A GUIDE TO THE QUADRUPEDS AND REPTILES OF EUROPE; WITH DESCEIPTIONS OF ALL THE SPECIES COMPILED FROM THE LATEST WRITERS BY LORD CLERMONT LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW MDCCCLIX LO; THESE ARE PARTS OF HIS WAYS." Book of Jon rREFACE, Excepting the Birds^ where the Manuals of Tern- minck aud Degiand leave nothing is no work of portable size in to be desired^ there the English or French language on any division of European Vertebrates was the want of some such guide which It at first induced the Author to put together for his own information the descriptions of the Quadrupeds and Reptiles found in our form the present want felt own quarter of the globe, which Work and ; he trusts that the same by others wishing to observe the animals of the countries which they visit in their Continental tours, will be found to justify reader will Idndly bear in its mind publication that it is The a mere compilation, intended to serve only until superseded by some more No original work on the subject pains have been spared to select the clearest accounts of the several species, those of the Reptiles being almost Bibron all from the great work of Dumeril and It is therefore hoped, that although, where the distinguishing characters are obscure, the traveller may not always be enabled to name his specimen at PREFACE VI once, he will at narrow limits, least find his doubts reduced to and by an easy process of exhaustion will speedily arrive at its identification The measurements, except where stated, are English in twelfths of an inch feet, The inches, letters F otherwise is it and M lines, or denote old Frencli measure, where foot equals foot inch and 1^ line English The boundaries of Europe on here adopted are the its Asiatic frontier Ural Mountains, the River Ural or Jaik, the Caspian Sea, and the Rivers Kouban and Terek, to the north of the Caucasus C London, May 1859 WORKS QUOTED OR CONSULTED Yon Dr Heinrich Europaische Fauna 8vo Schinz vols, Stuttgart, 1840 Quoted as Schinz, Europ Faun Die Wirbelthiere Europa's H Professor J Yon A Graf Keyserling und Braunschweig, vol 8vo Blasius 1840 Quoted as Keys u Bias Wirbelth Monographies de Mammalogie Paris, vols 4to 1827 Europ Par C (vol 1) ; J Temminck Leiden, 1835-1841 (vol 2) Quoted Temm Monog as Waterhouse's Natural History of the MammaHa Yol London, 1848 Etudes de Micromammalogie Par Edm De Selys-Longchamps Paris, 1839 vol Svo Quoted as De Selys, Micromamm Par M A G Desmarest Mammalogie vol 4to Paris, 1820 Quoted as Desm Mammal Fauna der Wirbelthiere Deutschlands Yon J H Blasius Erster Band, Saugethiere Braunsch-sveig, 1857 Quoted as Blasius, Wirbelth Deutschl Par A M C Dumeril 1834-54 vols 8vo Quoted as Dum et Bib Erpetologie Generale Paris, 8vo et G Bibron AVOllKS Vlll Iconografia della QUOTED OR CONSULTED Fauna Italica Buonaparte Roma, 1832-41 Quoted as Buon Faun Ital Zoographia Rosso- Asiatica Di Carlo L Principe vols, folio Auctore Petro PaUas Petro- poU, 1831 vols 4to Quoted as Zoog Eoss As A Manual A Cambridge, 1835 Quoted Bell vol 8vo as Bell, Brit Quad By Thomas History of British Reptiles 1839 the Rev vol Svo By Thomas History of British Quadi'upeds London, 1837 A By of British Yertebrate Animals Leonard Jenyns Bell London, vol 8vo Quoted as Bell, Brit Eep Faune Meridionale Par J Xismes, 1844 Crespon vols Svo Von Schlesien's Wirbelthier-Fauna Breslau, 1833 bert Gloger der Verzeichniss 1837 in Yon belthiere der ; Lam- Schweiz vorkommenden Wir- Professor vol 4to Dr Constantin vol 8vo H R Schinz forming part of ' Xeuchatel, Fauna Hel- vetica.' Fauna der Galizisch-bukowinischen Wirbclthiere Dr Alexander Zawadski Fauna der tilien, 1842 Fische Yon Heinrich Partie Par Edm De Selys-Longchamps vol 8vo Naturalist's Library British Rep- Laibach, vol 8vo Liege, 1842 40 Freyer Yon vol 8vo in Krain bekannten Saugethiere, Yogel, und Faune Beige The Stuttgart, 1840 vols Svo Museum Catalogues Edited by Sir \Yilliam Jardine THE QUADRUPEDS AND REPTILES OF EUROPE MAMMALIA Class Vertebrate animals, with and suckling their young ; body generally covered with warm blood ; viviparous, breathing by lungs hair, ; the and provided, except in the Cetacea, with four feet Order QUADRUMANA Teeth of three kinds tremities provided with a Genus Teeth First — Incisors, ^ both fore and hinder ex- ; thumb y^^ ; eyes approaching buttocks ; molars, 5^ and second molars with two tubercles, the others T\ith four, except the last in the five teats pectoral MACACUS canines, ; ; ; tail simple tubercle ; more or ; lower jaw, which has cheek-pouches less developed, two pectoral ; callosities on the or replaced teats B by a ; CHEIROPTERA Macacus Inuus Liu us Sf//vanus, Cuv Reg Anim Macacus Inuus, Desm Mamm Sp 37 Bai'bary Ape Description —Head large ; nose very flat eyes ; small, deeply buried; hairs of the cheeks directed backwards, forming thick whiskers; l)oints neck short ; ; ears naked, with hairs at the thumbs of Fur on the top cheek-pouches very large the feet large, those of the hands small and sides of the head, ; on the cheeks and shoulders, rather bright golden-yellow, mixed with some black hairs, each hair dark grey at its base, the rest ringed with yellow and The grey rest of the upper parts of the body of a much darker greyish yellow, with transverse blackish bands the under parts greyish yellow colour ; tail a ; simple tubercle ; all face naked, of a livid flesh Females smaller than the males, with canine teeth scarcely longer than the incisors Length of the body, foot inches lines ; of the head, inches This is Monkey- tribe found the only species of the Europe, and the Eock of Gibraltar is its in single Eui'opean Is found in Egypt and Barbary habitat Order CHEIROPTERA BATS Provided with membranous wings ; teats pectoral teeth of three kinds Genus DYSOPES Teeth — Xumber Incisors, -| greater in the (sometimes ; canines, j^ ; molars, f^ of incisors vaiying according to the age, being ^ young than the in the very young) adult, ^dz -J, -f? -f or §- Head large; nose without ; DYSOPES RUPPELII follicles the cars ; Ts-iclc short, beginning near the angle of projecting over the eyes; tail long, projecting be- lips, yond the membrane The and size of the for a large portion of its length head, and the wide muzzle, supposed to resemble that of a mastiff, have given Molossus, adopted name rise to the by some authors Dysopes Riippelii MolossKs Cesfonii, Geoffroy Dysopes Buon Faun Ccsfoiiii, Dysopes Buppelii, Desceiptioi^ Tem.a[ —In size Ital (figured) Monog (figiu'ed) resembling VespertiUo murinus Ears overhanging the face, apparentlywider than long, margined on the outside, with seven or eight very small fleshy points on the inner part of the anterior margin, verj' large, slightly common not united, but arising from a head ; base on the fore- tragus double, being in part outside and in front of the ear; tail as than half its long as the body, thick, depressed, more length projecting beyond the Fur covered with whitish silky hairs and smooth, a Tvade border of close hairs the wings, close to and along the body scattered black hairs lips ; membrane ; toes thick, fine, close, on each side of snout covered with ; wide, pendent, and folded upper parts of the body of a uniform mouse-colour throughout, lower parts a little lighter ; hairs on the fingers long \vings very narrow, but of great extent incisors ; wide apart, the four or six lower ones crowded, with the two middle pressed forward in the ; very small tooth between the canine and upper jaw a molar first false Entire length, inches to lines, of which the alone occupies inches of wing inches ; the two upper in the male, ; fore-arm, inches lines 14 inches lines ; ; tail extent in the female, 13 —F M Lives in caves and old buildings b2 CHEIROPTERA discovered in Egypt by Riippel Fii'st in several parts of Italy, the Rome, and Bat this The Prince in Sicily ; Maremma has been found of Sienna, Pisa, Musignano thinks that most parts of the Itahan of will be found to exist in peninsula Genus Teeth — Incisors, -| Nostrils with free ; two ; RHINOLOPHUS canines, y^-j^ follicles, molars, -5^75- ; the hinder one erect ears ; tragus wanting Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum Rhinolophus unihastatus, Desm Mamm Sp 184 Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum, Bell, Brit Quad ; Buon Faun Ital (figured) Great Horseshoe Bat Description- each other ; — Upper incisors very smaU, separated from lower incisors each with three lobes ears ; nearly as long as the head, somewhat triangular, broad at the base, ending in an acute point ; the external margin notched at the base, and forming an elevated round lobe, which guards the orifice, and appears to act the part of nostrils placed at the bottom of tragus, which is wanting a cavity, close to each other, surrounded by a naked mem; brane in the shape of a horseshoe arising from the upper lip ; anterior follicle rising vertically immediately behind the nostrils, of a somewhat pyramidal form, sinuous at the margins and apex, which last is obliquely truncated ; the posterior placed on the forehead, transversely to the anterior, and more erect, lanceolate, expanding laterally at the base, in front of which are two small, cup-shaped cavities formed by a fold of the skin reddish ash, inclining to grey beneath ears within and without ; slightly hairy Colour of the fur membranes dusky ; TRITON PYREN/EUS the brightly- colom-ed variety just to ai)proach nearly to described, and by Prince Buonaparte said is 263 to occur in near Home, Ostia, Castcl-Fusano, in the Bolognese Italy, territory, and Pisa also in Spain, France, ; Germany, and Switzerland T marmoratus inhabits many of the warmer parts of Europe, such as Spain and France, more particularly the Southern Departments ; has, however, it and in Smtzerland, near Berne Paris, been found near Is very common about Bordeaux Triton Pyrenseus Triton Tyrenmis, Duji et Bib vol Desceiption bercles ; —Body covered ix p 139 with w^arts and pointed tu- these latter are generally distinct from each other, but over the eyes are crowded together and smaller than elsewhere folds, facets ; on the sides the skin contracts into transverse and the warts on those parts and arranged in lines is all are, as it were, cut into along the back and tail is duU yellow, but in the living much brighter upon its smface are a line, which, in spirits, animal ; doubtless is ; several projecting black spots, and its borders are irregularly notched \A\h the brown which pervades the sides eyes very prominent under parts and the ; the tail much compressed is also reddish yellow and rugged skin makes The a specimen in spirits, : the the is ' ; the lower the unusually rough this small species length, as given in the English inches ; all tips of the fore-toes are reddish yellow, these last being covered with large tubercles half of the tail ; very remarkable Erpetologie Generale,' from centimetres, equal to about The author of that 3|- work supposes the T cinereus of Tschudi, T Bihroni of BeU, as well as the T ruf/osus and T repandus of Duges, to be merely varieties of the present species BATRACHIA 264 It appears to be of very rare occurrence, hav-ing been found but a few times, and only in the Pyrenees Triton punctatus Triton punctatus, Dum et Bib vol ix p 141 Buon Faun ; Ital (figured) Triton palmatus, Sciiinz, Europ Faun vol Lissotrito7i punctatus, Common Smooth Description Newt —The whole of the skin without any tubercles of pores quite smooth, is on the top of the head are two rows ; occasionally there are a few distant pores on the ; forming an indistinct lateral line sides, p 01 ii Bell, Hist Brit Kep the collar beneath ; the throat very inconspicuous; the male in the breeding season furnished with a crest, which runs continuously from the top of the head along the tooned on edge its tail, Upper parts and is regularly fes- light brownish grey in- beneath yellowish, becoming bright orange marked all over with round, black, unequal on the head the spots form about five longitudinal clining to olive ; in spring, spots ; streaks is ; much under the eyes less spotted is a yellowish streak the female ; than the male, the spots being smaller and often very obscure, and the under parts are often quite Passes a great deal of its time on land, when the skin loses its softness and sometimes becomes wrinkled; plain the toes, from being of the back and become more flat, become round tail entii'ely disappear, ; membranes the and the colours all dull Entire length, from 3|- to inches Is found over a large part of Europe, plentiful species in the British Islands Switzerland, Belgium, Gallicia, and the and is the most common in Bukovina " UnIs very commonly numerous in Silesia," and very abundant in Eome Inhabits many parts of France, Italy, especially near and is found in Carniola ; TRITON ALPESTRIS TRITON PALMATUS 2()5 Triton alpestris T^-iton alpestris, Dum et Big vol ix p 14G Buon Faun ; Ital (figured) Tritone Ajmcaw Buon Faun Ital (figured) Triton Wurfbainii, Sciiixz, Europ Faun vol Description belly, —The ii p 60 body above nearly black; the throat, and edges of the vent reddish yellow the lower half ; of the tail is brighter yellow, with regular all their are brown spots under parts are quite smooth, but the upper parts somewhat rugged on the ; sides, where the colours of the back and belly join, are rows of numerous black specks the on tail is ^\\^iQ, its compressed, almost transparent, especially lower part, which is spotted ^vith black ; the fore- feet are pale beneath, and, as well as the hind-feet, The the toes ringed with black is that in Prince Buonaparte's ^Iconografia della Italica,' have best figure of this species Fauna with the name of Tritone Apuano, as coming from Genoa Length, about 4^ inches Often found in company with T tributed in Belgium, where near Coudi'oyc Common it Very common cristatus in Switzerland, particularly near Zurich Universally dis- abounds in the xirdennes and In in Austria Italy, inhabits mountains near Terracina and Garfagnana the South of France of Gallicia Xot rare in Is included in hsts of the Reptiles and the Bukovina, the Carpathian Mountains, and Carniola Triton palmatus Triton palmatus, Dum et Bib vol ix p 148 Triton exigims, Sciiixz, Europ Faun vol ii p G2; Buox Faun Ital (figured) Lissotriton palmipcs Bell, Hist Brit Rep ? Descriptiox —The gular, the back flat, skin is nearly smooth, the body an- ^A\h a prominent line along each side, BATRACHIA 266 originating on the muzzle and reaching to the hind-legs, as in some Frogs In the spring the hind- toes of the male are palmated nearly to their extremities, and the tail is lan- with thin edges above and below, ending in a ceolate, In the female this part is nearly round and becomes so in the male after the breedThe colour of the upper parts of the body in thread-Hke point at all seasons, ing is over that sex is olive-brown or greenish with dark spots the side of the tail with round black specks and ; the belly The general scattered dark specks lighter on ; a wide band of yellowish white edged is is yellow, with a few colour of the female is less bright Entire length, 2i inches The sexes differ so much in the spring as to have led to the supposition that they were of distinct species, and the female has been described as T ahdominal'is When squeezed, musky odour be the most common Newt around Paris emits a disagreeable Said to Occurs many parts of Germany, near Vienna and elsewhere Is common in the South of France, but rare in Switzerland In Italy, has been found near Eome with T Carnifex, and in about Pisa local in If it is the T palmipes of BeU, England, and possibly W Thompson is it is rare, and the variety mentioned by as occurring in parts of the West of Ireland Triton Rusconii Euproctus Busconii, Dum vol Desceiption ii p 65 —This ; et Bib vol ix p Buon Faun 158; Sciiinz, Eiu'op Faun, Ital (figured) species has been separated genus Triton by several authors, chiefly because is free only behind as well as on its from the its tongue edges, instead of on these M Dumeril, however, does not attach much value The head, according to Prince Buona- to this distinction parte, is as long as half the body, rounded in front, de- ;; TRITON RUSCONII pressed ; 267 eyes small, not prominent, contained space between them and the tip of the snout tA^ic•c the whole month, closely adherent in front filling furrow rims down the back than the body, rounded at ; to the tip of the snout ; no dorsal crest ; ; a shallow tail ; longer then compressed, with its base, sharp edges above and below in the tongiie wide, ; the fore-feet not reach their inner shortest, the thii'd a little longer and outer toes are the than the second ; the hind-feet, placed along the body, reach half-way along the sides ; their thumb the sliortest toe, the centre one the is longest, the others about equal, all rounded, short, quite fi'ee In both sexes the anal region is much and enlarged into a conical projection, thinner Upper parts dark than in the female clining to in the olive, and swollen male often in- dusky or black, with indistinct rusty spots beneath reddish ash, with black spots, sometimes confluent, sometimes few in number and widely separated female is rather larger than the male, and may The be recog- nized by an enlargement or fold at the back of the hindleg, near the foot, forming a projecting heel Entire length, or inches Peculiar to hilly districts, in the neighbourhood of stag- nant water, in which Is not uncommon the latter it In Sardinia it is more abundant than in the south of the island rarely, in the Pyrenees summer and Corsica, especially in lives during the in Sardinia and Has been in the north found, though in Spain Family SIRENIDiE GiUs permanent, continuing during the whole of the life of the animal ; lungs acquired in addition when adult legs feebly developed, sometimes only one pair present; body very much elongated n2 ; BATRACHIA 26S Geniis Body PROTEUS long, slender, rounded, without warts or tubercles, the sides slightly furrowed transversely depressed in front nostrils apparent snout truncated ; head prolonged, ; eyes not \isible ; ; on the outside, but not communicating mouth teeth in both jaws, and two long rows on the palate ; body almost twice as long as the tail, which is compressed, very thin near the ex- T\ith the interior of the tremity, edges consisting of a its number four in mth former ; ; fore- four toes, merely rudimentary membrane ; legs slender, and hind-legs very far apart, the the latter with only two, and these Only one species known Proteus anguinus Proteus anguinus, HypocMon Dum et Bib vol ix p 186 angidnns, Schixz, Eiu'op Faiin vol ii p 57 Der Olm, Germany Desceiption —This singular animal sembling an Eel with the muzzle \\T.th teeth is ; the tongue is free and covered by the small, much is described is its in front skin, ; the eyes extremely through which they are with difficulty discerned as round black spots of sight must be very feeble, if they exist at the internal lungs, there are three feathered side of the posterior portion of the when skin as re- body elongated long and depressed, both jaws are fui'nished legs, so ; the powers all gills Besides on each head of a bright red, the animal has been for some time in the dark is The smooth, either whitish or flesh-coloured Entii^e length, from 10 inches to foot The diameter seldom exceeds inch Lives altogether in water, but comes to the from time to time to breathe surface Those kept by M Du- meril for three or four years, were fed entirely upon earth- PROTEUS ANGUINUS worms "When taken from the water and placed on the ground, they di'ag themselves along with feet being too face, 269 weak to raise the long difficulty, the body from the sur- and they soon die unless restored to their favourite A element healthy specimen was exhibited in the Aqua- rium of the Zoological Society of London, in Found May 1858 Lake Sittich in the Duchy of Carniola, and in caverns communicating with it Also in the celebrated in Grotto of Adelsbcrg in Carinthia, on the road from Vienna to Trieste n3 INDEX The names of the Genera are printed the Species in Roman characters ; the Small Capitals those of Synonyms and Varieties in in ; Italics Ahlabes, 218 ([uadrilmeatus, 218 Ablepharus, 208 Kitaibelii, 209 Pannoniczcs, 209 Acanthodactylus, 194 hoskianus, 195 Savignyi, 196 vulgaris, 195 JEgoceros, 141 Pyrenaica, 141 Airulophis, 232 vivax, 232 Alytes, 245 obstetricans, 245 punctatus, 244 Amphisb.ena, 201 cinerea, 201 Anguls, 206 fragilis, 207 miliaris, 208 puncfatissimus, 208 Antilope, 138 rupicapra, 139 Saiga, 138 Arctomys, 113 Baibak, 113 Bobac, 113 citLllus, 115 Marmotta, 114 AiivicoLA, 83 agrestis, 90 Arvicola amphibius, 83 argentor atensis, 87 arvalis, 88 arvalis, 90 afer, 84 destructor, 86 glareolus, 91 incertus, 88 incertus, 92 Italica, 84 Lebrunii, 85 nivalis, 85 Obensis, 95 pratenbis, 91 ratticeps, 87 rubidus, 91 Savii, 88 socialis, 91 subterraneus, 89 terrestris, 86 terrestris, 87 vulgaris, 90 Ascalabotes, 171 Mauritanicus, 171 Aspalax, 112 typhlus, 112 Balden A, 158 mysticetus, 158 rostrata, 160 Bal.enoptera, 159 Boops, 160 INDEX 272 Barhastellus, 35 communis, 35 Bauhentonii, 35 Beluga, 153 leucas, 153 BOMBIN.\TOR, 249 igneus, 249 pachypus, 249 Bos, 144 Seoticus, 145 Urus, 144 Bradyhates, 259 vcniricosus, 259 BuFO, 252 calamita, 253 fuscus, 247 variabilis, 253 viridis, 253 vulgaris, 252 Calocephalus, 73 barhatus, 76 Cervus Pygargus, 137 rang ifer, 133 Tarandus, 133 Cham.eleo, 169 Africanus, 170 vulgaris, 170 Chelonia, 167 Caouana, 167 caret fa, 167 Chersns, 161 marginatus, 161 Cistudo, 164 Europaa, 164 Coluber, 212 uEsculapii, 217 atrovirens, 228 Austriacus, 224 DaWii, 230 Dione, 214 Elaphis, 216 discolor, 75 fallax, 232 foetidus, 75 jlavescens, 217 kispidus, 76 mtulinus, 73 Canis, 60 alopex, 63 aureus, 61 Corsac, 62 crucigera, 63 Lagopus, 64 Lupus, 60 Lycaon, 60 nielanogaster, 64 Vulpes, 62 Co;;c^/a, 139 riipicapra, 139 Capra, 140 Ibex, 140 Musmon, 143 Pyrenaica, 141 Castor, 82 fiber, 82 Ccratodon, 156 monodon, 156 Cervus, 132 Alces, 132 capreolus, 136 Corsicamis, 135 Dama, 135 elaphus, 134 Girundicus, 225 Halys, 238 hippocrepis, 227 hydrus, 223 IcBvis, 224 Leopardinus, 218 Monspessulanus, 225 Natrix, 220 Neumayeri, 226 quadrilineatus, 218 Eiccioli, 225 Eiccioli, 231 riibens, 231 Sauro mates, 215 scalaris, 213 Viperinus, 221 viridiflavus, 228 tessellatus, 221 trabalis, 229 Coronella, 224 Girundica, 225 /(gyzs, 224 Cricetus, 105 accedula, 107 frumentarius, 105 migratoriuB, 107 phajus, 107 vulgaris, 105 273 INDEX Emys, 164 Ckociduka, 42 aranea, 43 Etvusca, 42 leucodon, 44 Crossopus, 40 Culfripes, 248 provincialis, 248 Cystophoro, 79 eristafa, 79 Delphinapferus, 153 albicans, 153 leiccGS, 153 Delphinorhynchus, 147 Brcdanensis, 147 Delpiiinus, 146 albivostris, 149 dedudor, 151 Delphis, 14t) ^ Desmareatii, 155 glohiceps, 151 Grampus, 150 griseus, 152 hyperoodon, 154 Rsenii, 149 leucas, 153 leucopleiirvis, 148 Vhoccena, 149 Bissoamcs, 152 rostratus, 147 Sovjerbyi, 155 Tursio, 147 Biodrm, 155 Sower b(si, 155 Dipus, 108 Acontion, 110 Gerboa, 108 jaculus, 109 meridianus, 111 mimifus, 110 sff^^Y^'r^ 108 DiscoGLOSsus, 242 pictus, 243