‘New Year Letter’), 327, 445 Prologue (to ‘The Orators’), 108 Prologue at Sixty, 467–8; quoted, 460–1 Prologue: The Birth of Architecture, quoted, 426 Proof, The, 396 Prophets, The, 301 ‘Paid on Both Sides’, 2–3, 15, 56, 77–80, 81–2, 83, 85, 87–8, 90, 103, 117, 118, 131, 140–2, 148, 150, 164, 173, 175, 177, 178, 207, 250, 261, 272, 282–3, 323, 345, 401, 441, 452, 500; quoted, 91, 92, 102– 3, 117, 118, 178 Pascal, 301, 304, 444 Quest, The, 315, 326, 407– 8, 417, 445, 501 ‘Rake’s Progress, The’, 112 Reflections in a Forest, 431 Refugee Blues, 305, 451–2 Returning each morning from a timeless world (Epilogue to ‘New Year Letter’), 326–7, 445 522 Index River Profile, 456 Roar Gloucestershire, yourself proud, 116; quoted, 131, 266 Runner, 468 Schoolchildren, 307 Sea and the Mirror, The, 42, 329–30, 332–4, 335–6, 337–9, 343–4, 347, 355, 417, 430, 433, 445, 449, 452, 453–4, 498 Sentries against inner and outer, 441 September 1, 1939, 33, 44–5, 73, 341, 424, 440, 443, 453, 475, 489; quoted, 304, 306, 450, 495 Sext, 402–3 Sharp and silent in the, 307, 352 ‘Shield of Achilles, The’, 46–7, 48, 393–404, 411 Shield of Achilles, The, 396, 397, 404 Shorts, 442, 493; in ‘Epistle to a Godson’, quoted, 471, 474; in ‘Thank You, Fog’, quoted, 487 Since, 477; quoted, 459, 461, 495 Since you are going to begin to-day, 132; quoted, 178 Sir, no man’s enemy, forgiving all, 13–14, 93, 121, 315, 378, 441; quoted, 179, 346 Song of Fraternisation, 459 Song of the Devil, 459 Song of the Soldier before the Inn, 459–60 Song of Unconditional Surrender, 459 Sonnets from China, 71; see also In Time of War ‘Spain’, 27–31, 32, 35, 70, 236–9, 255, 266, 269, 307, 371–2, 443, 457, 475, 495; quoted, 291; parodied, 447 Sphinx, The, 299 Streams, 394, 401 Summer Night, A, 490, 500; quoted, 217 Talking to Mice, 483 Talking to Myself, 483, 484 Taller to-day, we remember similar evenings, quoted, 88 Thanksgiving for a Habitat (sequence), 424–7 Thanksgiving for a Habitat (poem), 432; quoted, 425 ‘Thank You, Fog’, 51–2, 485–92; epigraph, 486 Thank You, Fog, 486, 489–90 The chimneys are smoking, 442; quoted, 223, 230 The crowing of the cock, 81, 121; quoted, 82 The earth turns over, our side feels the cold, 500 Their Lonely Betters, 391 The latest ferrule now has tapped the curb, 497 The life of man is never quite completed, 444 There Will Be No Peace, 413, 422 The single creature, 445, 446 The sprinkler on the lawn, 477 The strings’ excitement, the applauding drum, 121, 164 The sun shines down on the ships at sea, 218, 222 They wondered why the fruit had been forbidden, quoted, 305 This lunar beauty, quoted, 253 Though aware of our rank and alert to obey orders, 130 Though Italy and King’s are far away, 357, 444 Index Three Posthumous Poems, 496, 497 Through the Looking-Glass, 500 Tonight at Seven-thirty, 426, 427; quoted, 435–6 To throw away the key and walk away, quoted, 178, 283 To T.S Eliot On His Sixtieth Birthday, 389 ‘Truest Poetry is the Most Feigning, The’, 396, 397– 8; quoted, 419 Twelve, The, 468 Uncle Henry, 442 Under boughs between, 441 Under Sirius, 391, 400, 446; quoted, 380 Under Which Lyre, 390, 410, 446; quoted, 381 Unknown Citizen, The, 410, 446 Unpredictable but Providential, 491 Up There, 432–3 ‘US’ (film text by Auden), 468 Venus Will Now Say a Few Words, 132; quoted, 178 Vespers, 402; quoted, 397 Victor, 360 Voltaire at Ferney, 301, 306 W.H.Auden to E.M.Auden, No 2, 70 Walk After Dark, A, quoted, 391 Walk on air we? And how!, 115–16, 253; quoted, 379 Wandering lost upon, quoted, 295 Watching in three planes, quoted, 127–8, 130 Watershed, The, 121, 131, 132; quoted, 478, 494 523 We made all possible preparations, 121, 131; quoted, 131 We saw in Spring, 476–7 We, too, had known golden hours, 389; quoted, 381 What’s in your mind, 144 When all the apparatus of report, 445 Where they come from?, 301–2, 444; quoted, 304, 307 Which of you waking early and watching daybreak, 82, 121, 132, 161, 253 Whitsunday in Kirchstetten, 427 Who stands, the crux left of the watershed, 121, 131, 132; quoted, 478, 494 Who’s Who, 502; quoted, 379 Who will endure, 494 Willow-wren and the Stare, The, 396 Within these gates all opening begins, quoted, 407 Witnesses, The, 138–9, 142– 3, 258; quoted, 353, 362 Words, 413 II GENERAL INDEX Abse, Dannie, 51 ‘Accent’, 40 Ackroyd, Peter, 52 ‘Acta Neophilologica’, 65 ‘Action’, 18, 199 Acton, Lord, 227 ‘Adam’, 57 Adam Smith, Janet, 1, 23, 26, 56, 100, 138, 228 ‘Adelphi’, 84, 107 ‘Agenda’, 74 Aiken, Conrad, 126 Allen, John, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156 524 Index Allott, Kenneth, 12, 23, 261, 283 ‘American Review’, 128 Anderson, Hedli, 152, 154 Andre, Michael, 62, 68, 71 Anglo-Saxon, influence of, 73, 92, 101, 107, 124, 177, 234, 299, 458 ‘Antaeus’, 56, 71 Appel, Benjamin, 37, 71 Aragon, Louis, 96 Arblaster, Anthony, 41, 51 ‘Arcadia’ (Sidney), 223 ‘Arena’, 69 ‘Arts in Society’, 57, 70 Arts Theatre (Cambridge), 21–2, 68, 206, 210, 278 ‘Atlantic Monthly’, 312 Auden, Constance Rosalie Bicknell (mother), 20, 79, 499 Auden, George Augustus (father), 499 Auden, John B (brother), 1, 56, 499, 502, 503 Augustine, St, 312 Austen, Jane, 241 Bahlke, George W., 54 Barker, George, 89, 188, 268 Barnes, T.R., 23 Barth, Karl, 399 Barzun, Jacques, 45, 365 Baudelaire, Charles, 133, 217, 317, 321 Bayley, John, 50, 51, 456, 477 Bayliss, Lilian, 16 Beach, Joseph Warren, 44, 51, 440–1, 443 Beckett, Samuel, 57; ‘Waiting for Godot’, 62 Belitt, Ben, 21, 197 Bell, Julian, 5, 57, 166 Belloc, Hilaire: ‘Mr Burden’, 190 Benét, William Rose, 17, 26 Bentley, Nicolas, 39 Berdyaev, Nikolai, 309 Bergonzi, Bernard, 31, 70 Berry, Francis, 49 Berryman, John: ‘Love & Fame’, quoted, 94 Betjeman, John, 48, 423 Bishop, John Peale, 35, 36 Blackburn, Thomas, 454 Blake, William, 95, 104, 163, 188, 241, 301, 310, 317 Bloomfield, B.C., 72, 77, 443, 444 Bogan, Louise, 17, 42, 174, 356, 405, 448; To Wystan Auden on His Birthday (with Edmund Wilson), 405 ‘Books and Bookmen’, 51, 52, 74 Book Society, 32, 193, 241 Borgese, Giuseppe Antonio, 306 Brecht, Bertolt, 14–15, 25, 62–3, 459–60; ‘Die Dreigroschenoper’, 14, 62; ‘Mother Courage’, 459–60 Bridson, D.G., 15, 145 ‘British Journal of Aesthetics’, 67 Britten, Benjamin, 14, 22, 65, 66–7 Brock, A.C., 98 Bromwich, David, 52 Brooke, Rupert, 143 Brooks, Cleanth, Jr, 40–1 Brown, Ivor, 16, 64 Browning, Robert, 332, 405, 410 Buber, Martin, 432 Bukharin, Nikolai, 174 Burnham, James, 10, 160 Burns, Robert, 222–3, 389 Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 40–50, 241, 242, 259, 273, 299, 395, 452; ‘Don Juan’, 242, 247, 248, 395 ‘Cambridge Left’, 60 ‘Cambridge Review’, 62, 206 Campbell, Roy, 34, 103, 113, 199 Index Carey, John, 439 Carpenter, Humphrey, 58, 59, 60, 66, 71, 72, 73, 122, 139, 288, 350 Carter, Ronald, 74 Catullus, 317 Caudwell, Christopher: ‘Illusion and Reality’, 28, 53, 69, 255 Cecil, Lord David, 289 Cerf, Bennett, 32 Chamberlain, Neville, 296 ‘Changing Face of England, The’ (Anthony Collett), 231 Chekhov, Anton, 105 Chesterton, G.K., 246 ‘Chicago Review’, 72 China, 32, 288–300 passim Chirico, Giorgio de, 353 Christianity, 36, 40, 41, 42–3, 47, 53, 311–12, 321–2, 330, 342–3, 354–5, 369, 381–2, 388, 396, 417, 423, 426–7, 440, 445, 449–50, 452, 473 ‘Christian Science Monitor’, 16, 154 Church, Richard, 35 ‘Church Times’, 51 Clancy, Joseph, 46 Clarendon Press, 21 Clark, Kenneth, 186 Clarke, Austin, 29 Coghill, Nevill, 468–9 Coldstream, William, 1, 56 Coleridge, S.T., 310, 328; ‘Biographia Literaria’, 328 ‘Colosseum’, 29 Commins, Dorothy, 73 Commins, Saxe, 46, 73, 350 ‘Commonweal’, 60 Communism, 9, 10, 11, 13, 21, 22, 26, 27–30, 60, 89, 108, 115, 121–2, 125, 136, 148, 149, 155, 157, 160, 162, 187–8, 193, 232, 235, 238, 254–5, 286, 351 525 Connolly, Cyril, 18, 28–9, 30, 37–8, 39, 72, 185–6, 238; ‘Enemies of Promise’, 186 Conquest, Robert, 70 Cornford, John, 11, 60 Coward, Noël, 145, 198, 282 Cowley, Malcolm, 11, 40, 43, 165, 309 Cox, C.B., 48, 429 Craft, Robert, 36, 71 Craig, Edward Gordon, 14, 262 Crane, Hart, 166 ‘Criterion’, 2, 23, 30, 56, 77, 89, 112, 117, 150, 228, 247 ‘Critical Quarterly’, 49 Crossman, Richard, 75 Cummings, E.E., 87, 166, 422 Dadaism, 167, 199 Daiches, David, 26, 35, 43, 46 ‘Daily Express’, 116–17, 186, 262 ‘Daily Mirror’, 18 ‘Daily Sketch’, 37 ‘Daily Telegraph’, 16, 51, 73 ‘Daily Worker’, 12, 16, 18, 28, 152–3, 171, 237, 291 Dante Alighieri, 95, 135, 317; ‘Purgatorio’, 122 ‘Dantons Tod’ (Georg Büchner), 204 Daumier, Honoré, 257 Davidson, Donald, 17, 118 Davie, Donald, 47, 401 Davison, Dennis, 31 Day-Lewis, Cecil, 5, 6, 12– 13, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 56, 61–2, 84, 122, 147, 148, 161, 163, 166, 176, 179, 180, 225, 226, 232, 253–4, 270, 280; ‘From Feathers to Iron’, 61, 84, 86, 89, 122; ‘A Hope for Poetry’, 16–17, 148; ‘The Magnetic Mountain’, 526 Index 12, 62; ‘Transitional Poem’, Day-Lewis, Sean, 56, 61–2 ‘Decision’, 41 de la Mare, Walter, 198, 386 Dennis, Nigel, 51 Deutsch, Babette, 11, 24, 40, 47, 315 Devlin, Tim, 53, 74 Dickinson, Emily: influence of, 253, 351 Dickinson, Patric, 45, 374 Dobrée, Bonamy, 110 Dodds, Mrs A.E., 72, 288 Dodds, E.R., 27, 44, 72, 86 Dodsworth, Martin, 51 ‘Don Giovanni’ (Mozart), 395, 396 Donne, John, 107, 111, 132, 188 Donoghue, Denis, 51, 480 Doone, Rupert, 14, 18, 21, 24–5, 60, 62–3, 64, 65, 66–7, 69, 150, 152, 154, 156, 157, 171, 184–5, 211–12, 264; see also Group Theatre Drayton, Michael, 490 ‘Dreigroschenoper, Die’, see under Brecht, Bertolt Driberg, Tom, 186 Drummond, John, 31 Dryden, John, 317, 320, 332 ‘Dublin Magazine’, 29, 43 ‘Dublin Review, 41, 321 Duchờne, Franỗois, 54 Dukes, Ashley, 16, 19, 24, 67, 69, 156–7 Dupee, F.W., 42, 43, 47 Dyment, Clifford, 29 Dzenitis, Sigurds, 63 Eagleton, Terry, 51–2 Ehrenburg, Ilya, 177 Ehrenpreis, Irvin, 496 Eliot, T.S., 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 14, 18, 21, 23–4, 25, 39, 41, 42, 58, 59, 65, 66, 68, 69, 73, 77, 84, 89, 101, 107, 110, 117, 120–1, 127, 131, 133, 138, 150, 161, 162, 163, 165–6, 167, 171, 176, 178, 186, 188, 193–4, 198, 215, 247, 281– 2, 296, 314, 317, 331–2, 342, 350–1, 356, 357–8, 405, 428, 449, 465; influence on Auden, 27, 53, 74, 87, 132, 177, 207, 224, 234, 251, 282, 351, 391, 454; quoted, 119, 287; ‘Ash Wednesday’, 327; ‘The Family Reunion’, 391; ‘Four Quartets’, 112, 342, 386, 451, 477, 481; The Function of Criticism, quoted, 142; The Hollow Men, 146; The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock, 193, 215, 431; ‘Murder in the Cathedral’, 157, 169, 171, 198, 215, 262, 283; ‘Poems’ (1919), 163; ‘The Rock’, 200, 224, 402; ‘The Sacred Wood’, quoted, 199– 200; ‘Sweeney Agonistes’, 14–15, 16, 64, 148, 151–2, 175, 224, 283, 389; ‘To Criticize the Critic’, 74; ‘Triumphal March’, 386; ‘The Waste Land’, 7, 12, 36, 112, 115, 122, 124, 129, 166, 193, 251, 327, 364, 431–2, 451, 455 Eliot, Valerie, 74 Ellis, Havelock, 116 Ellmann, Richard, 21, 68 Elton, Oliver, 318–19 Elton, William, 45 Éluard, Paul, 97 Empson, William, 2, 35, 36, 78, 127, 140–2, 163, 207, 223, 306, 403–4, 484; ‘Collected Poems’, 403; Just a Smack at Auden, 62; ‘Seven Types of Ambiguity’, 223 ‘Encounter’, 67, 451 ‘English’, 48 Index ‘English Studies’, 61 Epstein, Jason, 1, 56 ‘Essays in Criticism’, 56, 73, 440 ‘Evening Standard’, 260 Every, George, 41 Ewart, Gavin, 12, 15, 20, 27, 219 ‘Experiment’, 78, 141, 207 Faber & Faber, 10, 15, 27, 41, 58, 59, 138, 145, 240, 289, 410, 440, 496 Farjeon, Herbert, 69 Fascism, 6, 9, 18, 20, 27– 8, 115, 133, 149, 153–4, 171, 180, 182, 184, 192, 196, 202, 227, 266, 307, 331, 452 Finney, Brian, 16, 19, 20, 64, 66, 67 Firchow, Peter E., 58, 59– 60 Fitts, Dudley, 4, 92 Fitzgerald, Robert, 46 Fleming, Peter, 31, 241, 289, 298 Fletcher, John, 50, 460 Fletcher, John Gould, 125 Flint, F.Cudworth, 43, 350 Forster, E.M., 14, 19, 20, 37, 189, 293 Fox, C.J., 84 Fraser, G.S., 43, 46, 47, 380 Freud, Sigmund, 19, 26, 64, 177, 190, 199, 207, 228, 234, 264, 302, 306, 311, 326, 333, 351, 358, 377–8, 431, 439, 443, 449, 499 Frost, Robert, 124, 249, 391 Fry, Phillip, 57 Fuller, John, 48, 51, 54, 488 Fuller, Roy, 12, 50, 51 Gardiner, Wrey, 45 Garvin, J.L., 106, 109 Gascoyne, David, 36–7, 38, 71–2, 269 527 George, Daniel, 43 Georgian poetry, 3, 5, 13, 96, 110–11, 124, 359 German Youth Movement, 3, 82 Gilbert, W.S., 99, 175, 187, 198, 284, 302, 332 Gillie, Christopher, 55, 75 ‘Glasgow Herald’, 43, 59 Globe Theatre (London), 69 Goethe, J.W von, 50, 311, 429, 434, 487 Goldie, Wyndham, 69, 279 Goodman, Richard, 2, 28, 161, 163, 166, 237 Gourmont, Remy de, 127 ‘Granta’, Graves, Robert, 47, 73, 92, 401, 456; influence on Auden, 86–7, 132 Greene, Graham, 9, 115–16, 186, 273 Greenwood, Walter: ‘Love on the Dole’, 74–5 Gregory, Horace, 47, 395 ‘Griffin’, 64 Griffin, Howard, 68 Grigson, Geoffrey, 1, 8, 12, 17, 18, 32, 33, 42, 51, 52, 54, 55, 59, 60–1, 62, 66, 71, 106, 204, 248, 257, 267, 294 Groddeck, Georg, 255, 311, 449, 459 Group Theatre, 14–25, 64, 151, 157, 171, 173, 184, 200, 206, 211, 261, 264, 276; see also Doone, Rupert Grubb, Frederick, 52, 84 ‘Guardian’, 219 Guinness, Alec, 212 Gunn, Thom, 47–8, 421 Guthrie, Tyrone, 14, 152 Hahnloser-Ingold, Margrit, 63 Hall, Anmer, 15 Hall, Donald, 47, 412, 418 Hamilton, Alex, 219 Hamilton, G.Rostrevor, 71 Hardy, Barbara, 60, 70 528 Index Hardy, Thomas, 57, 249, 317, 351, 367, 441, 478; The Darkling Thrush, 367 ‘Harper’s Magazine’, 365 Hartley, Anthony, 403 Häusermann, H.W., 61 Hawkins, A.Desmond, 15, 150, 151 Hayward, John, 8, 9, 39, 53, 74, 112, 165, 185 Heaney, Seamus, 52, 493 Heard, Gerald: ‘The Social Substance of Religion’, 135–6 Heath-Stubbs, John, 52 Henderson, Philip, 9, 59 Herbert, George, 326 Heyworth, Peter, 469 ‘Hibernia’, 493 Higgins, Norman, 68 Hitler, Adolf, 23–4, 70, 187, 278–9, 309 Hobson, Harold, 16, 154 Hodgart, Matthew, 57 Hogarth Press, 57 Hoggart, Richard, 53–4, 59, 74 Homer, 394 Homosexuality, 24, 126, 131, 232, 235, 495–6 Hopkins, Gerard Manley, 93; influence on Auden, 27, 87, 161, 177, 253, 351; The Caged Skylark, quoted, 258 Horace, 46, 50, 57, 74, 390, 446, 463–5, 487, 504 ‘Horizon’, 36, 38, 41, 374 Hough, Graham, 49, 420 ‘Hound and Horn’, 10, 92, 160 ‘Hous of Fame’, 135 Housman, A.E., 27, 234, 242, 256, 257, 321, 351 ‘Howl’ (Allen Ginsberg), 451 Huddleston, Trevor, 45, 72 ‘Hudibras’ (Samuel Butler), 319; quoted, 320 ‘Hudson Review’, 46, 68 Humphreys, A.R., 19, 206 Huxley, Aldous, 37, 74, 148, 331, 334 Hynes, Samuel, 34, 53, 71, 72, 74, 116–17 Ibsen, Henrik, 151; ‘Peer Gynt’, 191 Iceland, 240–7 Icelandic sagas, 2, 82, 244, 249, 250, 257 Imagism, 57 Influence of Auden, 12–13, 34, 47, 61–2, 73, 121, 126, 132, 176 Influences on Auden, 56, 73, 86–7, 127, 132; see also individual authors and works ‘International Literature’, 176 ‘Irish Independent’, 43 ‘Irish Times’, 35, 51 Irvine, St John, 260 Isherwood, Christopher, 2, 14, 16, 17, 19–25, 31, 32– 3, 37, 38, 61, 62–3, 66, 67, 169–88 passim, 189–213 passim, 215, 218, 224, 248, 261, 264, 266, 275, 280, 284, 289–90, 291, 292–3, 296, 297–8, 354, 379, 407, 441; ‘Goodbye to Berlin’, 297–8; ‘Lions and Shadows’, 2, 56, 248; ‘The Memorial’, 194; ‘Mr Norris Changes Trains’, 194, 205 Jack, Peter Monro, 24 Jacobean drama, Auden’s affinity with, 131 Jacobs, Nicholas, 62 Jaeger, Werner W., 311 James, Clive, 473 James, Henry, 133, 193, 332, 355, 358; ‘Roderick Hudson’, 134 Jameson, Storm, 45 Jarrell, Randall, 40, 44, 45, 51, 72, 312, 396 Jazz, 177, 192, 200–1, 210 Index Jennings, Humphrey, 261 Jeremiah, 462 Johnson, John, 65–6 Johnson, Samuel, 320; quoted, 319 Johnston, Denis, 257 Jonson, Ben, 331; ‘Volpone’, 489 Jooss Ballet, 157 ‘Journal of English and Germanic Studies’, 59 ‘Journey to the Centre of the Earth’ (Verne), 253 Joyce, James, 127, 133, 161, 405; influence on Auden, 132, 164; ‘Finnegans Wake’, 118, 405; ‘Ulysses’, 83, 264 ‘Judith of Bethulia’ (John Crowe Ransom), 231 Juliana of Norwich, 388 Jung, C.G., 311 Jurak, Mirko, 17–18, 62, 65 Juvenal, 462 Kafka, Franz, 311, 323, 325 Kallman, Chester, 25, 36, 445, 489 Kauffer, E.McKnight, 77 Keats, John, quoted, 90 Kenner, Hugh, 49 ‘Kenyon Review’, 41, 75, 358 Kermode, Frank, 51, 470 Keynes, John Maynard, 21–4, 68–9 Kierkegaard, Søren, 311, 320, 325, 354, 358, 399, 431, 453 ‘Kingdom Come’, 37 King’s Gold Medal for poetry, award to Auden, 32 Kingsmill, Hugh, 43, 337 Kipling, Rudyard, 10, 59, 188, 257, 259–60, 273; ‘Stalky & Co’, 10 Kirstein, Lincoln, 1, 33, 55–6, 192, 297 Knight, G.Wilson, 289 Kronenberger, Louis, 1, 56 529 Lambourne, David, 63 Lane, Homer, 252 Langland, William, 127, 450; influence on Auden, 135, 458 Lawrence, D.H., 3, 5, 15, 57, 87, 110, 115, 313, 495; influence on Auden, 124, 149, 163–4, 177; Ballad of Another Ophelia, 260 Lawrence, T.E., 8, 19, 189, 212, 226, 234 Layard, John, 252 Leavis, F.R., 2, 4, 9, 20, 26, 35, 52, 67, 88, 100, 140, 146, 219, 222, 265, 451; ‘New Bearings in English Poetry’, 88–9, 140 Leavis, Q.D., 88 Lechlitner, Ruth, 11, 163 Lee, James W., 57 ‘Left Review’, 12, 20, 25, 171–3, 191–2 Lehmann, John, 5–6, 35, 36, 37, 57, 71, 166, 176 Leishman, J.B., 301, 379 Lenin, V.I., 231 Levin, Harry, 43, 331; ‘Memories of the Moderns’, 331 Lewars, Kenneth, 72 Lewis, C.S.: ‘The Great Divorce’, 391; ‘The Screwtape Letters’, 391 Lewis, P.Wyndham, 57, 104, 116, 117, 127, 198–9; ‘Blasting and Bombardiering’, 198; ‘Childermass’, 118 Lienhardt, R.G., 43, 54, 344 ‘Life and Letters Today’, 23, 281, 306 ‘Literary Half Yearly’, 67 Little Theatre (London), 21, 69 ‘London Magazine’, 48, 64, 442, 485 ‘London Mercury’, 95, 215, 216, 245, 292 530 Index Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 405, 410 Longley, Edna, 51 Lopokova, Lydia, 14, 23 Lowell, Robert, 50, 73–4, 456, 463 Lucas, John, 74, 174 MacCarthy, Desmond, 43, 64, 277, 334–5 McCord, David, 11 MacDiarmid, Hugh, 74 McDiarmid, Lucy S., 135 McFee, William, 405 MacNeice, Louis, 4, 6, 26, 27, 31–2, 38, 70, 86, 169, 192, 232, 234, 240, 241, 243–4, 245–7, 255, 260, 271, 475; Eclogue from Iceland, 244; ‘Out of the Picture’, 287; Letter to Graham and Anne Shepard, 245 Madge, Charles, 166, 271 Mailer, Norman, 456 ‘Malquerida, La’ (Jacinto Benavente), 92 Malraux, André: ‘La Condition Humaine’, 177 ‘Manchester Evening News’, 43 ‘Manchester Guardian’, 16, 22, 262 Mann, Elizabeth, 306 Mann, Thomas, 311 Mansfield, Katherine, 224 Martin, Graham, 49 Martin, Kingsley, 23, 211, 277 Martz, Louis L., 45 Marx, Karl, 19, 60, 64, 207, 310, 351, 354, 431, 449; as character in ‘The Dance of Death’, 151, 164–5, 182 Marxism, 10, 15, 17, 23, 26, 27–31, 53, 60, 69, 89, 133–4, 149, 150, 177, 180, 186, 199, 234, 238, 255, 264, 311, 315, 406, 439, 449 Masefield, John, 14, 273 ‘Massachusetts Review’, 48 Matthews, W.R., Dean of St Paul’s, London, 37 Matthiessen, F.O., 26 Maxwell, D.E.S., 60 Mayhead, Robin, 383 Mayne, Richard, 49, 448 Medley, Robert, 14, 15, 17, 24–5, 63, 64, 66, 69 Megaw, Moira, 56 Mendelson, Edward, 9, 19, 30, 36, 52, 53, 55, 59, 65–6, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 77, 288, 485, 495, 496, 504 Mercury Theatre (London), 16, 19, 21, 66, 200, 206, 210 Metaphysical poetry, 110, 113, 124 ‘Michigan Quarterly Review’, 61 Miller, Henry, 459 Milne, A.A., 435 Milton, Ernest, 23, 279 Miracle plays, 15 Mitchell, Donald, 63, 65, 67 Mitchison, Naomi, 2–3, 4, 8, 10, 52, 57, 59, 61, 73, 74–5 Mitford, Nancy, 16 ‘Modern Drama’, 62 Mondrian, Piet, 257 Montaigne, Michel Eyquem, Seigneur de, 317 Moody, John, 152, 185 Moore, Henry, 14 Moore, Marianne, 41, 45, 391, 420, 458 Moraes, Dom, 47 ‘Morning Post’, 151–2 Morton, A.L., 152–3, 171 Mosley, Lady Diana, 18, 66 Mosley, Sir Oswald, 136, 199 Muir, Edwin, 30, 35, 41, 247, 267 Murrill, Herbert, 65 Mystery plays, 15 Index Nansen, Fridtjof, 230 Nash, Ogden, 234 ‘Nation’, 17, 27, 36, 160, 197, 297, 312 ‘National Review’, 49 Nazism, 18, 23, 57, 202, 254, 266, 278–9; see also Fascism Nelson, Gerald, 54 ‘New Country’, 6, 11–12, 60, 84, 160, 176, 218 ‘New English Review’, 337 ‘New English Weekly’, 15, 16, 20, 145, 150, 151 ‘New Lines’, 70 Newman, Michael, 66, 68 ‘New Republic’, 27, 33, 43, 165, 174, 232, 309, 331 ‘New Review’, 488 ‘New Signatures’, 5–6, 12, 84, 119, 160, 254 ‘New Statesman’, 23, 43, 50, 58, 89, 185–6, 211, 238, 240, 277, 303, 371, 380, 405, 412, 434, 439, 448 ‘New Verse’, 12, 15, 16, 23, 25, 33, 60, 66, 69, 71, 188, 219, 234, 261, 294, 297, 497; Auden Double Number, 32, 248–74, 354 ‘New Writing’, 37, 199, 239 ‘New Writing and Daylight’, 42 ‘New Yorker’, 42, 165, 356, 410, 445 ‘New York Herald Tribune’, 24, 163, 363, 395 ‘New York Quarterly’, 36 ‘New York Review of Books’, 71, 480, 496 ‘New York Sun’, 165, 186 ‘New York Times’, 24, 26–7, 45, 47, 71, 328, 393 Nicholson, Norman, 51 Nicolson, Harold, 37, 136, 289 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 56, 312, 354, 399, 431 Niebuhr, Ursula, 1, 56 531 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 311, 325 Norton, Dan S., 43 Nye, Robert, 51 ‘Observer’, 51, 52, 72, 109, 485 Ohlser, Prudence, 62 Ohmann, Richard M., 60, 454 Old Vic Theatre, 211–13 ‘Orphée’ (Cocteau), 29–30, 33 Orwell, George, 29–30, 33; ‘Inside the Whale’, 29, 33, 69 Osborne, Charles, 7, 16, 30, 58, 64, 72 Ostroff, Anthony, 75 Owen, Wilfred, 82, 83, 114, 224, 230; influence on Auden, 87, 110, 177, 443 ‘Oxford Book of Modern Verse’ (ed Yeats), 21 ‘Oxford Magazine’, 9, 115 ‘Oxford Outlook’, 4, 86, 502 ‘Oxford Poetry’ manifesto, 119 Painter, George D., 45, 377 Palmer, Herbert, 146 Parkes, Henry Bamford, 8, 10, 121 ‘Paris Review’, 37, 66, 68 ‘Parnassus’, 51 Parsons, Ian, 17, 169 ‘Partisan Review’, 44, 368 ‘Pastime of Pleasure, The’, 135 Pedrick, Gale, 16 Peffer, Nathaniel, 33 Perse, Saint-John, influence of, 58, 84, 110, 127; ‘Anabasis’, 84, 127, 295 Personal and private references, 8, 9, 101, 109, 113, 119, 129, 142, 177, 181, 241 and passim Peschmann, H., 45 532 Index Pindar, 468 Plath, Sylvia, 456 Plato, 3, 317, 425 Plomer, William, 5, 8, 94, 161, 163, 292 ‘PMLA’, 58 ‘PN Review’, 84 ‘Poetry’, 10, 26, 35, 46, 47, 91, 125, 160, 226, 315 ‘Poetry of the Thirties’ (ed Skelton), 30, 32, 70, 71 ‘Poetry Nation’, 63 ‘Poetry Review’, 5, 8, 26 Poore, Charles, 26–7 Pope, Alexander, 104, 135, 312–13; ‘The Dunciad’, 498; ‘Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot’, 313; ‘Essay on Man’, 40, 313, 323 Porter, Cole, 200, 304 Porteus, Hugh Gordon, 19– 20, 26, 116 Pound, Ezra, 32, 57, 73, 131, 161, 167, 267, 313, 314; influence on Auden, 127, 132; ‘Hugh Selwyn Mauberley’, 118; ‘The Cantos’, 118, 451 Powell, Dilys, 4, 15, 16, 63, 64, 83, 214 Pradhan, S.K., 67 Press, John, 48 Prochaska, Alice, 57 Prokosch, Frederick, 268 Promethean Society, 116–17 Pryce-Jones, Alan, 8, 95 Pryce-Jones, David, 49 Pudney, John, 15, 58, 63–4, 144; ‘Spring Encounter’, 132–3 ‘Punch’, 16, 48 ‘Purpose’, 35, 150 Pushkin, Alexander, 460 Raichura, Suresh, 58, 73 Raine, Kathleen, 36 Random House, 1, 10, 32, 165, 166, 350, 410 Rattenbury, Arnold, 54, 74 Read, Herbert, 15, 41, 53, 85, 110, 138, 259, 272, 318 ‘Realist’, 61 Reed, Henry, 42 Rees, Goronwy, 31 Reith, Sir John, 138 Religion and ethics, 26, 40, 43, 44, 47, 68, 103, 104– 5, 138, 177, 179, 180, 203–4, 227, 230, 270, 302, 304, 309–12, 313–18, 331, 333–4, 340, 354–5, 388, 391, 396, 446, 452, 453, 464, 477–8, 500; see also Christianity Renan, Ernest, 332 Replogle, Justin, 54, 59, 460–2 ‘Review of English Studies’, 135 Rice, Philip Blair, 17 Richards, I.A., 273 Ricks, Christopher, 51, 434 Rickword, Edgell, 171, 258, 265 Riding, Laura, as literary model, 73, 85, 132 Rilke, Rainer Maria, 133, 299, 311, 317, 325, 358, 379, 445; as literary model, 35, 71, 301 Rimbaud, Arthur, 110, 111, 125, 317; influence of, 127 Roberts, Michael, 4, 5, 8–9, 12, 26, 31–2, 35, 41, 60, 84, 107, 116, 120, 160–1, 245, 301; ‘Essays’, 84 Robinson, E.A., as literary model, 253 Robson, Jeremy, 49, 451 Rolph, C.H., 211, 277 ‘Romance of Mountaineering’ (Irving), 231 ‘Roman de la Rose’, 135 Romilly, Giles, 45, 371 Rosenthal, M.L., 45, 363 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 317 Index Roussel, Raymond, 96 ‘Rumour, The’ (C.K Munro), 201 Russell, Vera, 62 Sackville-West, Edward, 31, 240, 277 Sackville-West, Victoria (Vita), 136 St Denis, Michel, 14 Sandeen, Ernest, 47 Sassoon, Siegfried, 15 ‘Saturday Review of Literature’, 11, 17, 26, 41, 71, 106 Savage, D.S., 53 Sayers, Michael, 16, 151 Scaife, Isobel, 152 Scarfe, Francis, 53 Schnabel, Stefan, 152 Schorer, Mark, 42, 328 Schwartz, Delmore, 45, 368; ‘In Dreams Begin Responsibilities’, 368 Schweitzer, Albert, 230 Scobie, W.I., 66 Scott, Nathan A., Jr, 72 ‘Scrutiny’, 23, 35, 43, 54, 88–9, 140, 222, 260, 265, 297, 323, 344, 383, 477 Seif, Morton, 74 Sergeant, Howard, 48 ‘Sewanee Review’, 69, 72 Shakespeare, William, 198, 204, 205, 225, 282, 332, 337, 343, 450, 466; ‘King Lear’, 204–5; ‘The Tempest’, 329–30, 332, 335, 337, 339, 343, 347, 349, 368, 453 Shannon, Sheila, 43 Shapiro, Karl, 47, 62, 393; ‘An Essay on Rime’, 62, 393 Shaw, G.B., 110, 158, 275; ‘Back to Methuselah’, 201 Shelley, P.B., 89; Song to the Men of England, 147 ‘Shenandoah’, 73–4, 401, 405 Sherwood, Robert E., 282 533 Sinfield, Alan, 186 Singh, Amritjit, 58, 73 Sino-Japanese War, 32, 288– 300 passim Sitwell, Edith, 7, 15, 16, 58, 64, 87, 128 Sitwell family, 175, 186 Skelton, John, 95 ‘Sketch’, 16 Slater, Montagu, 171–2 Smith, Sydney, 488 ‘Socialist Review’, 15 ‘South Atlantic Quarterly’, 74 ‘Southern Review’, 17, 26, 44 ‘Southwest Review’, 56 Spanish Civil War, 20, 27– 31, 70, 236–9, 266, 302 Sparrow, John, 7, 58, 129, 289 Speaight, Robert, 14, 65 Spears, Monroe K., 30, 50, 69, 72, 463 ‘Spectator’, 17, 23, 31, 37, 43, 46, 52, 64, 110, 169, 183, 301, 318, 403, 429, 460 Spencer, Bernard, 267 Spencer, Theodore, 71 Spender, Humphrey, 64 Spender, Stephen, 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, 13, 14, 20, 28, 36, 37–9, 43, 46, 56–8, 61, 64, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 74, 86, 89, 101, 116, 120– 1, 122, 132, 133, 139, 148, 161, 163, 165–6, 176, 181, 191–3, 199, 232, 238, 251, 253, 271, 341, 350; ‘The Destructive Element’, 10, 60, 133; ‘Poems’, 11, 132, 163, 254; ‘Trial of a Judge’, 20, 101, 201, 286; ‘Vienna’, 237–8; ‘World Within World’, 4, 6, 28 Spring, Howard, 260 ‘Star’, 16 Starkie, Enid, 289 Stauffer, Donald, 43 534 Index Stein, Gertrude, 95 Stern, James, 1, 56 Stevens, Wallace, 465 Stonier, G.W., 43, 211, 277 Strong, L.A.G., 56 ‘Studies in the Novel’, 57 ‘Sunday Referee’, 94 ‘Sunday Times’, 15, 51, 83, 334 Surrealism, 52, 53, 78, 80, 98, 118, 167, 210, 268, 358 Swift, Jonathan, 309, 313, 319, 326 Swinburne, A.C., 410 Swingler, Randall, 12, 32, 55, 171, 291 Sykes Davis, Hugh, 188 Symbolists, 358 Symons, Julian, 12–13, 18, 20, 23, 25, 27, 31, 36, 37, 52, 60, 66, 69, 281 ‘Symposium’, 10, 121, 160 ‘Tablet’, 36, 49, 51, 52 Tate, Allen, 40, 271, 273 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 317, 410–11, 428; ‘The Falcon’, quoted, 225; ‘Locksley Hall’, 82 Tessimond, A.S.J., ‘Testament, The’ (Villon), 406 ‘Testament of Beauty, The’ (Bridges), 253 ‘Theatre Arts Monthly’, 16, 19, 156 ‘Theatre Newsletter’, 62 ‘Theology’, 41 Thomas, Dylan, 52, 57, 89, 188, 270; A Letter to my Aunt Discussing the Correct Approach to Modern Poetry, quoted, 270 Thomas, Edward, 249, 441 ‘Thought’, 46 Thwaite, Anthony, 20, 67 Tibullus, 504 ‘Time’, 50, 73 ‘Time and Tide’, 23, 29, 35, 47, 341 ‘Times, The’, 7, 18, 47, 51, 74, 277 ‘Times Educational Supplement’, 52 ‘Times Literary Supplement’, 4, 15, 17, 23, 26, 31, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 48, 52, 57, 62, 88, 98, 119, 242, 275, 389, 436, 473 Toller, Ernst, 25, 278 ‘Townsman’, 31 Toynbee, Philip, 51–2, 485 ‘Tractatus LogicoPhilosophicus’ (Wittgenstein), 475 Traherne, Thomas, 338 Traversi, Derek, 26, 69 ‘Tribune’, 37, 41, 52 Trotsky, Leon, 116 Truly Strong Man, 19, 149 Tullock, Arabella, 152 Turleigh, Veronica, 66 Turnell, Martin, 35–6 Turner, W.J., 267 ‘Twentieth Century’, 11, 101, 116–17, 119 ‘Twentieth Century Literature’, 71 ‘Twentieth Century Verse’, 20, 23, 26 Tyrtaeus, 188 Unity Theatre, 25 ‘University Forward’, 219 ‘Unmuzzled Ox’, 62, 71 Unterecker, John, 48 Untermeyer, Louis, 11, 41, 43 Updike, John, 48, 424 Upward, Edward, 56–7, 179 Valéry, Paul, 447, 480 Van Druten, John, 44, 358–9 Vansittart, Peter, 485 Verschoyle, Derek, 183 Viertel, Berthold, 267 Index Virgil, 136 ‘Virginia Quarterly Review’, 11, 43 Vorticism, 57 Wagner, Richard, 311 Wain, John, 31, 40, 70, 72 ‘Waiting for Godot’ (Beckett), 62 Wall, Bernard, 29 Walpole, Sir Hugh, 37–8, 274 Walton, Eda Lou, 27 Warner, John, 116 Warner, Rex, 1, 6, 12, 179, 254 Warren, Robert Penn, 128 Watson, Sir William, 97 Waugh, Evelyn, 32–3, 136, 186, 288–9 Weatherhead, A.Kingsley, 61 ‘Week-end Review’, 8, 81–2, 144 Westminster Theatre (London), 15, 16, 65, 152, 154, 173 Whistler, Laurence, 26 White, Gilbert, 489 Whitehead, John, 49, 440 Willett, John, 63 Williams, Charles, 41, 321; ‘The Descent of the Dove’, 41 Williams, Oscar, 44 Williams, William Carlos, 257, 465; ‘Paterson’, 451 Wilson, Edmund, 1, 21, 27, 55, 174, 186, 232, 405; 535 To Wystan Auden on His Birthday (with Louise Bogan), 405 Winkler, R.O.C., 40, 323 Wintringham, Tom, 153 Wolfe, Humbert, 110 Woodcock, George, 25, 69 Woolf, Virginia, 5, 34, 36, 65, 71, 95, 256; as literary model, 132; ‘The Waves’, 132, 257 Wordsworth, Andrew, 35 Wordsworth, William, 124, 245, 338, 405, 410 Worsley, T.C., 35, 219, 277, 303 Wright, David: ‘Longer Contemporary Poems’ (ed.), 442 ‘Yale Review’, 11, 45, 47, 396, 421, 463 Yanovsky, V.S., 1, 56, 60 Yeats, W.B., 20–1, 27, 39, 60, 67–8, 73, 133, 188, 193–4, 211, 263, 270, 296, 298, 447, 465, 477, 499; as literary model, 21, 27, 68, 87, 173, 223, 227, 234, 351, 385–6, 389; on ‘The Ascent of F6’, 21, 67–8; ‘Four Plays for Dancers’, 173; ‘The Tower’, 194, 273 ‘Yorkshire Post’, 12, 23, 59 Zabel, M.D., 10, 91 ... them and other elements strong in others… Auden did this in the thirties: suddenly there was someone who crystallized what a lot of people were feeling, who created a new poetic world where what... shows how criticism is helping poetry on the downward path (29) In W. H. Auden: The Life of a Poet’ (1980), Charles Osborne has written, ‘Despite the now almost celebrated Auden obscurity, it was... the Icelandic sagas that Auden loved, with the result that ‘soon after this, [Wystan] produced a short verse play in which the two worlds are so confused that it is almost impossible to say whether