VOLUME ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY THREE ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY Advisory Board PAUL M BERTSCH RONALD L PHILLIPS KATE M SCOW LARRY P WILDING University of Kentucky University of California, Davis University of Minnesota Texas A&M University Emeritus Advisory Board Members JOHN S BOYER University of Delaware EUGENE J KAMPRATH North Carolina State University MARTIN ALEXANDER Cornell University VOLUME ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY THREE ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY Edited by DONALD L SPARKS Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Delaware Newark, Delaware, USA AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, UK The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK First edition 2015 Copyright Ó 2015 Elsevier Inc All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein ISBN: 978-0-12-803052-3 ISSN: 0065-2113 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/ CONTRIBUTORS Silvia M Alfieri Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forest Systems (CNR-ISAFOM), Ercolano, Italy Dionisio And ujar Institute of Agricultural Sciences- CSIC, Madrid, Spain Johan Arvidsson Department of Soil & Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Fernando Auat Cheein Autonomous and Industrial Robotics Research Group (GRAI), Advanced Center of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (AC3E), Department of Electronic Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile Angelo Basile Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forest Systems (CNR-ISAFOM), Ercolano, Italy Antonello Bonfante Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forest Systems (CNR-ISAFOM), Ercolano, Italy Johan Bouma Soils Department, Wageningen University, The Netherlands Henrik Breuning-Madsen Department of Geography and Geology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark David Chevrier Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada Francesca De Lorenzi Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forest Systems (CNR-ISAFOM), Ercolano, Italy James J Dynes Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada Alexandre Escola Research Group on AgroICT & Precision Agriculture – Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain Adam W Gillespie Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Kodigal A Gopinath ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India vii j viii Contributors Eduard Gregorio Research Group on AgroICT & Precision Agriculture – Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain Mogens H Greve Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark Vijay S Jakkula ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India Thomas Keller Department of Natural Resources & Agriculture, Agroscope, Z€ urich, Switzerland; Department of Soil & Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Rattan Lal Carbon Management and Sequestration Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Mathieu Lamandé Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark Piero Manna Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forest Systems (CNR-ISAFOM), Ercolano, Italy Joan Masip Research Group on AgroICT & Precision Agriculture – Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain Eugenia Monaco Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forest Systems (CNR-ISAFOM), Ercolano, Italy Derek Peak Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Courtney L Phillips Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Jasti V.N.S Prasad ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India Lluís Puigdomenech Research Group on AgroICT & Precision Agriculture – Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain Thomas Z Regier Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada Joan R Rosell-Polo Research Group on AgroICT & Precision Agriculture – Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain Kanwar L Sahrawat International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India Per Schjønning Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark Contributors ix Alok K Sikka Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India Asko Simojoki Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Rajbir Singh Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India Cherukumalli Srinivasa Rao ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India Matthias Stettler Bern University of Applied Sciences, School of Agricultural, Forest & Food Sciences HAFL, Zollikofen, Switzerland Jan J.H van den Akker Alterra, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands Bandi Venkateswarlu Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Maharashtra, India Surinder M Virmani National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi, India PREFACE Volume 133 contains five first-rate reviews dealing with contemporary topics important in the crop and soil sciences Chapter is a comprehensive review on the advances that have occurred in the use of synchrotron-based soft X-ray spectroscopy to study biogeochemical processes of important light elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in soils Chapter introduces a new hybrid land evaluation system to assess climate change effects on the suitability of an agricultural area for maize production Chapter is a timely review on progress in using structured light sensors in precision agriculture and livestock farming Chapter covers the potential and challenges of rainfed farming in India including features of rainfed ecosystems and rainfed crops and cropping systems Chapter presents a Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) analysis and risk assessment for soil compaction from a European perspective I am grateful for the authors’ fine contributions Donald L Sparks Newark, Delaware, USA xi j CHAPTER ONE Advances in Using Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy for Measurement of Soil Biogeochemical Processes Adam W Gillespie*, x, 1, Courtney L Phillipsx, James J Dynes*, David Chevrier*, Thomas Z Regier* and Derek Peakx *Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada x Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Corresponding author: E-mail: adam.gillespie@lightsource.ca Contents Introduction Detector Advancements Slew Scanning of Radiation-Sensitive Solids 3.1 Carbon K-Edge Analysis Soft X-ray Liquid Cells 4.1 Current Applications and Future Prospects References 12 16 22 29 30 Abstract Light elements are particularly important in biogeochemical processes These include organic matter components and macronutrients (C, N, O, S, P), micronutrients (Na, Mg, K, Mg), mineral elements (Si, Al), and transition metals Determining the chemical speciation of these light elements in environmental samples is important for understanding bioavailability, decomposition, contamination mobility, and nutrient cycling Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy is a useful tool available to probe the chemistry of atoms important in biogeochemical processes X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) probes the local bonding and coordination environment of these elements in whole samples Bulk XAS techniques permit for high throughput, the study of whole soils, and high sampling density These analyses are complementary to X-ray transmission microscopy techniques which are limited by low throughput, thin particles (