— THE MINERAL CONCHOLOGY OF GREAT BRITAIN; OR COLOURED FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THOSE REMAINS OF TESTACEOUS ANIMALS OR WHICH HAVE BEEN PRESERVED AT VARIOUS TIMES AND DEPTHS THE EARTH, By JAMES SOWERBY, F.L.S G.S IN W.S HONORARY MEMBER OF THE PHYSICAL SOCIETY OF GOTTINGEN, OF THE SOCIETY OF JENA, &C CONTINUED BY JAMES D C SOWERBY, F.L.S &c O Many, Lord my God, are thy wonderful works which thou hast done ; they cannot be reckoned up in order to thee if I would declare and speak of them, they are more than can be numbered Psalm xl : VOL V LONDON: PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR, SHOE-LANE And^sold by ; D C and C E Sowerby, No 2, Mead Place, Lambeth G B Sowerby, 15G, Regent Street; Longman & Co., and Shekwood and Co., Paternoster-row ; &c, J MDCCCXXV ; ^ Crania, Retzius Gen Char An unequal valved irregular, suborbicular liform ; ; bivalve, slightly upper valve patel- lower valve attached, cular impressions four; flattish mus- ; no hinge; animal without a byssus An this valve is Genus the thickness of the lower very variable, even in the same sometimes so thin as theless the species have been overlooked in the most eminent degree ; for, its is united to it, either in lock into each other, or of ligament upon the edge marked with that unite to own by which the the form of teeth that to be Avholly destitute of hinge, ; other valve and is found it is to be attached, like the lower valve of Ostrea, by surface it never- ; that valve which possesses the characters of it is Genus to or attached it ; to be the impressions of four tendinous muscles, at once with the animal and the other valve ; have a granulated inner surface, especially about the margin, which arises from its cellular, and not foli- ated structure, a structure possessed also by Radiolites and Calceola, which Lamarck has arranged with it un- der his family " Rudistes." Of the four muscular im- pressions, two are placed at a distance f/om each other, near the margin, which tween them ; generally almost straight be- is the others are towards the centre of the and only separated from each other by an eminence more distant in the upper the free or convex valve has a nearly central disk, in the lower valve, while they are ; apex, is generally thin, and has the same granulated surface near the edge as the fixed valve has, but not in so remarkable a degree Vol V June 1823 i r/ Although some of the characters of the Animal to which may resemble those of Teremode of its attaching its shell to this shell belongs, bratula, yet the different marine substances, and the very different texture of the shell corals) it (resembling in itself, seems a in another sufficient (a Genus in its respects the harder apology for Lamarck's placing family, along strong resemblance of many with Calceola, &e upper valve The to that of Orbicula, which the animal attaches itself by a byssus, or tendinous substance that passes through a fissure ia the lower valve) has caused much confusion, which has been encreased by Lamarck's forming a third Genus, (Discina) of a species of Orbicula an error that has ; been pointed out and corrected by Mr, G B Sowerby, in the I3th Volume of the Linn Trans., and in his owu work, under the respective Genera Only one recent s])ecies is known it inhabits rocky shores and coral reefs, in temperate climates several ; ; fossil species have been described CRAINIA Paiisiensis TAB CCCCVIII Spec Char valve depressed Suborbicular, obscurely thin, ; upper granulato-spinose, smooth in the centre; lower valve thick, with the margin much and of a elevated, conspicuously cellular structure Syn Crania Parisiensis, Sciences natur pt I, De — Lamarck France Diet, des VI, Hist Nat Cuvier and JBrogniart GeoL des 259 env de Paris, 1822, p 15, ed / 3, / O B Sower hi/ Genera, plate of Crania, fig J HE upper valve is small, pointed, and smooth in the centre a little eccentric its ; umbo is the margin de- ; scends over the elevated edge of the lower valve, is* covered with short, depressed, scattered spines, and is rather rugged verging striae the whole of the the lower valve has a few obscure, di- ; upon its its inner surface, margin of the other valve posed of sphaerical cells, ; attached by is it outer surface, except what is covered by a great part of it is cona- which are most conspicuous around the margin when uncovered, by the removal of the muscular impressions are very ; the upper valve variable, sometimes they are hardly to be traced, at others they are very deep ; the elevation central ones also varies, sometimes it is with the imj>ressions raised along with it between the very prominent : when the im- pressions and elevation are distinctly marked, the general resemblance to the front of a human skull (hence the generic name) seems to The depth is very strong ; of the impressions be the result of ago, although not confined to large shells, for some individuals, that appear to be of a more luxuriant growth than others, are thin in the middle Since this curious shell was discovered by M, Defrance, attached to a fragment of an Inoceraraus* Cuvieri, it has been repeatedly sought for; at length Mr G B Sowerby was fortunate enough to find the attached valve upon an Echinus in Chalk its cellular structure was then ; noticed as a character by which to distinguish it from other attached shells, and numerous specimens have been met with upon Echini, Inocerami, and other in Chalk, had still in various parts of England remained unknown, had discovered almost concealed Echinus, picked G B Snow, Esq uj) : at this in it shells The upper found valve not been accidentally chalk upon a dislocated Brighton several years ago, by is shewn in the upper figure The lower figure shews three states of the attached valve, found upon an Echinus sent from Norfolk by the Rev G R Leathes, *This Generic nauie will probably besiipersecled PLICATULA pectinoides TAB CCCCIX.—j%^ Spec Char when Oblong, ovate, curved, gibbose old longitudinal ridges numerous, ; furnished with depressed spines; free valve externally concave Placuna pectinoides, Lamarck Hist, Nat: Syn VI.pt I, p 224 By its curved form, projecting beaks, luiiiierous longi- tudinal ridges, and concave upper is easily recognized neither are they regular to the surface, and spines are not numerous, the ; ; valve, this Plicatula they are always pressed close assist to form the ridges ; it is de- pressed when young, but when old sometimes almost globose ; the length Collected in is rarely two inches Clay, or Gault, below the Chalk Marl at Cambridge, by Professor Sedgwick same formation at Folkstone ; ; it also occurs in the the valves are filled cither with Ironstone or Pyrites Lamarck having seen only imperfect hinges shell, not at from near Metz, has placed all resemble externally it in a Genus of this it does PLICATULA inflata TAB CCCCIX-^j% Char Spec Suborbicular, gibbose, rathet smooth, furnished with a few ridges and depressed spines; both valves convex Syn Plicatula spinosa, Mmitell p, 129, X HIS is 26,/ 13, iQ / and and the small number composed chiefly of depressed tinguish from the it will distinguish it last, by spinosa out it is flint,, : of the ridges, spines, suffice to dis- and the convexity of both valves from most Oysters Small specimens of ; 17 probably the largest species of Plicatula known the smooth surface, shell GeoL Sussex, this have been taken Mr Mantell, but it is for Plicatula a very distinct found only in the lower beds of Chalk with- and that called sometimes Chalk Marl, but not in the Clay beneath The specimens Sedgwick; they are from the fessor bridge figured, were kindly lent : Mantell I have others from Hanisey, me by Pro- vicinity of Cam- by favour of Mr MUREX quadratus TAB CCCCX.—/^ Char Spec Short transversely conical, and obscurely bicarinated striated produced ; beak short ; base aperture sub-rhom- ; boidal A FEW irregular lines of growth decussate the regular- ly elevated striae toidal Murex ; it upon the surface of this short, rhom- has no costae, and the sutures instead of being varicose, are only slightly marked Probably fallen this is a rare shell under our notice ; it was considered as the young state of the following, with which until the want of costae proved This a Blackdown Fossil is only one individual has ; it ; to it was found mixed, be distinct the shell is as usual re- placed by Silex MUREX Calcar TAB CCCCX.—>V Spec Char Ovato-acuminated, transversely striated, costated ; last whorl bicarinated each suture supports two or sharp spines ; ; three long, aperture round, with a long canal X HE striae upon the surface of this Shell are few, vated, and partially granulated spire are ; the costae numerous and sharp; on the last ele- upon the whorl they are lost, or at least only appear in the form of tubercles upon the uppermost carina ; the sutures are few, and hardly distinguishable, except by the spines they are furnished with ; these spints are only two in num berj except in some few specimens which have a third obscure carina, and such have three spines round with a small angle is at its raised from the columella Smith almost covered over ; ; the aperture upper part ; is the nearly left lip the canal of the beak in his is " Strata identified by organic Fossils," has figured this upon the Green Sand plate without a name ; the name above given, was found attached to some specimens in a dealer's hands, but know not upon what Found in the authority Green Sand of Blackdown we 157 PYRULA Greenwoodii TAB CCCCXCVIII Spec Char Pyriform with a short produced spire, reticulated with scattered elevated striae pointed; is and its striae recognised at For more beak shell thin A NEAT shell, considerably longer than 331), ; are not so first this hitherto interesting as much P nexilis (tab elevated, so that it sight as a distinct species undiscovered it fossil, which the is belongs to a genus consisting of but a small number of species, we are indebted to Mrs Greenwood, by whose name we have distinguished it, acknowledging the zeal with which she has made an in- teresting collection of Hampshire fossils, in which this forms an ornament, and the kindness with which she has opened it to our examination 159 TURRITELLA TAB muiicata CCCCXCIX—/g^s and Spec Char Subulate, transversely striated elevated arched into spines flattened ; numerous small^ costas Less than an inch long is upon striae ; the upper edge of each whorl ; the small spines with which the spire is roughened are most prominent upon the edges of the whorls strisB : the convex base upon We it are much free from spines, and the elevated and sharp are indebted to means of exhibiting is Thomas Meade, Esq this elegant little shell for the The group, which forms one of the many rare specimens contained in his rich cabinet^ was found tains also portions of at Steeple Turbo muricatus Ashton : it (tab 240, conf 4), and of an unfigured Murex We have another specimen in the same kind of Clay as the following, is and also from Robinhood's Bay : this accompanied by T muricatus, indicating a contem- porary formation with that of Steeple Ashton ; 160 TURRITELLA TAB cingenda CCCCXCIX—Jig Spec Char Subulate, transversely striated ; sides of the whorls rather concave, upon their lower edges is a crenated band HE upper part of the spire ribs or waves are gradually is lost slightly ribbed, but the ; the striae are fine and impressed, they are closer in the middle of each whorl the base is flat with a round (and in the young shell, cre- nated) edge, which produces the band around the spire Found in shaley Clay in Robinhood's Bay near Scar- borough, by Mr Bean, who has kindly lent us a number of interesting fossils from that neighbourhood 161 AMMONITES Humphriesiauus TAB D,—Jig Spec Char Discoid^ thick^ radiated, inner whorls exposed front rounded, radii large, numerous, ; rising into a tubercle where they branch on each side the whorl, into three aperture arched, ; oblons: C/OMPOSED of about or whorls, which are almost wholly exposed, more especially the outer ones radii are straight, gradually rising bercle, which and side, in the inner ones rates the turns : is is towards a conical tu- whorls occupies about the in the outer middle of each the ; distant from the suture, but placed close to the suture that sepa- the inner whorls have a front than the outer, whence much flatter their sections are quadran- gular, whilst the aperture of a large shell is almost lu- nate The two specimens figured of this the stock of Mr George Humphries Sherborne^ and appear to ferior Oolite: the larger They were marked come from the Ironshot or one is only a polished half same species occurs abundantly of a brighter colour Ammonite are from at Bayeux in in- The Normandy 162 AMMONITES TAB Spec Char contractus D.—Jig.2 Subglobose, umbilicatedj radiated; radii rising into tubercles upon the border of the umbilicus, then dividing into three or four branches that pass over the much rounded front ; aperture oblong, arched A SPECIES ornamented exactly like the last, but so glo- bose that the inner whorls are almost concealed, the sides of the shell appearing as if contracted together to form a deep umbilicus Found at Dundry now : in the collection of the Rev Dr Beeke, whose favours we have before had several occasions to acknowledge AMMONITES TAB Spec Char cealed ; Listen DL—Jig Subdiscoid, inner whorls partly confront convex, broad, crossed rous small ribs ; ribs terminated Syn Conch Naut by nume- sides inversely conical, ribbed; by tubercles Ammonites Listeri Martin, Pet.Derh,PL3b,f.S HIS elegant fossil is a miniature representation of A Blagdeni (tab 201) its thickness almost equals its diameter, which seldom exceeds an inch and a half: at : rather distant intervals annular depressions are to be observed upon the cast of the inside, which indicate that the edge of the aperture was thickened at certain periods of its growth Martin says found in most of the Limestone Eyem and Middleton have received it from a stratum of Shale belonging to the Coal series, and referred by Mr Farey to his third Coal * it occurs in nodules of either Limestone or Iron-pyrites In the latter substance it often happens that only casts of the outside remain, consisting of two spirally ornamented cones placed with their apices nearly in contact: such are represented in British Mineralogy (tab 455), and probably came from Whitley-wood mine near Sheffield The specimens now figured are those this shell is tracts in his vicinity, particularly near We : * See Derbyshire Report, p 214 164 which the Rev Mr Steinhauer collected, along with Pecten papyraceus * (tab 354), about two miles and a half north of Halifax, on the road to Bradford, where the Limestone balls are sufficiently abundant to repay the expense of burning The stratum of Shale that contains them extends northward beyond Bradford to Idle, in the neighbourhood of Calverly and Farsley near Horseforth The stratum may be thus traced from Middleton expect at some to near Leeds, and perhaps further future period to see an account of this district from the pen of E S George, Esq., who has examined it particularly, and traced the Pecten papyraceus (that seems to We accompany Am Listeri) through a long course AMMONITES longispinus TAB Bl.~fig Spec Char Discoid, thick, with two concentric rows of spines upon each side ; whorls few, half exposed, front round A NEAiiLY plain shell, consisting of two or three whorls with long spiniform tubercles on each side : the aperture would be orbicular were it not rather deeply indented by the preceding whorl the greatest length of the aperture is about 3-5ths of the diameter of the shell Found near Weymouth A considerable portion of the pearly shell remains mingled with sparry Carbonate of Lime, and filled with indurated Marl, and a little Iron; pyrites * Anomia Pecten Lister, 6r;rte/ Anim Angl.243 3342 Pectinitesraembranaceus, &c t f 49 ;; 165 TEREBBATULA lata TAB DIL—Jig I Spec Char Transversely oblong, convex^ regularly plaited flattest, r ORTY ; front elevated ; the perforated valve with a produced beak ; plaits 40 regular neat plaits, ten or twelve of which are raised with the front, cover the surface of this pretty Terebratula ; it would be twice as wide as long were not the beak produced beyond that proportion We have specimens, through Found in the green Sand the kindness ofMrs Gent, from the Devizes Canal ofC and of H H Goodhall, Esq., from Farringdon in Berkshire the one from the last place is coloured with ochre, and empty the others are nearly white, and filled with stone W Loscombe, Esq., from near Sidmouth ; ; : TEREBRATULA depressa TAB Dlh—Jig Spec Char Triangular, depressed, regularly plait- ed front elevated ; beaks produced When shell is so lateral angles rounded plaits 20 ; young that the almost orbicular ; ; front in is hardly elevated, this which circumstance it differs from the last, the proportions of which not vary much by age the plaits are sharp, about eight of them are : raised with the front Found at Farringdon by H H Goodhall, Esq 166 TEREBRATULA nuciformis TAB Dlh—fig Transversely oblong, globose, regu- Spec Char larly plaited plaits 30^ ; front elevated ; beak produced ; rounded Smaller than a hazel-nut The edges of the plaits are rounded, and near the front often have a sunk line upon them The specimens being empty, show the arched processes from the hinge neatly preserved Found near Farringdon by Mr Sowerby in 1809, in a pit called a gravel pit rendered remarkable by a great number of cup-shaped fossils, which Mr S proposed to call Spongia pezizoides (see Brit Mineralogy, tab 48^, ^nd Linn Trans, x 405) TEREBRATULA acuta TAB DIL—/g-.4 Spec Char Transversely oblong, gibbose, largeelevated with plaits, of which the lateral ones are the largest; beak' slightly ly plaited; front produced ; plaits 20, sharp HE strong resemblance of this to the others before us very striking ; but the sharpness of the plaits, and the size of those especially that bound the elevated front, although variable, will distinguish it; the beak is also smaller and more curved Presented by Miss E Warne, who obtained a good series from ochraceous Limestone at Cleeve Hill near is Cheltenham in 1820 ; 167 TEREBRATULA plicatella TAB Dill.—Jig Spec Char Subglobose^ rather square, plaited front elevated long* beak ; a broad ob- small, with concave space on each side plaits 40, ; rounded EN or twelve of the front ; with the plaits rise gradually the descending sides are rather straight, which, with the flattish spaces on each whole a squarish outline : side of the beak, give the the plaits are often branched near the beaks, so that they were less numerous in the young shell Upon Methodique plate 244 of the Encycl (fig 2) is represented a Terebratula * that much resembles the one before us; but it in this respect much has a more less number of plaits, and like the following : is they all have the remarkable space on the sides of the beaks The cabinet of H T De with this probably scarce la Beche, Esq fossil : it is is enriched from the inferior Oolite at Chideock near Bridport * Lamarck Hist Nat tetraedra, considering t it vi Part 83, / 4, which he also quotes shell I 253, refers to the same as T tetraedra of ; but which is this as T Min Con a totally different 168 TEREBRATULA TAB Dili serrata —/g Spec Char Rounded^ triangular, convex with a blunt margin, largely plaited a large nearly flat ; beak small, with space on each side of plaits sharp, about 11^ of which are a it ; little raised in the front This is raore depressed than the shell above referred to in the Encyclopedic, Can it be a young at but in other respects much like individual of the same species From the same collection as the last Lyme Regis : it ? found in Lyas INDEX TO VOL V ' INDEX TO VOL 479/ Nautilus biangulatus 458/ cariniferus 482/ 3&4 expansus 458/ globatus 481 muUicarinafus482/ 1&2 Nerita aperta 424/ 2, \ 126 463 /•.5&6 94 Natica sifjarelina 3&4f cosfata globosa antiquata ilbfA claviformis 476'/.2 impressa 475/ Lacryma 476/ bisulcatus 129 129 distans lineatus mucronata 476/.4 118 119 118 119 120 Ovum US Palmae 117 117 81 , 476/ 475/ variabilis 475/ Orthoceraparadoxica457 Ostrea costata 488/ 143 dorsata 489/ 1&2 144 143 488/ Iffiviuscula macroptera 468/.2&3 105 143 obscura 488/2 144 seraiplana 489/ 105 468/ solitaria 124 478 Ovula Leatbesi 134 484/ Patella ancyloides 133 484/ lata 134 484/3 Nanus Pectunculus bre- ) ^-g n ^ j 472/5 472/6 472/2 472/4 minimus oblongus scalaris sublaevis variabilis 12 •' \irostris $ Pileolus laevis plicatus Plicatula inflata pectinoides 432/5—8 Product a depressa 459/3 fimbriata plicatilis 432/ 1—4 409/2 409/ pressaj Saxicava rugosa 459/ 459/2 Pyrula Greenwoodii 498 Sanguinolariacom-7 go 114 114 113 112 Hi 474 umbonatus 472/3 Perna quadrata 492 113 149 43 43 86 85 85 157 gj 101 494/1&2 152 90 461/ 152 494/3 493/ 1&2 151 89 461/ rotundatus Tellinainaequalis 456 f.2 striatula Terebratula acu- ? 456/ ^q^ fiS S minata^^^^&4 502/4 acuta biplicata bucculenta bullata cordiformis 80 79 153 166 437/.2&3 53 438/2 435/ 495/ 446/4 54 49 154 66 cornuta 165 depressa 502/2 elongata 435/ 1&2 49 50 435 emarginata 51 globata 436/ indentata 446/ 2&3 66 445/2 502/1 436/4 lata maxillata / hastata nuciformis obesa obtusa perovalis platiloba plicatella reniform^s Sacculus Sella serrata sphjeroidalis triquetra 52 155 496/ 1—4 154 65 446/ 53 437/1 168 503/2 49 435/3 445/ Trigonia(Lyridon ?n^gj elongataj Turbo conicus 433/1 rotundatus 65 165 166 502/3 54 438/1 53 437/4 436/ 2&3 51 496/ 5&6 155 167 503/ Pugnus 497 433/ 65 gg 45 45 159 Turritellacingenda 499/ muricata 499/ 1&2 159 Venericardia cha-)^Qof 145 l •' maeformisj 145 orbicularis 490/2 scalaris 146 490/3 26 Venus elegans 422/3 lineolata 422/2 pectinifera 422/ transversa 422 I Volvaria acutiuscula 487 466 493/ 3,|,.51 4"&5 cuspidatus o-^ "^^ Page Tab Spirifer attenuatus 84 130 83 29 424/ minuta 463 /.3&4 93 93 1&2 spirata 463/ 120 Nucula angulata 476/ V Page Tab / 25 26 25 142 : CORRECTIONS AND OBSERVATIONS Page 4, note, /or besuperseded, read be superseded 5, line 3, after curved, add depressed 22, last line but 3, for catena, read Catena 26, line 23, for pectenifera, read pectinifera 31, last line but I, for comprehended, read combined 32, after the name, add Tab CCCCXXV — The specific name of ANOMIAs