MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS THE SEMANTICS OF METAPHORS OF LOVE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SONGS (Đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa hình ảnh ẩn dụ tình yêu hát tiếng Anh tiếng Việt) NGUYỄN THỊ LỆ PHƯƠNG Field: English Language Code: 60220201 Hanoi, 2017 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS THE SEMANTICS OF METAPHORS OF LOVE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE SONGS (Đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa hình ảnh ẩn dụ tình yêu hát tiếng Anh tiếng Việt) NGUYỄN THỊ LỆ PHƯƠNG Field: English Language Code: 60220201 SUPERVISOR: TRAN THI THU HIEN PH.D Hanoi, 2017 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report Entitled “The semantics of metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese songs’’ submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2017 Nguyen Thi Le Phuong Approve by SUPERVISOR ………………………………… Date: i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to thank all the following people for their great supports during my two-year time for the MA course First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Tran Thi Thu Hien Ph.D, my supervisor, for her clear guidance, insightful comments and dutiful supervision My deep thanks also go to all the lecturers at Ha Noi Open University for their knowledge, experience and enthusiasm in their lectures, from which I have acquired valuable knowledge and inspiration to fulfill this minor thesis With the passion for literature and semantics, I am really interested in the lectures of Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh and Assoc Prof Dr Ho Ngoc Trung which have inspired me to this study I also would like to express my sincere thanks to my family any many of my friends and colleagues for their valuable sharing and encouragements Finally, my sincere thanks are for the people who will give me the precious comments after reading the graduation thesis ii ABSTRACT The researcher is about the semantics of metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese songs The writer has tried to give an overview of the relevant literature review in the concern of the knowledge related to metaphors basing on the theory of the famous writers, especially Lakoff and Johnson This study is an attempt to explore semantics of metaphors in English and Vietnamese love songs The purpose is to find out the typical metaphorical images of love used in English and Vietnamese songs Lakoff and Johnson (1980) with the book “Metaphors we live by’’ which focuses on metaphor in English songs Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen (2009) has studied “ Ẩn dụ tri nhận liệu ca từ Trịnh Công Sơn’’ which emphasizes on the metaphor of love in Vietnamese songs Therefore, in my research, the writer has made the metaphor of love in both languages On the one side, it can help teachers give the effective lectures and in other side, it helps learners study English better That is the reason why the research was done which aims at studying the semantics of metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese songs This paper is conducted through the documentary analysis and descriptive method The writer uses mainly on descriptive method to describe the semantics of metaphors of love in English songs Besides, some methods are used as the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods which contributes to this study In the paper, the researcher found 95 metaphorical imagines from 69 songs in English and 44 metaphorical ones from 35 songs The researcher clarifies the metaphorical images of love in songs, analyzes and categorizes them into subtypes: ontological, structural or orientational metaphors with 14 sets of metaphors These results are significant because they help not only teachers have effective lectures but also learners study English better iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii ABSTRACT iii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the study 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.3 Research questions .2 1.4 Method of the study .2 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study 1.7 Design of the study .4 CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Word and its meanings, change of meaning and components of word meaning 2.1.1 Word and its meaning .5 2.1.2 Change of meaning 2.1.3 Components of Word Meaning 2.2 Metaphors .7 2.2.1 Concepts of metaphor .7 2.2.2 Conceptual metaphors .9 2.2.3 Classification of metaphors 10 2.2.4 Target domain and source domain of conceptual metaphor 11 2.2.5 Metaphor and culture 12 2.3 Previous studies 12 2.4 Chapter summary .13 CHAPTER FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 14 3.1 The stereotypical metaphorical images of the love songs in English and Vietnamese 14 3.1.1 Ontological metaphors 14 iv 3.1.2 Structural metaphor 27 3.1.3 Orientational metaphors 45 3.2 The similarities and differences of metaphors of love between English and Vietnamese songs 45 3.2.1 Similarities 45 3.2.2 Differences 46 3.3 Chapter summary .48 CHAPTER COMMON ERRORS MADE BY VIETNAMESE LEARNERS IN USING METAPHORS OF LOVE IN ENGLISH AND SOLUTIONS 50 4.1 Subjects 50 4.2 The test and the interview 50 4.2.1 The test 50 4.2.2 The interview 51 4.3 Procedure 51 4.4 Common errors made by students at Vietnam National Academy of Music 52 4.4.1 Source domain 52 4.4.2 Target domain 54 4.4.3 Culture .55 4.5 Suggestions 56 4.5.1 Suggestions for teachers 56 4.5.2 Suggestions for learners 57 4.6 Chapter summary .58 CHAPTER CONCLUSION .59 5.1 Concluding remarks 59 5.2 Limitations of the research 60 5.3 Suggestions for further research .60 REFERENCES 61 v CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale of the study Metaphor in language is like a meal of daily life Today, metaphors is not only found on poetry or daily language, but also widely used in modern English songs with major theme of love Actually, love is an eternal and immortal topic of both adults and elderly people Therefore, metaphors of love are not new but ideal and exciting in music world for musicians and language learner which makes the communication more lively and colorful Metaphors can enhance the song lyrics or sentences in many ways, which is why so many writers, poets or musicians use them As we know, they use metaphors which may give readers or listeners a picture or scene of their mind of what is being discussed or talked about Moreover, using metaphors, especially extended metaphors also help readers or listeners understand a concept and have symbol that keep the metaphor going Therefore, the metaphors are used more commonly which make the writings, poems or songs more interesting One of the most important things is to help readers or listeners understand what the author/musicians are trying to convey Visual images on metaphors are expressed more specifically and clearly by the writers Hence, understanding metaphors of love in English songs and Vietnamese ones help us master an effective stylistic device in order to improve our communication and practicing skills, find out composers’ point of view about love and help our feeling get better As a teacher of English, teaching students how to understand metaphors is not easy However, if the students can perceive this, we will have imagination and creativity in their work In many love songs, fascinating melodies and sweet lyrics along with the power of metaphor which give the messages of love to students more closely Love is purely and fresh something for us when thinking about it It is an intense feeling of deep affection and makes the musicians have a great interest and pleasure They use it to affectionate greetings conveyed to someone on one’s behalf There are lots of musicians who use metaphors in their song lyrics This is a good way to describe how they feel about love That is reason why there is many various metaphorical imagines in songs 1.2 Aims and objectives of the study 1.2.1 Aims of the study This paper aims at studying the semantics of metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese songs 1.2.2 Objectives of the study - To find out how metaphors of love are used in English and Vietnamese songs - To determine the similarities and differences of metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese songs - To discover the common errors in understanding metaphorical images in love songs and to suggest some solutions 1.3 Research questions In order to achieve the aims of the study, the objectives will be elaborated into the following research questions: How are metaphors of love used in English and Vietnamese songs? What are the similarities and differences in use of metaphors between English and Vietnamese songs? What are the common errors in understanding metaphorical images in love songs? 1.4 Method of the study This paper is mainly conducted through the documentary analysis and descriptive study with the combination of qualitative and quantitative approach Descriptive method is used primarily to describe the semantic of metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese songs It explains the metaphorical images in love songs and characterizes the implication of the author All the metaphorical imagines are described in detail by using this method Thanks to this method, it is effective to analyse non-quantified topics and issues about the metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese song And the opportunity to integrate the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection Contrastive approach as a sub-discipline of linguistics which deals with the systematic comparison of two languages which is utilized to find out the similarities and differences of metaphorical semantic in English songs with reference to Vietnamese When contrasting the metaphorical images in English such as love is light, game, music, journey…in Vietnamese appears these images It helps us in learning a particular target language and deal with the relationship between the languages a learner acquires or masters On the other hand, the analytical and synthetic methods are used in order to dissect the important issues related to metaphorical semantic such as word meaning, target domain and source domain of conceptual metaphor and metaphor and related figures of speech A large number of examples are going to be given and analyzed both in these two languages 1.5 Scope of the study This study focuses on the semantics of metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese songs 69 English songs and 35 Vietnamese songs in the 20th century will be analysed to find out the use of metaphors of love All of the other studies working with other types of metaphors in other genres of text are out of the scope of the study 1.6 Significance of the study Theoretically, issues are necessary for the analysis The theory had the closet link with the contemporary Lakoff’s and Johnson’s definition of metaphor Their metaphors make our thoughts more vivid and structure our perceptions in mind Thanks to this theory, we have principal material to express metaphorical imagines in love songs They will be analyzed particularly through metaphor in love songs Practically, the writer presumes that this research and information collected for it may be valuable for the students, teachers and people, who are interested in the analysis of songs and want to extend their comprehension, specifically of love metaphors For this reason, the research in this field is indispensable, helpful and interesting Đường chạy vòng quanh vòng tiều tụy Một bờ cỏ non bờ mộng mị Từng lời tà dương lời mộ địa Từng lời bể sông nghe từ độ suối khe (Trịnh Công Sơn- Một cõi về) The students don’t understand the implication of the musician He implies that a dream you dream alone is only a dream A dream you dream together is reality For example (4) Tình khâu mơi cười, hình hài xưa thay, mặn nồng xưa phai, tình chia gian dới, tình đày tình đơi nơi ( Trịnh Cơng Sơn-Tình sầu) The students know this word’s meaning But few students can guess about its implication He implied that the worst feeling in the world is knowing you’ve been used and lied to by someone you trusted You know one of the hardest lessons in life is letting go Whether it’s guilt, anger, love, loss or betrayal Change is never easy We fight to hold and we fight to let go For example (5) Hai mươi năm xin trả nợ người trả nợ thời em bỏ (Trịnh Công Sơn- Lời tựa) This is one of the hardest sentences in songs Simple because they think that the word in these lyrics is person Although the musicians related to person, he changed into invisible thing that is love The wrong person makes you beg for attention, affection, love, commitment 4.4.3 Culture In the 20th century, influences from the music of the United States became most dominant in popular music This led to the explosion of the British Invasion, 55 while subsequent notable movements in British music include the new wave of British heavy metal and Britpop The United Kingdom has one of the world's largest music industries today, with many British musicians having influenced modern music Therefore, the metaphorical images of love in English songs are different from Vietnamese songs When we relate to love, English is more likely to the strongest things in lyrics And Vietnamese is more likely to be soft but deep As a result, the students the test, they often make the mistakes when choosing the right answer 4.5 Suggestions 4.5.1 Suggestions for teachers Actually, there are few students understand metaphor clearly and dare use metaphor in communication as well as compose a song Some students can use metaphor in their writing but illogically and inflexibly As a result, teachers have to spend enough time and create appropriate methods to teach them to learn it in the best way Teachers should make their students aware of the applicability and significance of metaphors The students should understand the nature conceptual metaphor and how it can be applied in daily life Teachers can create the interesting lessons to inspire learners to be absorbed in metaphor with the easy and exciting activities such as sharing examples, brainstorming, trying composing short poems Metaphor is an effective language tool for teachers to teach vocabulary in the collocation of word Metaphor is frequently used in poetry and love songs which endeavor to find creative ways to express experience Encouraging students to use metaphors will help them improve their writing ability and produce interesting pieces that others will enjoy reading It can be difficult for students to create their own metaphors However, there are activities that teachers can use to help students understand metaphors and to inspire the use of these literary devices to help bring writing to life Students often limit their descriptive writing to what they see Teachers make students think about all five senses when they are writing 56 For example: Write a short love song using some typical metaphors Teachers can suggest making a list of love metaphors., “Love is a ” and fill in the end with the first thing students think of that feels true: love is poem, love is sky, love is a fight, Then Students can start to describe what they know and think about The influence of a first language in metaphoric processing has been explained as the result of the cultural background and expectations of that language, which affects the way learners, conceptualize the target language and process metaphors in the target language (Boers, 2003; Kövecses, 2004) Therefore, it is important that learners discern the way figurative language is used in a particular culture because learning a language means learning about culture learners can gain linguistic and non-linguistic knowledge As a means of cultural transmission metaphors can raise learners‘ awareness of the relationship Thus, when teachers teach about the metaphorical images of love, they should provide students with knowledge of culture This helps them not only broaden the culture of other countries but also learn lesson more effectively 4.5.2 Suggestions for learners Once learners are able to have their own metaphors and use them to promote the ideas flexibly, they will become metaphor masters If the learners know to take advantages of the benefit of using metaphor, they can improve all the skills in learning a second language Conceptual metaphor provides students with the possibility of understanding one concept in terms of another From a domain, they can refer to many various domains by the metaphorical expressions As a result, they will broaden their vocabulary and make them more productive Learners should know what a metaphor is if they are studying examples of metaphors in text Simply knowing the definition, however, is not sufficient They should be able to identify examples of metaphors in the text on their own They should be able to explain the purpose for the metaphor and analyze how it contributes to the theme of the work Thus, 57 applying conceptual metaphors in learning language will help students improve their reading comprehension a lot When studying one language, it is necessary not only to study vocabulary, grammar, reading, writing, speaking or listening, but also to know how to use language in natural way Metaphor is specially used in daily life, in any languages and in many situations In both spoken language and literature language, metaphor can be frequently appeared As soon as understanding the message of each metaphor in songs and literal works, learners can easily communicate with native speakers naturally or use flexibly in their own writing So, metaphor plays an important role in improving reading and writing skills It is necessary to write paragraphs containing a metaphor appropriately as possible Learners should use metaphors in their own writing to train their language competence better As students become aware of their own metaphors for learning they can recognize how their language competence progresses In addition, to the above skills, learning literature cannot lack using metaphor The use of metaphor in poetry is one of the most important aspects of poetic style that must be mastered Despite being the major students of English, they have few chances to practice using metaphor in writing They still get a lost to understand and analyze metaphor in song or literal works Therefore, when learning English literature, they must try their best to identify, analyze and use metaphor steps by steps from sentence to text 4.6 Chapter summary To sump up, in this chapter, the researcher relates to the common errors made by Vietnamese learners in using metaphorical images of love in English and Vietnamese songs The writer gives about the subject, the test, the interview and the procedure When students the test, they often make the mistakes about source domain and target domain and culture as well Therefore, the writer suggests some solutions for teachers and leaners to overcome Hope this contribution will be helpful and useful for readers 58 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 5.1 Concluding remarks In this chapter, the researcher will summarize my findings on the data, compare them to my objectives mentioned and conclude the section in outlining points of interest for possible further study My thesis is to find the typical metaphorical images of love basing on theory of the famous writers Lakoff and Johnson The focus of my study is on metaphors of love, of which the data provided the enormous numbers The metaphors of love found in the data often are utilized every day In this thesis, the writer analyze 14 sets of basic metaphors : Love is natural phenomena, games, war, music, light, concrete things, madness, abstract things, heaven, journey, living creature, magic, fire, high/deep In each metaphorical items, there are various metaphorical images such as moon, light, sun, star, etc All of metaphorical images of love in English and Vietnamese songs are analyzed profoundly Structural metaphors are the prevalent type of metaphors in the data and provide the richest source for elaborating concepts This can be seen in the analysis as well There are 95 metaphorical images from 69 songs in English and 44 metaphorical images from 35 songs in Vietnamese These similar expressions are an indication that the perception of the concept love by speakers of both languages is the similar, and this perception determines the way they talk metaphorically about love songs These similarities mean that the metaphorical images in English is as plentiful as in Vietnamese This helps readers have more knowledge in researching both two languages There are the really interesting topics going into many works of literature and music, especially in short story, “love is game’’ in English is always the hottest topic to discuss over centuries These images bring about the positive thought and bright look about the passion of people about love The common errors in understanding metaphorical images in love songs that are 59 found out with the test taken by first-year students at Vietnam National Academy of music Misunderstanding of source domain, targer domain and culture Suggestions for both teachers and learners of English are then prosed with the hope of avoiding errors and better understanding of metaphors of love in particular and metaphors in general 5.2 Limitations of the research All studies have limitation and this research is of no expectation Although the research reached its aims and objectives, there were some unavoidable limitation and shortcomings In general, the study has three limitations that provide opportunities for further research Firstly, the study’s limitation involves the investigated time Because of limited time, the study was conducted only on a small size of the participants taking part in the test and the numbers of the songs especially in Vietnam Secondly, limitation of pages, the writer just analyses the amount of certain expressions Finally, this research mainly focuses on semantic mechanism of metaphors used in English and Vietnamese love songs by famous bands and musicians Thus, there are still some exciting aspects that need further studies: It would be a fascinating idea to widen the topic to other fields such as metaphors in folk songs, in poetry, novels It would be better to analyze metaphor from the other perspectives 5.3 Suggestions for further research The later researcher could choose only one metaphor to deepen such as ‘’love is war’’ with many sources of material For example: “A study on the problems of translating metaphors in music” “Artist value on metaphors of love songs” “A study on typical metaphorical imagines of Trinh Cong Son’s love songs” “A study on typical metaphorical imagines of Duong Thu’s love songs” “ A study on metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese films” 60 REFERENCES In English: Andy (2000) New York: Modern Library Andrew (2007) “Washing the brain metaphor and hidden ideology”, Lingnan University Blechner, M (2001) The Dream Frontier, NJ: The Analytic Press Blechner, M (1988) Differentiating empathy from therapeutic action Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 24:301–310 Cazeaux (2007), “Metaphor and continental philosophy”, Oxford University Press Deignan, A (2005), “Metaphor and corpus linguistics”, Amsterdam: Benjamins Durie, M and Ross, M.D (1996), “The Comparative Method Reviewed: Regularity and Irregularity in Language Change”, Oxford University Press, New York Garret, Jan "Aristotle on Metaphor.", Excerpts from Poetics and Rhetoric N.p., 28 Mar 2007 Web 29 Sept 2014 Glucksberg, S (2008), How metaphors create categories –quickly In R Gibbs Jr (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought) New York: Cambridge University Press 10 Herscberger, Ruth (Summer 1943) “The Structure of Metaphor” The Kenyan Review (3): 433–443 JSTOR 4332426 11 Jackson & Amvela (2000) “ Lexicology and lexicography”, Oxford University Press 12 Kövecses, Z (1995), Language and emotion concepts In Series A: General and Theoretical Paper No 350 Retrieved April, 2015 13 Kövecses, Z (1995), Language and emotion concepts In Series A: General and Theoretical Paper No 350 Retrieved April, 2015 14 Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M (1980), Metaphors We Live By Chicago: The University of Chicago Press 61 15 Lakoff (1989),More Than Cool Reason: A field Guide To Poetic Metaphor 16 Lyon(1996) “Linguistic semantics”, Cambridge University Press 17 Madsen, M.W(2016) “Cognitive metaphor theory and the metaphysics of Immediacy” 18 Max Black (1954) Metaphor, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 55, pp 273–294 19 Max Black (1962) Models and metaphors: Studies in language and philosophy, Ithaca: Cornell University Press 20 Max Black (1979) More about Metaphor, in A Ortony (ed) Metaphor & Thought 21 Moran, Richard(1996) Artifice and persuasion: The work of metaphor in the rhetoric In Essays on Aristotle's rhetoric, ed Amelie Oksenberg Rorty, 385-398 Berkeley: University of California Press 22 Meyer, L (1956), Emotion and Meaning in Music, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 23 Steen, G.J (1994), Understanding metaphor in literature: an empiricalapproach London: Longman (1963) Art and Anarchy London: Faber and Faber 24 Whittock, T (1992) “The role of metaphor in dance”, British Journal of Aesthetics, 32:242–249 25 Xiaowei (2010) “The love is a unity metaphor in love song lyrics” In Vietnamese: 26 Huyen, N.T.T (2009) “Ẩn dụ tri nhận liệu ca từ Trịnh Công Sơn” 27 Quang, V Đ (2005), Semantics (ngữ nghĩa học), Culture and information press 28 Truong, H T (1993), Basic English Lexicology, Hanoi University of Foreign 29 Tam, D.T.H (2015) “Ẩn dụ ý niệm miền đồ ăn tiếng Việt”, Ha Noi National University of Education 30 Thu, T.T.M (2015) “Ẩn dụ người ca dao Việt Nam góc nhìn văn hố” 62 TEST I Participant information Full name: Age: From: II Read and choose A, B or C: Metaphor is figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable Moreover, things or items regarded as representative or symbolic of the content of love songs In ‘’ Because you love me’’, what does Celine Dion imply though the word ‘’ couldn’t see’’? You were my voice when I couldn’t speak You were my eyes when I couldn't see A I was inability to see anything in my life B pretend not to see anything C Love is wonderful remedy and he will be stand by her forever In ‘’ Always something there to remind me’’, what is ‘’taste’’ and refer to? We can see sweet taste of love You'll always be a part of me If you should find you miss the sweet and tender love we used to share (Naked Eyes -Always Something There To Remind Me) A The sensation of flavor perceived in the mouth B Love is sweet and romantic Lovers passionately fall in love C Love tastes delicious as food In the song ‘’ Modern Taking’’, what does ‘’ this game’’ mean and refer to? Girl, this game can't last forever (Modern Talking -Brother Louie) A An activity that one engages in for amusement or fun B Fighting C Love ends and it is not true love 63 When talking about money, Malvina Reynolds refer to ‘’a magic penny’’ what does it mean? Love is something if you give it away It’s just like a magic penny Hold it tight and you won’t have any (Malvina Reynolds - Magic penny) A Money can be mysterious or supernatural forces B Love is like a magic, you don’t need to control all the time C A magic penny is cybercash In this song, what does he imply through lines? Dear, love is a burning fire Stay, cause then the flames grow higher It's easy, easy (Modern Taking- Brother Louie) A destructive burning of something B Fervent or passionate emotion or enthusiasm C Love has a strong and intense powerful In ‘’ Happiness is warm gun’’, what does ‘’gun’’ mean and refer to? Happiness is a warm gun Happiness is a warm gun (The Beatles- Happiness is warm gun) A A weapon B Love is like a gun, if you keep it sweet, it will never shoot you but if you betray, you will take a bullet C Playing game with gun In the song ‘’ It’s now and never’’ of Elvis Presley, what does ‘’surrendered’’ refer to? When I first saw you with your smile so tender My heart was captured My soul surrendered (Elvis Presley- It’s now and never) 64 A Stop resisting to an enemy or opponent and submit to their authority B Give up or hand over C My heart is for you In ‘’ I just fall in love again’’ of The Carpenters, what does he imply through the word ‘’heaven’’? Heaven is that moment when I look into your eyes (The Carpenters- I just fall in love again) A Love is sweet and romantic with full of stars in the sky B A place regarded in various religions as the abode of God C The death of people The word ‘’the moon’’ in the following lines has metaphorical meaning with: Talking to the moon Try to get to you In Hopes you’re on the other side talking to me too (Bruno Mars- Talking to the moon) A Planet B Sweetheart or darling C Space 10 In ‘’Rhythm of love’’ of Plain White T’s, the rhythm of love is referred at twice, what does he imply? We ‘’ll watch the world from above As it turns to the rhythm of love All mine, play the music low And sway to the rhythm of love A The sound of love B A strong, regular repeated pattern of movement or sound C A harmony of love 11 In the song ‘’ Như cánh vạc bay’’ of Trinh Cong Son, what does ‘’cánh vạc’’ mean? Gió mừng tóc em bay 65 Cho mây hờn ngủ quên vai Vai em gầy guộc nhỏ Như cánh vạc chốn xa xôi (Trịnh Công Sơn- Như cánh vạc bay) A A wing B Love is fragile and not long lasting C A bird flying in the sky 12 In this song, what does the musician imply that? Mặt trời soi sáng tim tơi Để tình yêu xay mòn thành đá cuội Xin úp mặt bùi ngùi Từng ngày qua mỏi ngóng tin vui (Trịnh Cơng Sơn- Cát bụi) A He seeks out love for a long time B The light C The natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things visible 13 In ‘’ Ru đời nhé’’, what does ‘’đốm lửa hồng’’ refer to ? Ngồi phố mùa đơng Đơi mơi em đớm lửa hồng (Trịnh Công Sơn- Ru đời nhé) A A fire burned B Her lips are so provocative like love is very warm C A burning sensation 14 In the song ‘’ Cuối cho tình yêu’’, what does he imply that? Giã từ giã từ chiều mưa giông tới Em em (Trịnh Công Sơn- Cuối cho tình yêu) A The farewell B Love is over at the right time C The mood is bad 66 15 In the song ‘’ Một cõi về’’, what does he want to imply in this lyrics? Đường chạy vòng quanh vòng tiều tụy Một bờ cỏ non bờ mộng mị Từng lời tà dương lời mộ địa Từng lời bể sông nghe từ độ suối khe (Trịnh Công Sơn- Một cõi về) A It’s just dreamlike B The feeling is mixture of reality and fantasy C He missed about his old lover to live in a dream 16 In ‘’Tình sầu’’, what does he imply that in the word ‘’gian dối’’? Tình khâu mơi cười, hình hài xưa thay, mặn nồng xưa phai, tình chia gian dới, tình đày tình đơi nơi ( Trịnh Cơng Sơn-Tình sầu) A Love has deceit and betrayal B The action of someone by concealing the truth C Telling a lie 17 In this song, what does the musician imply through these lines? Một vết thương riêng cho người (Trịnh Công Sơn- Hoa vàng độ) A A hurt B Love leave a pain that no one can heal C Physical injury 18 In ‘’Cho đời chút ơn’’, what does ‘’thiên đường’’ mean and imply that? Dưới đường phố có người nhớ em Nằm mọng suốt đêm thiên đường (Trịnh Công Sơn- Cho đời chút ơn) 67 A A paradise B The person who die in the heaven C Love is something too far away which we can’t touch it 19.‘’Mặt trời em’’ of Dương Thụ, what does he imply through these lyrics? Mặt trời ngày mùa xuân xanh thắm Và mặt trời em Rạng ngời mà khơng chói lóa Thật hiền mặt trời em (Dương Thụ- Mặt trời em) A A sun B Natural phenomena C Love is bright and beautiful as the light of the sun 20 In this song, what does ‘’người’’ mean? Hai mươi năm xin trả nợ người trả nợ thời em bỏ (Trịnh Công Sơn- Lời tựa) A Lover B A person C Love and lover 68 ANSWER KEYS C B C B C B C A B 10 A 11 B 12 A 13 B 14 B 15 C 16 A 17 B 18 C 19 C 20 C 69 ... metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese songs 69 English songs and 35 Vietnamese songs in the 20th century will be analysed to find out the use of metaphors of love All of the other studies working... Aims of the study This paper aims at studying the semantics of metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese songs 1.2.2 Objectives of the study - To find out how metaphors of love are used in English. .. describe the semantic of metaphors of love in English and Vietnamese songs It explains the metaphorical images in love songs and characterizes the implication of the author All the metaphorical imagines