Making IT Governance Work in a Sarbanes-Oxley World JAAP BLOEM MENNO VAN DOORN PIYUSH MITTAL John Wiley & Sons, Inc Making IT Governance Work in a Sarbanes-Oxley World ‘Man is an animal that overestimates itself’ —John Gray, Professor of European Thought, Government Dept., London School of Economics Making IT Governance Work in a Sarbanes-Oxley World JAAP BLOEM MENNO VAN DOORN PIYUSH MITTAL John Wiley & Sons, Inc This book is printed on acid-free paper ∞ Copyright © 2006 by Sogeti Nederland B.V All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-646-8600, or on the web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, 201-748-6011, fax 201-748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages For general information on our other products and services, or technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at 800-762-2974, outside the United States at 317-572-3993 or fax 317-572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books For more information about Wiley products, visit our Web site at http://www.wiley.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Bloem, Jaap, 1957Making IT governance work in a Sarbanes-Oxley world / Jaap Bloem, Menno van Doorn, Piyush Mittal p cm Includes index ISBN-13: 978-0-471-74359-0 (cloth) ISBN-10: 0-471-74359-3 (cloth) Information technology—Management Corporate governance —United States Corporations—Accounting—Law and legislation —United States I Doorn, Menno van, 1964- II Title HD30.2.B564 2005 658.4’038—dc22 2005016636 Printed in the United States of America 10 Contents FOREWORD PREFACE ix xi PART ONE Management: Governance and Its Human Dimension CHAPTER Types of Governance, Business Performance, and Common Sense From the Separation of Powers to Sarbanes-Oxley Corporate Governance Is Good Management Governance in Corporations: All about Business Performance Essentials of IT Governance Plain Common Sense CHAPTER Impact and Challenges of Betrayed Trust Progress and Its Crisis of Faith The Role of IT and the Internet The American President Intervenes Eight Challenges Plus the Millennium Problem Insight as the Basis of Realism 10 14 16 17 23 26 28 35 PART TWO Accountability: An Economic-Based Business Focus for IT 41 CHAPTER A Basis for IT Management 45 IT Measurement: Turning a Three-Leaf into a Four-Leaf Clover IT Is Infrastructure and E-Business 46 48 v vi CONTENTS Where Are We in Terms of the Micro- and Macro-Economics of E-Business? E-Business and the Shift from Decree to Dialogue The IT Democracy Not Dialogue but Babble Limits to the Babble, but Almost Any Governance Structure Will Do exT: Death of IT Keep It Simple, Stupid! Money Makes the World Go Round: Rapid Economic Justification and Total Economic Impact The Strategic Role of the CIO Strategic Focus and Alignment IT Governance: From Structures to Mechanisms and Techniques CHAPTER IT Portfolio Management What Is Involved in a Portfolio Approach? An IT Portfolio Approach in Practice IT Portfolio Management Begins with Outlines, Architecture, and Calculation Maturity and IT Portfolio Management Governance, Projects, Programs, and Performance The Portfolio Approach as an Aggregation of Balanced Scorecard, Activity-Based Costing, and Economic Value Added After 50 Years of Portfolio Thinking, IT’s Turn Has Come Thou Shalt Practice IT Portfolio Management Nine Initial Practical Lessons, Plus One Portfolio Management? By All Means, but CHAPTER Activity-Based Costing, Economic Value Added, and Applied Information Economics Charting Costs Hence ABC, but How? ABC: The Right Price and IT Real Economic Value and the ROI of IT Some Critical Remarks Applied Information Economics The Human Measure of Ambition and Limitations 53 57 59 61 63 68 72 76 79 85 87 91 93 95 98 104 108 111 115 123 126 131 137 138 143 150 153 158 161 164 Contents vii PART THREE Supervision: Stimulating Desirable Behavior 169 CHAPTER Take Action When Necessary 171 Desirable Behavior as a Blind Spot Economics of Governance Supervision: A Lot or a Little? Good Mores or Good Laws? Our Limitations Our Intentions Arguments and Misunderstandings Keep IT Governance Simple and Make Goals Apparent The Balance of Supervision and Intervention CHAPTER Leadership: Overseeing Change IT Governance and Leadership From Control to Distributed Leadership People No Longer Put up with Control Eight Leadership Roles Realists at the Helm Cooperation instead of Coercion No Prospects without Building Trust Management as Institutionalized Mistrust Back to IT Governance and Leadership Leadership and Language The Charisma and Leadership Paradox CHAPTER Issuing Rules Is Maintaining Supervision The Legislator as Supervisor The IT Management Reform Act of 1996 (Clinger-Cohen Act) Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002 (Sarbanes-Oxley) European Legislation: Comply or Explain A European Example: Dutch Legislation 172 174 176 178 179 182 184 185 186 190 191 193 197 203 206 207 210 212 214 215 216 220 221 223 227 229 231 258 APPENDIX B Tools have been standardized, using currently available techniques IT Balanced Business Scorecard ideas are being adopted It is, however, left to the individual to get training, to follow the standards, and to apply them Root cause analysis is only occasionally applied Most processes are monitored against some (baseline) metrics, but any deviation (mostly acted on by individual initiative) would probably remain undetected by management Nevertheless, overall accountability of key process performance is clear, and management is rewarded based on key performance measures MANAGED AND MEASURABLE There is full understanding of IT governance issues at all levels, supported by formal training There is a clear understanding of who the customer is, and responsibilities are defined and monitored through service-level agreements Responsibilities are clear, and process ownership has been established IT processes are aligned with the business and with the IT strategy Improvement in IT processes is based primarily on a quantitative understanding, and it is possible to monitor and measure compliance with procedures and process metrics All process stakeholders are aware of risks, the importance of IT, and the opportunities it can offer Management has defined tolerances under which processes must operate Action is taken in many (but not all) cases in which processes not appear to be working effectively or efficiently Processes are occasionally improved, and best internal practices are enforced Root cause analysis is being standardized Continuous improvement is beginning to be addressed Technology is being used, although on a limited, primarily tactical, level, based on mature techniques and enforced standard tools All required internal domain experts are involved IT governance is evolving into an enterprise-wide process IT governance activities are becoming integrated with the enterprise governance process OPTIMIZED There is advanced and forward-looking understanding of IT governance issues and solutions Training and communication are supported Appendix B 259 by leading-edge concepts and techniques Processes have been refined to a level of external best practice, based on the results of continuous improvement and maturity modeling with other organizations The implementation of these policies has led to an organization, to people, and to processes that are quick to adapt and fully support IT governance requirements All problems and deviations are analyzed by root cause, and efficient action is expediently identified and initiated IT is used in an extensive, integrated, and optimized manner to automate the workflow and provide tools to improve quality and effectiveness The risks and returns of the IT processes are defined, balanced, and communicated across the enterprise External experts are leveraged, and benchmarks are used for guidance Monitoring, self-assessment, and communication about governance expectations are pervasive within the organization, and the use of technology is optimal to support measurement, analysis, communication, and training Enterprise governance and IT governance are strategically linked, leveraging technology and human and financial resources to increase the competitive advantage of the enterprise APPENDIX C Ten Definitions of Corporate Governance in the European Member States* Corporate governance is the system by which companies are directed and controlled (Cadbury Report, United Kingdom) Corporate governance refers to the set of rules applicable to the direction and control of a company (Cardon Report, Belgium) Corporate governance is the organization of the administration and management of companies (Recommendations of the Federation of Belgian Companies) Corporate governance comprises the goals according to which a company is managed, as well as the major principles and frameworks that regulate the interactions among the company’s managerial bodies, the owners, and other parties who are directly influenced by the company’s dispositions and business (in this context jointly referred to as the company’s stakeholders) Stakeholders include employees, creditors, suppliers, customers, and the local community (Nørby Report & Recommendations, Denmark) *Source: Comparative Study of Corporate Governance Codes Relevant to the European Union and Its Member States (2002) www.usc.es/cde/a_Docs/ Comparat_Corp_Gov_Codes_UE.pdf; Corporate Governance in the ECE Region: www.unece.org/ead/pub/031/031_c4.pdf 260 Appendix C 261 Corporate governance describes the legal and factual regulatory framework for managing and supervising a company (Berlin Initiative Code, Preamble) Corporate governance, in the sense of the set of rules according to which firms are managed and controlled, is the result of norms, traditions, and patterns of behavior developed by each economic and legal system (Preda Report, Italy) The concept of corporate governance has been understood to mean a code of conduct for those associated with the company consisting of a set of rules for sound management and proper supervision and for a division of duties and responsibilities and powers effecting the satisfactory balance of influence of all the stakeholders (Peters Report, The Netherlands) Corporate governance is used to describe the system of rules and procedures employed in the conduct and control of listed companies (Securities Market Commission Recommendations, Portugal) Corporate governance involves a set of relationships among a company’s management, its board, its shareholders, and other stakeholders Corporate governance also provides the structure through which the objectives of the company are set and the means by which the attaining of those objectives and monitoring performance are determined (OECD Principles) 10 Corporate governance comprehends that structure of relationships and corresponding responsibilities among a core group consisting of shareholders, [supervisory] board members, and managers designed to best foster the competitive performance required to achieve the corporation’s primary objective (Millstein Report on the OECD) APPENDIX D KIMBIA, the Portfolio Model of Rabobank Nederland: Management/Business ICT Alignment Implementation Chains Management (Monitoring and Processing Management) Analysis for Programs Strategy Generation Quick Scan preliminary research Overall Architecture Developmental Activities EXHIBIT D.1 Management) 262 Designs for Projects Realization of Projects Implementation of Projects BVP / PPM Service Level Agreement Final report for the project Feedback report Trial run Delivery and quality tests Method plan implementation Communication plan Measurement plan Progress reports Product adjustment request form Method plan Business case program plan Strategic framework Multi year vision Annual plans AVB/source of assignments Program portfolio Board of Directors Customer Business Program Manager Business Project Manager Capitalization, Exploitation, Administration, and Banking Operations Domain architecture Domain Architectures Process architecture Overall IT-architecture Migration direction ABB Architecture Evaluation Volume Activities Activities Track Monitoring and Process Targeting Architecture Track Common Harmonization KIMBIA Definitions of Management (Monitoring and Process Appendix D ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 263 Strategy: A strategy consists of all the policy intentions that direct the development of the Rabobank group and/or its divisions ● Concrete objectives (SMART) are established for these policy intentions ● The latter are realized by portfolios constituting a cohesive whole comprising programs, projects, and regular (volume) activities Portfolio: A portfolio is a cohesive whole consisting of programs, projects, and volume activities that are meant to achieve and fulfill a formulated strategy or portion thereof A portfolio has a dynamic composition and can be adjusted in an ad hoc manner Domain: A domain is an interrelated collection of processes and/or functionalities that can be coherently organized There are two types of domains: Process domains: related business processes Application domains: interconnected ICT functionalities Program: A program is an interrelated collection of projects and supporting activities that are intended to achieve a formulated strategy or portion thereof ● A program is temporary and goal oriented ● Various disciplines are involved in realizing a program ● The activities (improvisations, routines, and so on) are undertaken to manage and execute the programs Project: A project is a coherent whole comprised of activities performed to achieve an unambiguous, preformulated result ● A project is limited and directed at a result ● A project consists of activities from several disciplines (marketing, HRM, Organization, ICT, and so on) ● A project is composed of phases and is approved on a phaseby-phase basis Index Aberdeen Group, IT spending forecast, 28 ABN-AMRO, 107, 227, 247 Accountability concepts/promises, 41 forms, 1–2 responsibility, 10 Accountants, 235 Accounting, dissemination, Action, implementation, 171 Activity-Based Budgeting (ABB), 142 Activity-based costing (ABC), 11, 43, 70, 137 advantages, 152 criticism, 158–161 implementation, 143–150 IT relationship, 150–153 portfolio approach, 111–115 price, 150–153 refinement/parameterization, 145–146 scenarios, 145–146 system, establishment, 139 usage, 75 examples, 151 value, underestimation, 142 Activity-Based Management (ABM), 142 Ahold scandal/problems, 179, 232 Alignment, 46 abandonment, 42 Ambition/limitations, human measure, 164–166 American CIO Council, 115 Americanization, 221–222 Annual Corporate Governance Statement, 230 Application architecture, 101 Applied information economics (AIE), 137, 138, 161–164 praise, 163–164 Arguments/specializations, 184–185 Arthur, W Brian, 80–82 Arthur Andersen, fanaticism, 21 Auditing, dissemination, Autonomic computing, 33–34 Babble, limits, 63–68 Balanced Scorecard (BSC), 88, 104, 138, 159 criticism, 159–160 development, 241 portfolio approach, 111–115 usage, 236 Barclays Bank, fanaticism, 21 Bartelsman, Eric, 54, 57 Behavior desire, blind spot, 172–174 factors, 170 importance, 243–247 stimulation, 169 Benko, Cathleen, 122 Betrayed trust, impact/challenges, 16 Blind faith, 16–17 Blind trust, 212–213 Blodget, Henry, 22 Bolkestein, Frits, 229 Booch/Jacobsen/Rumbaugh, software development paradox, 33 Bounded rationality, 182 Bovenberg, Lans, 57 Bricolage, 37, 199–200 Broadbent, Marianne, 42, 63–65, 75, 82–83 IT portfolio pyramid, 95 opinion, 81 265 266 Broker, 205 Business architecture, 101 IT integration, 106 motivation, 171–172 portfolios, 91 responsibility, 43 Business Control Models, 237 Business performance, 43 See also Corporate governance relationship, 10 types, Business process reengineering (BPR), 41, 48, 58 Business-Technology-OrganizationProcess People (BTOPP), 149 Cameron, Bobby, 64–65, 68, 71 Cap Gemini America, 35 Capability Maturity Model (CMM), 11, 103 Capitalism, distribution, 195–197 premises, 196–197 Carr, Nicholas, 48–49, 58 Cash flow, financial metric, 98 Casti, John L., 56 Center for Information Systems Research (CISR), 66 Chambers, John, 53–55 Change, overseeing, 190 Charisma, 216–217 Chief Executive Officer (CEO), 82 signing See Reports Chief Financial Officer (CFO), 223 CIO level, comparison, 80 signing See Reports Chief Information Officer (CIO), 63, 223–226 responsibility, 131 strategic role, 79–85 tasks, 224 Chief Information Officer Council, 124 Chief Process Officer, 81 Chief Strategy Officer (CSO), 82, 124 Chief Technical Officer (CTO), 82 Ciborra, Claudio, 36–37, 194, 197–200 corporate management transformation, argument, 201–202 INDEX Cisco Systems, e-business status, 53–54 Clinger-Cohen Act (IT Management Reform Act of 1996), 6, 109, 222–226 budgeting, improvement, 118–119 expertise, absence, 118 functionality, 225–226 observance, 117–119 Coase, Ronald, 174 Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), 237 Common sense, 14–15 types, Competing Value Framework, 203 Complexity impact, 56 side effect See Strategy Computer Science Corporation (CSC), 72–73 Consortium of Advanced Manufacturing International (CAM-I), 141 Control, 193–197 drama, 200 drift, 254 tolerance, 197–203 Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology (COBIT), 14, 191, 235 assembly, 238–240 balanced scorecard, relationship, 240–241 function, 240 IT governance maturity model, 255–258 standards, 237 world standard, 236 Cooper, Robin, 141 Cooperation, coercion (contrast), 207–209 Coordinator, 205 Corporate governance, 259–260 business performance, 9–10 European type, management perspective, 7–9 Corporate responsibility, 27–28 Corporate Responsibility Office (CRO), 27 Index Cost Management System research project, 146–147 Covey, Stephen R., 207 Credit Suisse First Boston, 156 correspondence, 22 fanaticism, 21 Critical Success Factors (CSFs), 77 Cyert, Richard, 180 Dashboards, usage, 129–130 Data architecture, 101 De Vries, Manfred Kets, 213, 215 Deception, 16–17 Decree, dialogue shift, 57–59 Deep support, 196 Define Measure Analyze Improve Control (DMAIC), 243 Dell Computers, e-business status, 53–54 Design Measure Analyze Design Verify (DMADV), 243 Deutsch, Waverly, 59–60 Deutsche Bank, fanaticism, 21 DHS & Associates, 162 Dialogue babble, 61–62, 74 promotion, 45 Directors, 205 structure/role/duties, Documents, change, 228 Donaldson, William, 22 Drapeau, Anne Seibold, 210–211 Dutch Corporate Governance Code, 231 Dutch legislation, 231–233 E-business, 57–59 eCommerce Portal, 96 Economic value added (EVA), 11, 43, 137, 138 business modeling, 158 EVAngelism, 156–158 success, 158 full-cycle governance, relationship, 138 planning/forecasting, online training, 158 portfolio approach, 111–115 reporting infrastructure, 158 267 Enron, 25 failure, 19–21 fraud, 6, 16, 19 presidential intervention, 26–28 Enterprise architecture need, 100–102 strategic information asset base, 100 Enterprise Financial Interface, 96 Enterprise resource planning (ERP), 94 Europe fraud, tracking ability, 22 governance code, existence, 230–231 legislation, 229–231 example, 231–233 production increase, IT impact, 57 productivity measurement, 54 European Corporate Governance Forum, establishment, 231 European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM), 191–192 European Institute for Business Administration (INSEAD), 209 European Member States, corporate governance (definitions), 259–260 exT movement, 70 Facilitator, 204 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) audit report, 117–118 failure, 132 Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF), 101–102 Federal Enterprise Architecture Program Management Office (FEAPMO), 102 First Boston, EVA adoption, 156 Forrester Research, 20, 43, 59, 68, 72 alignment, notion, 85 business-owned IT, 76 corporation management transformation, argument, 201–202 e-business suggestion, 194 Foss, Kristen/Nicolai, 176–178 Frameworks, 235 helpfulness, 235–236 selection, 250–252 tools, examples, 11 268 Full-cycle governance, 128, 210 implementation, 158 roles/positions, 130–131 Full-cycle IT governance, Functional architecture, 101 Functions, automation, 33–34 Galford, Robert, 210–211 Gartner Conference, 227 Gates, Bill (Trustworthy Computing memo), 34–35 Gauss, Carl Frederick, 242 General Accounting Office (GAO), advisory report, 223 General Electric, Global eXchange Services, 25 Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), 11, 21 Genuine trust, 213 Gerstner, Lou, 47 Giga Information Group, 43, 77, 163 Gliedman, Chip, 77–78 Global leadership, 209 Globalization, 221–222 Goals achievement, 126 appearance, 185–186 setting, 125 Goldman Sachs, EVA adoption, 156 Governance economic dimensions, economic justification, 171 economics, 174–176 guidelines, elements, human dimension, mechanisms, advantages/disadvantages, 66–67 simplicity, 185–186 structure, usefulness, 63–68 types, Government managers, involvement, 119 Government Performance and Results Act, 123 Greed, discussion, 18–19 Greenspan, Alan (“irrational exuberance”), 16, 18–19, 21, 213 Groenink, Rijkman, 227 INDEX Hayek, Friedrich, 174 Homo economicus rationalis, 181 Hubbard, Doug, 161–164 Human beings, fallibility, 180–182 Human relations model, 203–204 Human Resources Management (HRM) subprocess, 239 Humanity, viewpoints, 182–184 IBM, e-commerce response, 29 IDEF0, 147 Incorporation, articles, Information architecture, 101 behaviors/values, 244 dissemination, management goals, 236–240 practices, 244 orientation, 243–247 passion, 245–247 proof, 247 paradox, 55–56, 119–121 processing, modes, 203–204 technology practices, 244 Information and Communication Technology (ICT), 152 project, 62 Information Orientation, 245 Information Services Procurement Library (ISPL), 11 Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA), 237 Information Technology Governance Institute (ITGI), 192, 214, 236–237 Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL), 152, 235 Information Technology Investment Management (ITIM) maturation model, 107 Information Technology Investment Program System (I-TIPS), 120–121, 129 Information Technology (IT) ambitions/misconceptions, architecture, 101 behavior, 43 Index blind spots, 56 business enabler, 104 challenges, 28–35 coherence, 43–44 confusion, 58 costs, increase, 32––33 death, 68–72 democracy, 59–61 discussion/regulation/measurement, 42–43 e-business, relationship, 48–53 economic justification, 76–79 economic-based business focus, 41 Enron failure, link, 25–26 full-cycle business governance, 3–4 impact, 55 See also Europe infrastructure, relationship, 48–53 investment business performance, relationship, 30–31 decisions, 126–127 leadership, 190–192 legislation, 92 management, 42 basis, 45 goals, 236–240 managers self-worth, proof, 84 success factors, 83–85 measurement, 46–48 occurrence, 45–46 money, 42 MPT, relationship, 116 net profit, 43–44 portfolios, objectives (definition/ communication), 128–129 processes, 42 control, 239 productivity, 30 projects governance, 67–68 success, percentage, 31–32 role, 23–26 service performance, 104 simplicity, 72–76 system, reliability, 34–35 total economic impact, 76–79 value (overlooking), accountants (impact), 247–250 269 Information technology (IT) governance, 3, 108, 191–193 essentials, 10–13 examples, 11 measurement/control loops, 214 mechanisms/techniques, 87–88 structures, 87–88 Information technology (IT) portfolio management, 91, 115 See also Quantitative IT portfolio management business, 121 experience, 121–122 guidelines, 126 holistic approach, lessons, 128 lessons, 126–131 outlines/architecture/calculation, 98–104 pioneers, 137 practice, 123–126 pressure, 116–117 Information technology (IT) portfolios, 43–44 approach, practice, 95–98 Information Technology Performance Management Group (ITPMG), 159 Information Technology Steering Committee (ISC), 67 Infrastructure, 50–52 Initiatives, portfolio lessons, 126–127 Innovator, 205 Institutionalized mistrust, management, 212–213 Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM), 147 Integrated EVA scorecard, 158 Intentions, 182 Internal process model, 205 Internal Return Rate (IRR), 11, 160 International Accounting Standards (IAS), 11 International Monetary Fund (IMF), policy imposition, 229 International Software Benchmarking Standards Group (ISBSG), 103 Internet impact, 23–26 recession, 17 270 Interorganizational collaboration, 131 Intervention, timing, 177–178 Investment counselors, power, 21–22 Jensen, Michael, 210 Jones, Capers, 103 Jooste, Jan, 179 Kaplan, Robert, 141 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), 77, 159, 235, 244–245 Kling, Arnold, 24 Koestenbaum, Peter, 206 KPMG, division, 20 Laws, usage, 178–179 Leadership, 190 distribution, 193–197, 201–203 evolution, 200–203 examples, 11 language, interaction, 215–216 lessons, 127–128 measurement/control loops, 214 paradox, 216–217 qualities, 215 roles, 203–206 Legislation/regulation, examples, 11 Legislators, supervisors, 221–222 Lehman Brothers, fanaticism, 21 Macroeconomic e-business, status, 53–57 Macroeconomic productivity, problems, 30 Management See Portfolio management economy, 174–176 forms, 1–2 improvement, 190 platitudes, ineffectiveness, 59 problems, 36–37 responsibility, 10 Management/business ICT alignment implementation chains, 261–262 March, James, 180 Marchand, Donald, 165, 243–246 INDEX Markowitz, Harry, 93, 115–116 Maturity IT portfolio management, relationship, 104–107 Maxmin, James, 173, 195–196 McFarlan, F Warren, 116, 122 MCI, fraud, 16, 56 McKinsey consultancy agency, problems, 24–25 Mentor, 204 Merrill Lynch correspondence, 22 fanaticism, 21 Meta Group (Gartner Group), 91, 153, 163, 240 Metricnet, 104 Metrics, examples, 11 Microeconomic e-business, status, 53–57 Millennium problem, 28–35 Miller, Merton, 93, 115–116 Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), 115–116 Monitor, 205 Montesquieu, Baron de, Moore’s Law, impact, 50 Mores, usage, 178–179 Net Operational Profit after Taxes (NOPAT), 154, 157 Net Present Value (NPV), 11, 98, 155, 160 New Economy collapse, 16 miracle, 23 Noordzij, Karel, 197, 200 corporate management transformation, argument, 201–202 Norton, David, 86 Objectives, project alignment, 122–123 Omnicom, scandal, 19 Open systems model, 204–205 Organizational architecture, lessons, 127–128 Organizational logic, change, 194 Index Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3), 110–111 Organizations economic-based control (cost control), 138–143 governance, 138 Personnel management practices, 239 Personnel recruitment/promotion control objectives, 239–240 Peterson, Ryan, 195, 208–209 PMOffice package, 96 Portfolio management, 131–133 See also Information technology portfolio management aspects, 125–126 development, 115–123 recommendations, source, 124–125 tools, 129 Portfolios See Business approach, involvement (explanation), 93–95 costs/benefits/risks, 91 integration, 92 interdependence, 106–107 performance, 108–111 examination, 126–127 thinking/activity, 223–225 PortfolioStep, tool-independent framework, 122–123 Powers, separation, 4–7 failure, 16 PricewaterhouseCoopers, division, 20 Producer, 205 Products, value generation (example), 156 Professionalism, simplicity (relationship), 73–76 Programs/projects, performance, 108–111 Progress, faith (crisis), 17–22 Project management, tools, 129 portfolio lessons, 126–127 management, value addition, 121 271 Project Management Institute (PMI), 110–111 Pryor, Tom, 146–147 Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), 229 Quantitative IT portfolio management (QIPM), 102–104, 121–122 Quinn, Robert, 203, 206–207 Rabobank Nederland, KIMBIA portfolio model, 261–262 Rapid Economic Justification (REJ), 77–79 Rational amigos, 33 Rational Economic Man, 172 Rational goal model, 205 Real economic value, 153–158 examples, 155–156 Real-Cost-of-Ownership (RCO), 153 Realism, basis, 35–37 Realists control, 206–207 impact, 17 Reporting, inconsistency, 228 Reports, CEO/CFO (signing), 228 Results chains, 147–150 Results-Based Management (RBM), 148 Return on Assets (ROA), 155 Return on Investment (ROI), 153–158, 246 examples, 155–156 Risks, discernment/elimination, 125 Roe, Mark, Rollins, Kevin, 53 Rules, issuance, 220 Salomon Brothers, fraud, 22 Sarbanes-Oxley Act American Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act, effect, 123–124 impact, 4–7 Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002, 27–28, 227–228 272 Schmid, Gerhard, 22 Schrage, Michael (investment increase), 32–33 Secondat, Charles de, Self-assessment, 207 Self-interest, 183–184, 211 Shareholders, roles/rights, Sharpe, William, 93, 116 Shiller, Robert, 23 Simon, Herbert, 180–186, 210 Simple trust, 212 Six Sigma, 235, 241–243 Slator, Peter, 61–62, 74, 86 Slogans, usage, 28–29 Smith, Adam, 183 Software compatibility, 29–30 development, 32 Solow, Robert (productivity paradox), 30 Sporkin, Stanley, 19–20 Stakeholder buy-in, 131 Standard deviations, 241–243 Standish Group, chaos research, 31–32, 56, 106, 117 Strassmann, Paul, 11, 71, 80–82, 118–119 computer paradox, 30–31 Strategic focus/alignment, 85–87 Strategic synchronization, 82 Strategy, complexity (side effect), 199 Structured Analysis and Design Technique (SADT), 147 Subgoal pursuit, 171 Supervision, 169 amount, 176–178 factors, 170 forms, 1–2 implementation, compromises, 199–200 intervention, balance, 186–188 limitations, 179–182 maintenance, 220 means, 235 responsibility, 10 system, gaming, 210 Tabaksblat Code, 231–233 Tabaksblat Committee, 221, 232 Temptation, removal, 232–233 Thompson, Fred, 117 INDEX Thorp, John, 55, 109, 119, 149 Top-down decision making/strategic alignment, 198–199 Top-down managerial practices, 190 Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), 77, 104 Total Economic Impact (TEI), 77–79 Total Quality Management (TQM), 11, 243 Trade-offs, examination, 125 Traditional Cost Accounting (TCA), 137 Transaction costs economic concept, 175 economy, 174–176 Trust See Blind trust; Genuine trust; Simple trust building, 210–212 guarantee, 232–233 regaining, 220–221 Tyco, scandal, 19 Unilever, IT strategy, 74 U.S lawmakers, influence, 220 U.S standard of living, increase, 54 Value creation, IT managers (impact), 84 Value Puzzle, 160–161 Van Alstyne, Marshall, 163 van Maanen, Henno, 152–153 van Tilburg, Anthony R., 121 Verhoef, Chris, 83, 92, 102 Washington State, best practices, 119–120 Weill, Peter, 63–66, 75, 217 IT portfolio pyramid, 95 Wholonistics Leadership Group, 203 Williamson, Oliver, 174–177, 184–186 Winter, Jaap, 221 Winter Group, corporate governance opinion, 230 Woodham, Richard, 36 WorldCom, 56, 178 fraud, 6, 16, 19, 220 practices, 26–27 Xerox, scandal, 19 Zuboff, Shoshana, 173, 195–196 .. .Making IT Governance Work in a Sarbanes- Oxley World JAAP BLOEM MENNO VAN DOORN PIYUSH MITTAL John Wiley & Sons, Inc Making IT Governance Work in a Sarbanes- Oxley World ‘Man is an animal that... what IT governance means needs to be reached MAKING IT GOVERNANCE WORK IN A SARBANES- OXLEY WORLD Until recently, Sarbanes- Oxley meant nothing more than the last names of Senator Paul Sarbanes. .. http://www .wiley. com Library of Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data: Bloem, Jaap, 195 7Making IT governance work in a Sarbanes- Oxley world / Jaap Bloem, Menno van Doorn, Piyush Mittal p cm Includes index ISBN-13: