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Fluid mechanics for engineers in si units global edtion by david chin Fluid mechanics for engineers in si units global edtion by david chin Fluid mechanics for engineers in si units global edtion by david chin Fluid mechanics for engineers in si units global edtion by david chin Fluid mechanics for engineers in si units global edtion by david chin Fluid mechanics for engineers in si units global edtion by david chin Fluid mechanics for engineers in si units global edtion by david chin
FLUID MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS IN SI UNITS DAVID A CHIN University of Miami 330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 10013 Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J Horton Executive Editor: Holly Stark Field Marketing Manager: Demetrius Hall Senior Product Marketing Manager: Bram van Kempen Marketing Assistant: Jon Bryant Editorial Assistant: Amanda Brands Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Sourabh Maheshwari Senior Managing Editor: Scott Disanno Production Project Manager: Greg Dulles Assistant Project Editor, Global Edition: Vikash Tiwari Senior Manufacturing Controller, Global Edition: Kay Holman Program Manager: Erin Ault Media Production Manager, Global Edition: Vikram Kumar Director of Operations: Nick Sklitsis Operations Specialist: Maura Zaldivar-Garcia Cover Designer: Lumina Datamatics Cover Photo: © bankerwin/Shutterstock.com Manager, Rights and Permissions: Rachel Youdelman Senior Project Manager, Rights and Permissions: Timothy Nicholls Composition: GEX Publishing Services Typeface: 10.5pt Times LT Pro Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book These efforts include the development, research, and testing of theories and programs to determine their effectiveness The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc., Apple Hill Drive, Natick, MA 01760-2098 Pearson Education Limited KAO Two KAO Park Harlow CM17 9NA United Kingdom and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2018 The rights of David A Chin to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Fluid Mechanics for Engineers, First Edition, ISBN 978-0-13-380312-9, by David A Chin, published by Pearson Education © 2017 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 Typeset by GEX Publishing Services Printed and bound in Malaysia ISBN 10: 1-292-16104-3 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-16104-4 To Stephanie and Andrew “Wherever there is a human being, there is an opportunity for a kindness.” Seneca Contents Preface 11 Chapter Properties of Fluids 1.1 Introduction 17 17 1.1.1 Nomenclature 19 1.1.2 Dimensions and Units 20 1.1.3 Basic Concepts of Fluid Flow 1.2 Density 26 27 1.3 Compressibility 1.4 Ideal Gases 32 36 1.4.1 Equation of State 36 1.4.2 Mixtures of Ideal Gases 37 1.4.3 Thermodynamic Properties 39 1.4.4 Speed of Sound in an Ideal Gas 1.5 Standard Atmosphere 1.6 Viscosity 44 44 46 1.6.1 Newtonian Fluids 46 1.6.2 Non-Newtonian Fluids 1.7 Surface Tension 55 1.8 Vapor Pressure 61 53 1.8.1 Evaporation, Transpiration, and Relative Humidity 1.8.2 Cavitation and Boiling 1.9 Thermodynamic Properties of Liquids 1.9.1 Specific Heat 1.9.2 Latent Heat 67 67 68 1.10 Summary of Properties of Water and Air Key Equations in Properties of Fluids Problems Chapter 70 72 Fluid Statics 2.1 Introduction 87 87 2.2 Pressure Distribution in Static Fluids 2.2.1 Characteristics of Pressure 2.2.2 Spatial Variation in Pressure 2.2.3 Practical Applications 89 101 101 2.3.2 Bourdon Gauge 103 2.3.3 Pressure Transducer 2.3.4 Manometer 88 92 2.3 Pressure Measurements 2.3.1 Barometer 63 64 104 105 2.4 Forces on Plane Surfaces 2.5 Forces on Curved Surfaces 110 120 88 69 Contents 2.6 Buoyancy 127 2.6.1 Fully Submerged Bodies 127 2.6.2 Partially Submerged Bodies 132 2.6.3 Buoyancy Effects Within Fluids 2.7 Rigid-Body Motion of Fluids 138 139 2.7.1 Liquid with Constant Acceleration 2.7.2 Liquid in a Rotating Container Key Equations in Fluid Statics Problems Chapter 141 145 148 150 Kinematics and Streamline Dynamics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Kinematics 177 178 3.2.1 Tracking the Movement of Fluid Particles 3.2.2 The Material Derivative 3.2.3 Flow Rates 181 188 190 3.3 Dynamics of Flow along a Streamline 192 3.4 Applications of the Bernoulli Equation 202 3.4.1 Flow through Orifices 3.4.2 Flow Measurement 203 209 3.4.3 Trajectory of a Liquid Jet 3.4.4 Compressibility Effects 3.4.5 Viscous Effects 214 216 218 3.4.6 Branching Conduits 220 3.5 Curved Flows and Vortices 3.5.1 Forced Vortices 3.5.2 Free Vortices 222 223 226 Key Equations in Kinematics and Streamline Dynamics Problems Chapter 177 232 Finite Control Volume Analysis 4.1 Introduction 256 256 4.2 Reynolds Transport Theorem 4.3 Conservation of Mass 4.3.1 Closed Conduits 257 259 263 4.3.2 Free Discharges from Reservoirs 4.3.3 Moving Control Volumes 265 267 4.4 Conservation of Linear Momentum 4.4.1 General Momentum Equations 4.4.2 Forces on Pressure Conduits 269 273 4.4.3 Forces on Deflectors and Blades 281 4.4.4 Forces on Moving Control Volumes 4.4.5 Wind Turbines 4.4.6 Reaction of a Jet 268 282 288 293 4.4.7 Jet Engines and Rockets 296 4.5 Angular Momentum Principle 4.6 Conservation of Energy 298 307 4.6.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics 308 229 Contents 4.6.2 Steady-State Energy Equation 309 4.6.3 Unsteady-State Energy Equation 320 Key Equations in Finite Control Volume Analysis Problems Chapter 323 327 Differential Analysis 5.1 Introduction 357 5.2 Kinematics 358 5.2.1 Translation 5.2.2 Rotation 357 358 360 5.2.3 Angular Deformation 363 5.2.4 Linear Deformation 363 5.3 Conservation of Mass 5.3.1 Continuity Equation 365 365 5.3.2 The Stream Function 372 5.4 Conservation of Momentum 5.4.1 General Equation 375 376 5.4.2 Navier–Stokes Equation 379 5.4.3 Nondimensional Navier–Stokes Equation 381 5.5 Solutions of the Navier–Stokes Equation 385 5.5.1 Steady Laminar Flow Between Stationary Parallel Plates 5.5.2 Steady Laminar Flow Between Moving Parallel Plates 385 388 5.5.3 Steady Laminar Flow Adjacent to Moving Vertical Plate 5.5.4 Steady Laminar Flow Through a Circular Tube 5.5.5 Steady Laminar Flow Through an Annulus 396 5.5.6 Steady Laminar Flow Between Rotating Cylinders 5.6 Inviscid Flow 399 402 5.6.1 Bernoulli Equation for Steady Inviscid Flow 404 5.6.2 Bernoulli Equation for Steady Irrotational Inviscid Flow 5.6.3 Velocity Potential 411 5.7 Fundamental and Composite Potential Flows 5.7.1 Principle of Superposition 415 417 5.7.3 Line Source/Sink Flow 5.7.4 Line Vortex Flow 418 421 5.7.5 Spiral Flow Toward a Sink 5.7.6 Doublet Flow 424 426 5.7.7 Flow Around a Half-Body 5.7.8 Rankine Oval 428 433 5.7.9 Flow Around a Circular Cylinder 5.8 Turbulent Flow 437 441 5.8.1 Occurrence of Turbulence 5.8.2 Turbulent Shear Stress 443 443 5.8.3 Mean Steady Turbulent Flow 5.9 Conservation of Energy 445 446 Key Equations in Differential Analysis of Fluid Flows Problems 455 407 409 5.6.4 Two-Dimensional Potential Flows 5.7.2 Uniform Flow 391 394 449 415 Contents Chapter Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 6.1 Introduction 477 477 6.2 Dimensions in Equations 6.3 Dimensional Analysis 477 481 6.3.1 Conventional Method of Repeating Variables 6.3.2 Alternative Method of Repeating Variables 6.3.3 Method of Inspection 483 486 487 6.4 Dimensionless Groups as Force Ratios 488 6.5 Dimensionless Groups in Other Applications 6.6 Modeling and Similitude 494 Key Equations for Dimensional Analysis and Similitude Problems Chapter 493 506 507 Flow in Closed Conduits 7.1 Introduction 525 525 7.2 Steady Incompressible Flow 526 7.3 Friction Effects in Laminar Flow 532 7.4 Friction Effects in Turbulent Flow 7.5 Practical Applications 536 544 7.5.1 Estimation of Pressure Changes 544 7.5.2 Estimation of Flow Rate for a Given Head Loss 546 7.5.3 Estimation of Diameter for a Given Flow Rate and Head Loss 7.5.4 Head Losses in Noncircular Conduits 7.5.5 Empirical Friction Loss Formulas 7.5.6 Local Head Losses 549 552 7.5.7 Pipelines with Pumps or Turbines 7.6 Water Hammer 559 560 7.7 Pipe Networks 565 7.7.1 Nodal Method 566 7.7.2 Loop Method 568 7.8 Building Water Supply Systems 7.8.1 Specification of Design Flows 573 574 7.8.2 Specification of Minimum Pressures 7.8.3 Determination of Pipe Diameters Key Equations for Flow in Closed Conduits Problems Chapter 548 574 576 583 587 Turbomachines 8.1 Introduction 608 608 8.2 Mechanics of Turbomachines 609 8.3 Hydraulic Pumps and Pumped Systems 8.3.1 Flow Through Centrifugal Pumps 8.3.2 Efficiency 621 8.3.3 Dimensional Analysis 8.3.4 Specific Speed 622 626 8.3.5 Performance Curves 8.3.6 System Characteristics 630 632 616 614 547 Contents 8.3.7 Limits on Pump Location 635 8.3.8 Multiple Pump Systems 640 8.3.9 Variable-Speed Pumps 642 8.4 Fans 644 8.4.1 Performance Characteristics of Fans 8.4.2 Affinity Laws of Fans 8.4.3 Specific Speed 644 645 646 8.5 Hydraulic Turbines and Hydropower 8.5.1 Impulse Turbines 8.5.2 Reaction Turbines 654 8.5.3 Practical Considerations 658 Key Equations for Turbomachines Problems Chapter 648 648 664 668 Flow in Open Channels 9.1 Introduction 693 693 9.2 Basic Principles 694 9.2.1 Steady-State Continuity Equation 694 9.2.2 Steady-State Momentum Equation 9.2.3 Steady-State Energy Equation 9.3 Water Surface Profiles 9.3.1 Profile Equation 694 711 724 724 9.3.2 Classification of Water Surface Profiles 9.3.3 Hydraulic Jump 725 731 9.3.4 Computation of Water Surface Profiles Key Equations in Open-Channel Flow Problems 737 746 749 Chapter 10 Drag and Lift 759 10.1 Introduction 759 10.2 Fundamentals 760 10.2.1 Friction and Pressure Drag 10.2.2 Drag and Lift Coefficients 10.2.3 Flow over Flat Surfaces 762 762 765 10.2.4 Flow over Curved Surfaces 767 10.3 Estimation of Drag Coefficients 10.3.1 Drag on Flat Surfaces 10.3.2 Drag on Spheres and Cylinders 10.3.3 Drag on Vehicles 10.3.4 Drag on Ships 770 770 774 781 784 10.3.5 Drag on Two-Dimensional Bodies 785 10.3.6 Drag on Three-Dimensional Bodies 10.3.7 Drag on Composite Bodies 10.3.8 Drag on Miscellaneous Bodies 10.3.9 Added Mass 786 786 789 790 10.4 Estimation of Lift Coefficients 10.4.1 Lift on Airfoils 791 10.4.2 Lift on Airplanes 794 10.4.3 Lift on Hydrofoils 799 791 Contents 10.4.4 Lift on a Spinning Sphere in Uniform Flow Key Equations for Drag and Lift Problems 800 803 806 Chapter 11 Boundary-Layer Flow 11.1 Introduction 827 827 11.2 Laminar Boundary Layers 829 11.2.1 Blasius Solution for Plane Surfaces 829 11.2.2 Blasius Equations for Curved Surfaces 11.3 Turbulent Boundary Layers 11.3.1 Analytic Formulation 834 836 836 11.3.2 Turbulent Boundary Layer on a Flat Surface 837 11.3.3 Boundary-Layer Thickness and Shear Stress 11.4 Applications 844 845 11.4.1 Displacement Thickness 845 11.4.2 Momentum Thickness 849 11.4.3 Momentum Integral Equation 850 11.4.4 General Formulations for Self-Similar Velocity Profiles 854 11.5 Mixing-Length Theory of Turbulent Boundary Layers 11.5.1 Smooth Flow 11.5.2 Rough Flow 857 11.5.3 Velocity-Defect Law 858 11.5.4 One-Seventh Power Law Distribution 859 11.6 Boundary Layers in Closed Conduits 11.6.1 Smooth Flow in Pipes 11.6.2 Rough Flow in Pipes 859 860 861 11.6.3 Notable Contributors to Understanding Flow in Pipes Key Equations for Boundary-Layer Flow Problems 856 856 862 863 867 Chapter 12 Compressible Flow 12.1 Introduction 884 884 12.2 Principles of Thermodynamics 12.3 The Speed of Sound 885 891 12.4 Thermodynamic Reference Conditions 12.4.1 Isentropic Stagnation Condition 12.4.2 Isentropic Critical Condition 898 898 903 12.5 Basic Equations of One-Dimensional Compressible Flow 12.6 Steady One-Dimensional Isentropic Flow 12.6.1 Effect of Area Variation 12.6.2 Choked Condition 907 907 908 12.6.3 Flow in Nozzles and Diffusers 12.7 Normal Shocks 905 910 923 12.8 Steady One-Dimensional Non-Isentropic Flow 12.8.1 Adiabatic Flow with Friction 12.8.2 Isothermal Flow with Friction 12.8.3 Diabatic Frictionless Flow 935 936 949 951 12.8.4 Application of Fanno and Rayleigh Relations to Normal Shocks 957 www.downloadslide.net 1042 Index streamline, 177, 178 streamline coordinate system, 187 streamline dynamics applications of Bernoulli equation, 202–222 curved flows and vortices, 222–228 described, 178 dynamics of flow along streamlines, 192–202 introduction to, 177–178 key equations in, 229–231 kinematics, 178–192 problems, 232–255 streamlined bodies, 768–769 streamlines described, 183–184 dynamics along, 192–202 and equipotential lines for line source (fig.), 420 pressure distribution normal to, 199–201 streamlining, 768–769 streamtube, 185, 288 strength of the shock, 926 stress, shear and normal, 18 Strickler coefficient, 703n Strickler equation, 703 stroke, 51 strong shocks, 967 Strouhal number, 382, 504 struts, flow around, 431 stunt planes, 793 subcritical, 716 submarines, 199, 485, 486, 790 subsonic flows, 891 substance amount, fundamental dimensions and units (table), 20 substantial derivative, 189 suction head, 635 suction lift, 635 suction side, 66 suction specific speed, 636 supercavitating torpedoes, 67 supercritical, 716 supersonic diffusers, 910 supersonic flows, 891 supersonic nozzles, 910, 911–912 surface stress components on substance (fig.), 18 surface tension described, 55 of fluids, 55–61 key equations in properties of fluids, 71 on pressure head, 94–95 surfaces hydrostatic forces on curved, 120–126 hydrostatic forces on plane, 110–120 surface-wave propagation, 709–710 surface-wave resistance, 502 surfactants, 57 surge relief valves, 565 surge tanks, 565 Sutherland equation, 52 Swamee-Jain equation, 540–541, 544, 637 swimming pools, 206–207 swing check valves, 557 symmetrical airfoil, 791 synchronous speed, 628–629 system curve, 633, 638 Système International d’Unitès (SI system) described, 20 SI units, 22–23 systems closed, 39 described, 257 pump, 640 pumped, 614–643 T tailrace, 656 tanker trucks transporting liquids, 142–144 Taylor number, 401 Taylor vortices, 401 Taylor-Couette flow, 401 temperature boiling caused by rise of, 64–65 critical, 56 fundamental dimensions and units (table), 20 kelvin (K) and Celsius (°C), 22 lapse rate, 98 Rankine (°R) and Fahrenheit (°F), 23 and vapor pressure, 61–62 tension, surface See surface tension terminal velocity, 778, 780 testing of model vehicles, 501 thermal conductivity, 447 thermal energy, 308, 885 thermodynamic principles, 885–890 thermodynamic properties described, 27 of fluids, 39–41 thermodynamic reference conditions, compressible flows thermodynamics, 885 thermohydrometers, 133 thermosphere, 45 thickness displacement, 845–847 momentum, 849–850 thixotropic fluids, 54 threshold of hearing, 891 throat, 908, 912 www.downloadslide.net Index 1043 throat section, 908, 917 throat section of Venturi meters, 212 thrust breakdown, 66 thrust force, 296 tilt, tilting, 129 time fundamental dimensions and units (table), 20 USCS units, 23 tip vortices, 65, 796 Tollmien-Schlichting theory, 441 tornados, 422–423, 424, 425–426 torque, 300 torr, 102 Torricellian vacuum, 102 Torricelli’s equation, 204 Torricelli’s formula, 204 total density, 900 total dynamic head (TDH), 621 total enthalpy, 936 total head, 313 total mechanical energy, 313 total pressure, 900 total temperature, 900, 936 tractor-trailers, 781–782, 783–784 trailing edge, 791 trailing vortices, 796 trajectories of liquid jets, 214–215 transducers in hydrologic applications, 105 transition regime, 828 transition region, 771 transitional flows, 699, 700 translation, 358 transonic flows, 891 transpiration, evaporation, and relative humidity, 63–64 traveling cavitation, 66 troposphere, 45, 98–99 truncated nozzles, 915 T-s curve, 936 T-s diagrams, 936 tube turbines, 655 tubes, 525 turbines, 304–306, 317, 559–560 See also specific type commonalities with pumps, 613 described, 608 hydroturbines See hydroturbines mechanics of, 612–613 performance curves for, 658 turbojet engines, 296 turbomachines See also pumps, turbines characteristics of, 609 described, 608 fans, 644–647 hydraulic pumps, pumped systems, 614–644 hydraulic turbines, hydropower, 648–663 introduction to, 608–609 key equations, 664–667 mechanics of, 609–614 problems, 668–692 turbopumps, 608 turbulence, 441 turbulence intensity, 445 turbulence ratio, 292 turbulent boundary layers, 836–845 turbulent flows, 27, 178 differential analysis, 441–446 friction effects in, 536–543 smooth, transitional, rough, 699 turbulent regime, 828 turbulent shear stress, 443–445 turbulent viscosity, 445 turning angle, 962 two-dimensional potential flows, 411–415 type number, 627 Typhoon Neoguri, 423 U ultrasonic cleaning, 67 underexpanded, 921 uniform flows, 417–418, 693, 697 unit conversion, multiplicative factors for (table), 1002 units conversion between, 24 described, 20, 477–478 fundamental (table), 20 SI derived units (table), 22 SI system of, 481 units and conversion factors, 999–1001 universal gas constant, 36 unsteady, 693 unsteady-state energy equation, 320–322 upper surface, 791 U.S Customary System (USCS), 20–21 U-tube and inclined-tube manometers, 106–110 V vacuum gauges, 104 vacuum pressure, 92 vacuums, Torricellian, 102 valve closure, water hammer caused by sudden, 563–564 vanes, 281, 609 vapor pressure fluid, 61–64 key equations in properties of fluids, 71 vapors www.downloadslide.net 1044 Index density, 36 described, 19 variables, method of repeating, 483–485 variable-speed pumps, 642–644 varied, 693 vector notation and fluid motion, 180 vehicles, drag on, 781–784 velocity, 179 distribution, 261 free-stream, 830 friction, 838 terminal, 778 velocity defect region, 858 velocity distribution, 707–708 velocity equation, 779 velocity field, 179 velocity head, 313 velocity of whirl, 610 velocity potential, 409 velocity potential function, 409 velocity shear, 441 velocity-defect law, 858–859 vena contracta, 204, 208 Venturi meters, 212 Venturi nozzles, 917 vertically stable, 134 vibratory cavitation, 65 virtual mass, 790 viscoelastic, 54 viscosity of fluids, 46–54 key equations in properties of fluids, 71 viscous dissipation function, 448 viscous effects, 218–220 viscous flows, 27 viscous layer, 837 Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), 423 volatility described, 62 saturated vapor pressure and, 62 volume and Avogadro’s law, 36 physical appreciation of magnitudes, 25 specific, 30 volume flow rate, 25, 190–191, 263 volume modulus of elasticity, 32 volumes, properties of, 1009–1012 volumetric dilatation rate, 364 volumetric strain rate, 364 volute of pumps, 614 von Kármán constant, 856 vortex cavitation, 65 vortex shedding, 769 vortices and curved flows, 222–228 described, 769 forced, 223–226 free, 226–228 vorticity, 361 W wake instability, 775–776 wakes, 197, 768 wall, 837 wall layer, 837 wall region, 837 wall shear stress, 761 wall-friction head loss, 219 wasted heat, 888 water building water supply systems, 573–582 in cistern (fig.), 266 density, 27–28 physical properties (table), 1003 saturated vapor pressure of, 63 speed of sound in, 893–894 summary of properties of (table), 69 viscosity, 47 water fountains, 215 water hammer described, 33, 560, 561 governing equations, 562–565 water hammer pressure, 561 water horsepower, 617 water jets, 283–284, 285–286 water pumps, 226, 303–304 water supply fixture units (WSFU), 574, 575 water supply systems building, 573 design flow specifications, 574 design problem, 573–574 minimum pressure specifications, 574–576 pipe diameter determination, 576–582 water surface profiles, 724–745 waterline area, 135 wave angle, 962 wave-making drag, 784 waves, See specific wave type weak shocks, 967 Weber number, 489 wedge angle, 962 weight density of fluids, 29–30 weight flow rate, 191 Weisbach, Julius, 529n wetted area, 763 wetting angle, 58 www.downloadslide.net Index 1045 wheel efficiency, 650 whirl direction, 610 wicket gates, 654 wicking, 59 wide channels, 707 wind farms, 290, 291 wind force, 498–499 wind power density, 290–291 wind tunnels, 498 wind turbines, 288–293, 504, 609, 648 windmills, 609 wing loading, 794 winglets, 796 wingspan, 794 Y yaw axis, 760–761 yaw moments, 760–761 yield stress, 53 Z zero-pressure points, 438 zone of action, 895 zone of silence, 895 www.downloadslide.net This page intentionally left blank www.downloadslide.net This page intentionally left blank www.downloadslide.net This page intentionally left blank www.downloadslide.net This page intentionally left blank www.downloadslide.net This page intentionally left blank www.downloadslide.net This page intentionally left blank www.downloadslide.net This page intentionally left blank www.downloadslide.net This page intentionally left blank www.downloadslide.net This page intentionally left blank www.downloadslide.net * *At standard sea-level atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa * *At 20oC and at standard sea-level atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa unless otherwise noted www.downloadslide.net * *At standard sea-level atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa * † *At 20oC and at standard sea-level atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa unless otherwise noted † Propane has a saturation vapor pressure of 853.16 kPa at 21.1oC ... Mastering EngineeringTM The content of a first course in fluid mechanics This is a textbook for a first course in fluid mechanics taken by engineering students The prerequisites for a course using... mechanics in the context of many engineering disciplines Also, having taken all of the graduate-level fluid mechanics courses in mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, civil engineering,... 1.1.3 Basic Concepts of Fluid Flow Fluid flows are influenced by a variety of forces, with the dominant forces usually including pressure forces, gravity forces, and drag forces caused by fluid