Springer Series in solid-state sciences 152 Springer Series in solid-state sciences Series Editors: M Cardona P Fulde K von Klitzing R Merlin H.-J Queisser H Stăormer The Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences consists of fundamental scientif ic books prepared by leading researchers in the f ield They strive to communicate, in a systematic and comprehensive way, the basic principles as well as new developments in theoretical and experimental solid-state physics 136 Nanoscale Phase Separation and Colossal Magnetoresistance The Physics of Manganites and Related Compounds By E Dagotto 137 Quantum Transport in Submicron Devices A Theoretical Introduction By W Magnus and W Schoenmaker 138 Phase Separation in Soft Matter Physics Micellar Solutions, Microemulsions, Critical Phenomena By P.K Khabibullaev and A.A Saidov 139 Optical Response of Nanostructures Microscopic Nonlocal Theory By K Cho 140 Fractal Concepts in Condensed Matter Physics By T Nakayama and K Yakubo 141 Excitons in Low-Dimensional Semiconductors Theory, Numerical Methods, Applications By S Glutsch 142 Two-Dimensional Coulomb Liquids and Solids By Y Monarkha and K Kono 143 X-Ray Multiple-Wave Diffraction Theory and Application By S.-L Chang 144 Physics of Transition Metal Oxides By S Maekawa, T Tohyama, S.E Barnes, S Ishihara, W Koshibae, and G Khaliullin 145 Point-Contact Spectroscopy By Y.G Naidyuk and I.K Yanson 146 Optics of Semiconductors and Their Nanostructures Editors: H Kalt and M Hetterich 147 Electron Scattering in Solid Matter A Theoretical and Computational Treatise By J Zabloudil, R Hammerling, L Szunyogh, and P Weinberger 148 Physical Acoustics in the Solid State By B Lăuthi 149 Solitary Waves in Complex Dispersive Media Theory ã Simulation · Applications By V.Yu Belashov and S.V Vladimirov 150 Topology in Condensed Matter Editor: M.I Monastyrsky 151 Particle Penetration and Radiation Effects By P Sigmund 152 Magnetism From Fundamentals to Nanoscale Dynamics By J Stăohr and H.C Siegmann Volumes 90–135 are listed at the end of the book J Stăohr H.C Siegmann Magnetism From Fundamentals to Nanoscale Dynamics With 325 Figures and 39 Tables 123 Professor Dr Joachim Stăohr Professor Dr Hans Christoph Siegmann Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory P.O Box 20450, Mail Stop 69, Stanford, CA 94309, USA E-mail: Stohr@slac.stanford.edu, Siegmann@slac.stanford.edu Series Editors: Professor Dr., Dres h c Manuel Cardona Professor Dr., Dres h c Peter Fulde∗ Professor Dr., Dres h c Klaus von Klitzing Professor Dr., Dres h c Hans-Joachim Queisser Max-Planck-Institut făur Festkăorperforschung, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Max-Planck-Institut fă ur Physik komplexer Systeme, Năothnitzer Strasse 38 01187 Dresden, Germany Professor Dr Roberto Merlin Department of Physics, 5000 East University, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1120, USA Professor Dr Horst Stăormer Dept Phys and Dept Appl Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 and Bell Labs., Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA ISSN 0171-1873 ISBN-10 3-540-30282-4 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-30282-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2006923232 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specif ically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microf ilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specif ic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use Typesetting by the author and SPi , Pondicherry Cover concept: eStudio Calamar Steinen Cover production: design & production GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 10885622 57/3100/SPi - To my three favorite women, my mother Marga, my wife Linda and my daughter Megan, who have taught me much more than science and given me the most important gift of all, love J Stăohr To my collaborators and students who, through their inspiration and company, have made my life as a physicist a joyful adventure H.C Siegmann Preface This book emerged from a close collaboration of the authors which started in the fall of 2000 Early that year one of us (J.S.) had joined the Stanford faculty after spending nearly 15 years at the IBM Almaden Research Center and the other (H.C.S.) had just retired from a chair at the ETH Ză urich and come to Stanford as a visiting professor Together we organized magnetism meetings of a small group of scientists which oscillated weekly between the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) and the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in nearby Berkeley We also organized annual winter workshops at Lake Tahoe where all participants reported on their research – of course we snuck in a few ski runs, as well These meetings were great fun and some seemed to go on forever because there was so much interest and enthusiasm and so much to discuss The participants varied over the years and consisted of students, postdocs, Stanford and Berkeley scientists, visiting scientists and participants from industry In alphabetical order, some of the people involved were Yves Acremann, Scott Andrews, Andreas Bauer, Mark Burkhardt, Venkatesh Chembrolu, Kang Chen, Sug-Bong Choe, Bruce Clemens, Alexander Dobin, Thomas Eimă uller, Stefan Eisebitt, Sara Gamble, Alexander Kashuba, Marcus Lăorgen, Jan Lă uning, Gereon Meyer, Hendrik Ohldag, Howard Padmore, Ramon Rick, Andreas Scherz, Bill Schlotter, Andreas Scholl, Christian Stamm, John Paul Strachan, Jan Thiele, Ioan Tudosa, Ashwin Tulapurkar, Shan Wang and Xiaowei Yu All this would have been impossible without support from the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy (DOE), and we gratefully acknowledge DOE’s support of our research program We have also greatly benefitted from discussions with colleagues and from material they have provided, and we would especially like to thank Elke Arenholz, Sam Bader, Carl Bennemann, Matthias Bode, Patrick Bruno, John Clendenin, Markus Donath, Olle Eriksson, Jă urgen Kirschner, Peter Oppeneer, Jă urg Osterwalder, Stuart Parkin, Danilo Pescia, Dan Pierce, Theo Rasing, Andrei Rogalev, Kai Starke, Dieter Weller and Ruqian Wu With the present book we intend to give an account of the historical development, the physical foundations and the continuing research underlying VIII Preface the field of magnetism, one of the oldest and still vital field of physics Our book is written as a text book for students on the late undergraduate and the graduate levels It should also be of interest to scientists in academia and research laboratories Throughout history, magnetism has played an important role in the development of civilization, starting with the loadstone compass Our modern society would be unthinkable without the generation and utilization of electricity, wireless communication at the speed of light and the modern hightech magnetic devices used in information technology Despite the existence of many books on the topic, we felt the need for a text book that reviews the fundamental physical concepts and uses them in a coherent fashion to explain some of the forefront problems and applications today Besides covering the classical concepts of magnetism we give a thorough review of the quantum aspects of magnetism, starting with the discovery of the spin in the 1920s We discuss the exciting developments in magnetism research and technology spawned by the computer revolution in the late 1950s and the more recent paradigm shift starting around 1990 associated with spin-based electronics or “spintronics” The field of spintronics was largely triggered by the discovery of the giant magnetoresistance or GMR effect around 1988 It utilizes the electron spin to sense, carry or manipulate information and has thus moved the quantum mechanical concept of the electron spin from its discovery in the 1920s to a cornerstone of modern technology These historical and modern developments in magnetism are discussed against the background of the development and utilization of spin-polarized electron techniques and polarized photon techniques, the specialties of the authors It is believed that the technological application of magnetism will continue with a growth rate close to Moore’s law for years to come Interestingly, the magnetic technology goals of “smaller and faster” are matched by “brighter and faster” X-ray sources, which are increasingly used in contemporary magnetism research Novel ultra-bright X-ray sources with femtosecond pulse lengths will provide us with snapshots of the invisible ultrafast magnetic nanoworld These exciting developments are another reason for the present book Last not least, this book is born out of our passion for the subjects discussed in it In the process we had to get to the bottom of many things and understand them better or for the first time This process took a deep commitment and much time, with “the book” often preoccupying our minds The process was greatly aided by discussions with our colleagues and students and we would like to thank them at this place In particular, we need to thank Ioan Tudosa for his critical comments and for helping us with numerous illustrations In this book we give an account of the field of magnetism that is colored by personal taste and our way of looking at things We hope that you will enjoy the result Stanford, CA January 2006 Joachim Stă ohr Hans Christoph Siegmann Contents Introduction 1.1 Magnetism: Magical yet Practical 1.2 History of Magnetism 1.3 Magnetism, Neutrons, Polarized Electrons, and X-rays 1.3.1 Spin Polarized Electrons and Magnetism 1.3.2 Polarized X-rays and Magnetism 1.4 Developments in the Second Half of the 20th Century 1.5 Some Thoughts about the Future 1.6 About the Present Book 1 12 15 22 25 30 32 Part I Fields and Moments Electric Fields, Currents, and Magnetic Fields 2.1 Signs and Units in Magnetism 2.2 The Electric Field 2.3 The Electric Current and its Magnetic Field 2.4 High Current Densities 2.5 Magnetic and Electric Fields inside Materials 2.6 The Relation of the Three Magnetic Vectors in Magnetic Materials 2.6.1 Stray and Demagnetizing Fields of Thin Films 2.6.2 Applications of Stray and Demagnetizing Fields 2.7 Symmetry Properties of Electric and Magnetic Fields 2.7.1 Parity 2.7.2 Time Reversal 39 39 39 40 45 47 49 52 54 57 57 59 Magnetic Moments and their Interactions with Magnetic Fields 61 3.1 The Classical Definition of the Magnetic Moment 61 3.2 From Classical to Quantum Mechanical Magnetic Moments 64 X Contents 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.2.1 The Bohr Magneton 3.2.2 Spin and Orbital Magnetic Moments Magnetic Dipole Moments in an External Magnetic Field The Energy of a Magnetic Dipole in a Magnetic Field The Force on a Magnetic Dipole in an Inhomogeneous Field 3.5.1 The Stern–Gerlach Experiment 3.5.2 The Mott Detector 3.5.3 Magnetic Force Microscopy The Torque on a Magnetic Moment in a Magnetic Field 3.6.1 Precession of Moments 3.6.2 Damping of the Precession 3.6.3 Magnetic Resonance Time–Energy Correlation 3.7.1 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 3.7.2 Classical Spin Precession 3.7.3 Quantum Mechanical Spin Precession 65 66 68 69 72 74 79 83 84 85 87 91 97 97 98 99 Time Dependent Fields 105 4.1 Overview 105 4.2 Basic Concepts of Relativistic Motion 106 4.2.1 Length and Time Transformations Between Inertial Systems 106 4.2.2 Electric and Magnetic Field Transformations between Inertial Systems 107 4.3 Fields of a Charge in Uniform Motion: Velocity Fields 109 4.3.1 Characteristics of Velocity Fields 109 4.3.2 Creation of Large Currents and Magnetic Fields 112 4.3.3 Creation of Ultrashort Electron Pulses and Fields 115 4.3.4 The Temporal Nature of Velocity Fields 118 4.4 Acceleration Fields: Creation of EM Radiation 121 4.4.1 Polarized X-rays: Synchrotron Radiation 125 4.4.2 Brighter and Shorter X-ray Pulses: From Undulators to Free Electron Lasers 133 Polarized Electromagnetic Waves 141 5.1 Maxwell’s Equations and their Symmetries 142 5.2 The Electromagnetic Wave Equation 143 5.3 Intensity, Flux, Energy, and Momentum of EM Waves 145 5.4 The Basis States of Polarized EM Waves 147 5.4.1 Photon Angular Momentum 147 5.4.2 Linearly Polarized Basis States 148 5.4.3 Circularly Polarized Basis States 149 5.4.4 Chirality and Angular Momentum of Circular EM Waves 153 Contents 5.5 5.6 XI 5.4.5 Summary of Unit Polarization Vectors 154 Natural and Elliptical Polarization 155 5.5.1 Natural Polarization 155 5.5.2 Elliptical Polarization 156 5.5.3 The Degree of Photon Polarization 157 Transmission of EM Waves through Chiral and Magnetic Media 159 Part II History and Concepts of Magnetic Interactions Exchange, Spin–Orbit, and Zeeman Interactions 167 6.1 Overview 167 6.2 The Spin Dependent Atomic Hamiltonian or Pauli Equation 169 6.2.1 Independent Electrons in a Central Field 170 6.2.2 Interactions between two Particles – Symmetrization Postulate and Exclusion Principle 172 6.3 The Exchange Interaction 175 6.3.1 Electron Exchange in Atoms 175 6.3.2 Electron Exchange in Molecules 180 6.3.3 Magnetism and the Chemical Bond 186 6.3.4 From Molecules to Solids 188 6.3.5 The Heisenberg Hamiltonian 190 6.3.6 The Hubbard Hamiltonian 193 6.3.7 Heisenberg and Hubbard Models for H2 195 6.3.8 Summary and Some General Rules for Electron Exchange 202 6.4 The Spin–Orbit Interaction 203 6.4.1 Fine Structure in Atomic Spectra 203 6.4.2 Semiclassical Model for the Spin–Orbit Interaction 204 6.4.3 The Spin–Orbit Hamiltonian 206 6.4.4 Importance of the Spin–Orbit Interaction 209 6.5 Hund’s Rules 209 6.6 The Zeeman Interaction 212 6.6.1 History and Theory of the Zeeman Effect 212 6.6.2 Zeeman Versus Exchange Splitting of Electronic States 218 6.6.3 Importance of the Zeeman Interaction 220 Electronic and Magnetic Interactions in Solids 221 7.1 Chapter Overview 221 7.2 Localized versus Itinerant Magnetism: The Role of the Centrifugal Potential 223 7.3 The Relative Size of Interactions in Solids 230 7.4 The Band Model of Ferromagnetism 234 7.4.1 The Puzzle of the Broken Bohr Magneton Numbers 234 808 Index electron transport, diffusive, 556 electron transport, in magnetic metals, 553 electron transport, in non-magnetic metals, 550 electron transport, mean free path, 552 electron transport, parameters for Fe and Cu, 552 electron transport, relaxation time, 551 electron transport, scattering mechanisms, 550 electron transport, spin scattering mechanisms, 573 electron transport, spin-conserving excitations, 553 electron transport, spin-flip scattering, 553 electron transport, spin-selective scattering, 553 electron transport, two-current model, 553 electron yield, sampling depth, 440 electron, charge, 39 electron, discovery, 215 electron-phonon relaxation time, 685 electron-spin relaxation time, 686 electronic configuration, 232 ellipsometry, with polarized electrons, 613 ellipticity, 159 EM wave, energy, 145 EM wave, flux, 145 EM wave, momentum, 145 EM wave, polarization, 152 EM wave, Poynting vector, 145 enantiomers, 160 energy, charge transfer, 256 energy, domain wall, 513 energy, EM wave, 145 energy, magnetic moment in field, 69 energy, of magnetic body, 52 energy, of spin waves, 496 energy, units, 69 energy-time correlation, plot, 679 energy-time relation, 101 EPR, 92 Eu chalcogenides, 531 EuS, spin filter, 592 EXAFS, 432 exchange anisotropy, 618 exchange bias field, 628 exchange bias, FeF2 , 625 exchange bias, LaFeO3 , 624 exchange bias, AFM wall energy, 627 exchange bias, CoO, 624 exchange bias, domain state model, 624 exchange bias, Ir20 Mn80 , 623 exchange bias, loop shift, 619 exchange bias, Malozemoff model, 624 exchange bias, Mauri model, 626 exchange bias, negative, 619 exchange bias, positive, 620 exchange bias, setting field, 619 exchange correlation potential, 243 exchange coupling constant, mean field theory for Fe, Co, Ni, 487 exchange coupling, across a spacer layer, 632 exchange coupling, imaging with SEMPA, 635 exchange coupling, oscillatory, 632 exchange coupling, photoemission review, 635 exchange field, transferred, 633 exchange integral, 180 exchange interaction, history, 175 exchange interaction, in atoms, 175 exchange interaction, in molecules, 180 exchange interaction, rules for ground state, 202 exchange length, 514 exchange scattering, at surfaces, 603 exchange splitting in Stoner model, and atomic moments, 489 exchange splitting, after laser excitation, 698 exchange splitting, at Curie temperature, 546 exchange splitting, Ni metal, 547 exchange splitting, Stoner model, 237 exchange stiffness, 513 exchange, biquadratic, 193 exchange, double-, 279 exchange, in Stoner model, 493 exchange, in Weiss–Heisenberg–DFT model, 492 exchange, interlayer, 292 Index exchange, meaning in different models, 491 exchange, oscillatory, 292 exchange, RKKY, 290 exchange, super-, 274 exclusion principle, 172 f-occupation, for trivalent rare earths, 233 Fabry-P´erot interferometer, 632 Faraday effect, Faraday effect, for electrons, 337 Faraday effect, for X-rays, 348 Faraday effect, in Poincar´e formalism, 337 Faraday, Michael, FeF2 , 625 Fe3 O4 , 15 Fe3 O4 , structure, 284 Fe3 O4 , domains, 469 Fe3 O4 , multiplet structure, 469 Fe/Gd multilayer, domains, 471 FeRh, FM to AFM transition, 710 Fermi function, 549 Fermi level, and chemical potential, 549 Fermi surface, 544 Fermi’s golden rule, 372 Fermi-Dirac statistics, 173 fermions, definition, 173 ferromaget, half-metallic, 639 ferromagnetic domains, origin, 511 ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), 94 Feynman, Richard P., FIB technique, 466 Fick’s law, 643 field transformations, 107 figure of merit, FOM, 14 fine structure constant, 376 fine structure in atomic spectra, 203 FMR, 94 FMR line position, 97 FMR linewidth, 97 focussed ion beam (FIB), 466 force, on magnetic moment, 72 force, units, 72 Fourier transform holography, 465 Fourier transform, of Gaussian, 774 Fourier transform, of half-cycle pulse, 776 809 free electron laser, 134 Fresnel, Augustin Jean, Friedel oscillations, 291 g-factor, 67 g-factor, anisotropy, 97 g-factor, for Fe, Co and Ni metal, 95 GaAs electron source, 315 GaAs photocathode, 18 Gauss’ theorem, 50 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, Gaussian, 774 Gd metal, 4f occupation, 531 Gd metal, DOS, 533 Gd metal, electronic structure, 530 Gd metal, radial charge density, 532 gerade, 57 Gerlach, Walther, giant magneto-resistance, discovery, 21 giant magnetoresistance (GMR), 647 Gilbert, William, GMR, discovery, 21 GMR, origin, 647 Goudsmit, Sam A., Grotrian diagram, 175 group velocity, electron, 552 Guanzhong, Gunnarsson-Schă onhammer model, 264 gyromagnetic ratio, 85 gyrotropic motion, 719 half-cycle pulse, 775 half-metal, 283 half-metallic ferromagnet, 639 Hall effect, 672 Hamiltonian, anisotropic spin-orbit coupling, 300 Hamiltonian, central field, 171 Hamiltonian, Heisenberg-model, 190 Hamiltonian, Hubbard-model, 193 Hamiltonian, ligand field, 247 Hamiltonian, spin-orbit coupling, 206 Hamiltonian, Zeeman effect, 213 Heisenberg Hamiltonian, 190 Heisenberg model, for H2 , 196 Heisenberg model, mean field expression, 485 Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 97 Heisenberg, Werner, 810 Index Heitler-London calculation, 181 helium spectrum, 175 helium, excited states, 178 helium, metastable state, 177 helium, ortho, 175 helium, para, 175 helium, spin-orbit splitting, 204 Henke-Gullikson factors, 353 Hertz, Heinrich, Heusler alloys, 639 high energy physics, standard model, 20 high spin configurations for 3d electrons, 259 hole states, 237 Hubbard model for solids, 271 Hubbard model, for H2 , 197 Hubbard model, for double-exchange, 280 Hubbard model, for superexchange, 276 Hund’s rules, 209 hybridization, 254 hybridization of s-p electrons with d electrons, 527 hydrogen molecule, 183 hydrogen molecule, Heisenberg and Hubbard treatment, 195 hydrogenic potential, 226 hydrogenic wavefunctions, 226 IBM RAMAC, 25 in-plane media, precessional switching, 725 independent electron approximation, 181 induced magnetism, 629 inertial systems, 106 infrared radiation, 118 insertion device, 133 interaction matrix, for electron spin, 338 interactions, relative size in solids, 231 interface, spin accumulation voltage, 641 inverse photoemission (IPE), principle, 535 IPE, 535 IPE, study of correlation effects, 265 Ir20 Mn80 , exchange bias, 623 irreducible representation, 257 Ising model, 192, 500 itinerant behavior, 521 Jahn-Teller effect, 253 Kerr effect, Kittel’s formula, 96 Koster-Kronig transition, 604 Kramers-Heisenberg relation, 372 Kramers-Kronig relations, 368 Kronig, Ralph de Laer, L-S coupling, 204 La1−x Srx MnO3 , 279 LaFeO3 , 448 LaFeO3 , domains, 473 Land´e g-factor, 215 Landau state, 713 Landau-Lifshitz (LL) equation, 88 Landau-Lifshitz–Gilbert (LLG) equation, 88 Langevin function, 71 Langevin function, small-field limit, 487 Langevin, Paul, lanthanides, 530 Larmor frequency, 86 Larmor precession, 85 laser, discovery, 12 LD(S)U, 244 LDA+U theory, 271 LEED, 601 Li´enard-Wiechert equations, 124 ligand field theory, 245 ligand field theory, independent electron, 247 ligand field theory, multiplet, 256 lightning, Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), 136 linear dichroism, non-reciprocal, 433 linear X-ray absorption coefficient, 361 linear X-ray dichroism, 401 loadstone, local (spin) density approximation (LD(S)U), 244 localized behavior, 521 Lorentz contraction, 107 Lorentz force, 108 Lorentz transformations, 106 Index Lorentzian, 774 low energy electron diffraction (LEED), 601 low spin configurations for 3d electrons, 259 macrospin approximation, 68 magnetic anisotropy constant, MCA contribution, 505 magnetic anisotropy constant, shape contribution, 505 magnetic anisotropy constant, uniaxial case, 505 magnetic anisotropy field, 504 magnetic anisotropy, definition, 504 magnetic anisotropy, energy density expansion, 504 magnetic anisotropy, in multilayers, 509 magnetic anisotropy, perpendicular, 510 magnetic anisotropy, surface-induced, discovery, 510 magnetic anisotropy, uniaxial, 504 magnetic anisotropy, values for Fe, Co and Ni, 509 magnetic bits, 54 magnetic charges, 51 magnetic correlation length, 500, 514 magnetic coupling, between layers, 613 magnetic coupling, exchange bias, 617 magnetic coupling, magneto-static, 614 magnetic coupling, orange-peel, 614 magnetic coupling, spring magnets, 617 magnetic coupling, surface layers, 617 magnetic coupling, uniaxial exchange, 617 magnetic coupling, unidirectional exchange, 617 magnetic dipole, 61 magnetic dipole moment, definition, 61 magnetic dipole scattering length, 359 magnetic domains, origin, 511 magnetic exchange length, 514 magnetic field H , of current, 41 magnetic field strengths, examples, 45 magnetic field, earth, 62 magnetic field, of relativistic point charge, 111 magnetic fields, ultrahigh, 113 magnetic force microscopy, 83 811 magnetic force, on dipole, 72 magnetic imaging, with X-rays, 458 magnetic induction, B, 43 magnetic medium, 54 magnetic microscopy, reviews, 458 magnetic moment, anomalous, 67 magnetic moment, current loop, 62 magnetic moment, free clusters, 78 magnetic moment, in homogeneous field, 69 magnetic moment, in inhomogeneous field, 72 magnetic moment, orbital, 66 magnetic moment, quantum mechanical, 66 magnetic moment, spin, 67 magnetic moment, total, 67 magnetic moment, units, 66 magnetic moments of d electrons, in Fe, Co and Ni metals, 526 magnetic moments of s–p electrons in Fe, Co, and Ni metals, 527 magnetic moments of Fe, Co, and Ni metal, from experiment, table, 528 magnetic moments, induced, 629 magnetic monopole, 143 magnetic order parameter, 482 magnetic permeability µ, relative, 48 magnetic permeability µ0 , vacuum, 43 magnetic phase transition, 2D versus 3D, 500 magnetic phase transition, in coupled films, 502 magnetic poles, 51 magnetic properties of 3d electrons in Fe, Co, and Ni metals, theory, table, 525 magnetic quantum number, 216 magnetic recording head, 54 magnetic reflectivity, 603 magnetic remanence, definition, 516 magnetic resonance, 91 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 93 magnetic semiconductors, 29 magnetic storage industry, 27 magnetic susceptibility χ, definition, 48 magnetic switching methods, 723 magnetic switching, all-optical, 751 812 Index magnetic switching, by spin injection, 665 magnetic switching, dynamics of, 723 magnetic switching, Hă ubner model, 753 magnetic switching, ultrafast e-beam, in-plane media, 727 magnetic switching, ultrafast e-beam, perpendicular media, 735 magnetic temperature, 671 magnetic torque, definition, 84 magnetic torque, on magnetic dipole, 84 magnetic tunnel transistor (MTT), 562 magnetic vortex states, illustration, 713 magnetic yoke, 54 magnetism of rare earths, 530 magnetite, magnetic properties, 283 magnetite, structure, 284 magnetization M , definition, 47 magnetization curve, origin, 515 magnetization dynamics, after field pulse excitation, 705 magnetization dynamics, after laser excitation, 690 magnetization dynamics, and exchange splitting, 698 magnetization dynamics, for spin injection, 744 magnetization dynamics, in antiferromagnets, 759 magnetization dynamics, of vortex, 715 magnetization dynamics, perpendicular media, 733 magnetization dynamics, precessional switching, 725 magnetization dynamics, probing with MOKE, 702 magnetization dynamics, probing with photoemission, 696 magnetization dynamics, probing with spin-polarized electron yield, 691 magnetization dynamics, switching, 723 magnetization dynamics, weak field excitation, 712 magnetization loop, origin, 515 magnetization patterns, examples in thin film structures, 712 magnetization, Fe, Co, and Ni, 47 magnetization, relative, 482 magnetization, saturation, 482 magnetization, spontaneous, 480 magnetization, thermal stability, 520 magneto-chiral dichroism, 433 magneto-optical effect, non-linear, 691 magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE), 14 magneto-optical rotation, definition, 353 magneto-static coupling, 614 magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA), 294 magnetocrystalline anisotropy, calculation, 299 magnetoresistance, anisotropic, 556 magnetoresistance, colossal, 282 magnetoresistance, giant, 647 magnets, high energy product, 10 magnets, permanent, 10 magnons, 496 majority spins, 237 manganites, 279 Matthiessen’s rule, 551 Maxwell’s equations, 142 Maxwell, James Clerk, MCA, definition, 294 MCA, history, 509 mean field theory, exchange coupling constant, 487 mean field theory, in Heisenberg model, 485 mean field theory, origin, 481 memory, core, 12 memory, ferrite, 12 memory, non-volatile, 11 Mermin-Wagner theorem, 511 Meservey-Tedrow tunneling, 597 Mesmer, Franz Anton, MFM, 83 minority spins, 237 MOKE, 14 molecular field constant, 481 molecular field, in Weiss-HeisenbergDFT model, 487 molecular field, origin, 481 molecular orbital theory, 254 momentum transfer, 353 Moore’s law, 25 Mott detector, 79 Mott scattering, 79 Index Mott, Neville F., 10 Mott-Hubbard compounds, 267 MRAM, 665 MRI, 93 MTT, 562 multidomain states, 712 multiplet theory, 256 multipole fields, 62 N´eel model of magnetization curve, 517 N´eel wall, 512 N´eel wall motion, 714 nabla operator, 42 nano-pillar, spin injection, 669 Nd2 Fe14 B, 10 negative damping torque, 662 neutron scattering, 13 NEXAFS, 432 NEXI torque, 658 Ni metal, eV satellite, 543 Ni metal, exchange splitting, 547 Ni metal, Fermi surface, 546 Ni metal, PE bandwidth, 547 Ni metal, spin resolved band structure, 541 NiO, domains, 475 NiO, electronic states, 270 NiO, polycrystalline, domains, 471 NiO, structure, 276 NMR, 92 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 92 number of d-holes in Fe, Co, and Ni metals, 527 occupation of 3d shell in Fe, Co, and Ni metals, theory, table, 525 octopole magnet, 443 Oersted [Oe], definition, 41 Oersted field switching, 724 Oersted, Hans Christian, Ohm’s law, and chemical potential, 549 Ohm’s law, for conductivity, 551 onsite Coulomb energy, 266 operator, parity, 57 operator, time reversal, 59 operators, angular momentum, 300 operators, quadrupole, 772 operators, spherical tensors, table, 767 operators, spin, 303 813 optical activity, definition, 353 optical pumping, 751 optical rotation, definition, 353 optical switch, 707 optical theorem, 368 orange peel coupling, 614 orbital magnetic moment, 66 orbital moment anisotropy, 295 orbital moment anisotropy, measurement, 308 orbital moment anisotropy, origin, 305 orbital moment sum rule, averaged, 399 orbital moment sum rule, general, 424 orbital moment, quenched, 296 orbitals, s, p and d, functions, 766 orbitals, s, p and d, pictures, 766 orbitals, antibonding, 240 orbitals, bonding, 240 oscillatory exchange, 292 overlayer method, 559 paramagnet, definition, 72 parity transformation, 57 parity violation, 15 parity, definition, 57 Paschen-Back limit, 217 Pauli equation, 169 Pauli exclusion principle, 172 Pauli paramagnetism, 687 Pauli paramagnetism, MOKE measurements, 689 Pauli paramagnetism, XMCD measurement for Pd, 457 Pauli spin matrix, 321 Pauli spinor formalism, 320 Pauli susceptibility, 687 Pauli, Wolfgang, PE, 539 PEEM technique, 461 Peregrinus, Peter, permanent magnets, 10 perovskite, 279 perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), 510 perpendicular media, precessional switching, 733 phase transition, continuous, 502 phase transition, FM to AFM, 710 phase velocity, EM wave, 144 814 Index phonons, and magnetization dynamics, 684 photoelectrons, spin polarized, 18 photoemission (PE), principle, 539 photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM), 461 photoemission, inverse, 19 photoemission, three step model, 590 photon angular momentum, 147 photon helicity, 150 photon polarization, in spinor field representation, 344 photon polarization, in vector field representation, 343 photon polarization, Stokes formalism, 350 photon spin, 150 photon, chirality, 153 pinned moments, 620 Planck’s distribution formula, 497 Pliny the Elder, PMA, discovery, 510 Poincar´e polarization vector, 347 Poincar´e sphere, 338 Poincar´e, Henri, polar vector, 58 polarization, circular, 149 polarization, degree of, 157 polarization, electric dipole operators, table, 769 polarization, elliptical, 156 polarization, left circular, 149 polarization, linear, 148 polarization, natural, 155 polarization, right circular, 149 polarization, synchrotron radiation, 132 Poulsen, Valdemar, 11 precessional switching, in-plane media, 725 precessional switching, perpendicular media, 733 precessional switching, three-step model, 726 precessional torque, 87 principal value integral, 369 probability, of spin state, 323 proper length, 106 proper time, 106 pseudo photons, 118 pseudo scalar, 142 pulse generation, 707 pump-probe experiments, 679 quadrupole moment, 771 quadrupole tensors, matrix elements, table, 772 quantum computers, 672 quantum well states, 632 quasiparticle state, 541 quenched orbital moment, 296 Ră ontgen, Conrad, 12 Racah parameters, 258 Racah’s spherical tensors, and quadrupole tensor, 772 Racah’s spherical tensors, definition, 377 Racah’s spherical tensors, matrix elements, table, 772 Racah’s spherical tensors, sum rules, 768 Racah’s spherical tensors, table, 767 radial transition matrix element, 379 radiation, 121 radiation, dipole, 128 radiation, electromagnetic, 121 radiation, infrared, 118 radiation, SASE, 137 radiation, spontaneous, 138 radiation, synchrotron, 125 radiation, terahertz, 118 rare earth ions, electronic ground states, 233 rare earths, 530 rare earths, centrifugal barrier, 227 rare earths, magnetic properties, 530 rare earths, wavefunctions, 229 Rashba effect, 108 Rayleigh’s light trap, 163 refractive index, complex, 352 relativistic electron beams, 113 relativistic length, 106 relativistic mass, 113 relativistic time, 107 relativity theory, 106 relaxation time approximation, 549 remanence magnetization, definition, 516 Index resistivity, 551 resistivity, Drude-Sommerfeld model, 548 resistivity, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Gd, 553 resistivity, for Fe and Cu, 552 resistivity, for two scattering mechanisms, 551 resistivity, of transition metals, 548 resonant magnetic scattering, formalism, 425 resonant magnetic X-ray scattering, link with absorption, 427 resonant X-ray scattering, 364 retardation effects, 123 RKKY exchange, 290 Ruddlesden-Popper phases, 282 Russell-Saunders coupling, 204 Sagnac interferometer, 164 SASE, 134 saturation magnetization, 482 Savart, Felix, scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis (SEMPA), 17 scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), 459 scattering cross-section, differential, 359 scattering length, single electron, 358 Schottky diode, 708 Schră odinger equation, 169 Schră odinger, Erwin, Schwinger, Julian, search light eect, 401 self amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), 137 semiconductors, coherent spin states, 672 semiconductors, spin diffusion parameters, 672 SEMPA, 17 shape anisotropy, expression, 507 Sherman function, 82 SI units, 36 SI units, table of quantities, 763 singlet state, 174 singlet-triplet splitting, Heisenberg and Hubbard models, 199 SLAC, 20 Slater integrals, 258 815 Slater, John C., 10 slave layer, 56 small angle X-ray scattering, 464 Smith, Oberlin, 11 soft magnetic underlayer (SUL), 733 SP-STM techniques, 598 specific heat, magnetic part, 683 speckle pattern, 464 SPEELS, 576 spherical harmonics, 377 spin absorption length, energy dependence, 563 spin absorption length, majority and minority electrons, 563 spin accumulation voltage, 640 spin accumulation voltage, typical values, 654 spin analyzer, 327 spin asymmetry parameter, definition, 339 spin blocks, 499 spin conserving transitions, 558 spin current amplifier, 677 spin currents, in semicoductors, 672 spin de-phasing, in metals, 675 spin de-phasing, in semiconductors, 673 spin density at Fe surface, 530 spin dependent scattering, mechanisms, 573 spin dephasing, of electron beam, 334 spin diffusion constant, 643 spin diffusion equation, 642 spin diffusion length, measurement of, 651 spin diffusion length, typical values, 672 spin diffusion parameters, in semiconductors, 672 spin diffusion time, 643 spin diffusion, boundary resistance, 649 spin down, 237 spin equilibration time, 643 spin exchange scattering, definition, 574 spin exchange scattering, detection by SPEELS, 575 spin exchange scattering, of electron beam, 332 spin excitations, probability, 565 spin filter, 328 816 Index spin filter effect, low-energy electrons, 561 spin filter matrix, 327 spin filter, EuS, 592 spin filter, transmission through, 329 spin flip time, 643 spin flips, definition, 573 spin flips, probability in scattering, 566 spin Hall effect, 672 spin injection dynamics, 744 spin injection torque, Berger expression, 663 spin injection torque, Slonczewski expression, 663 spin injection torques, 657 spin injection, conservation of angular momentum, 657 spin injection, damping torque, 659 spin injection, experiments, 667 spin injection, into ferromagnet, 656 spin injection, into semiconductors, 673 spin injection, magnetic switching, 665 spin injection, NEXI torque, 658 spin injection, thermal effects, 671 spin injection, XMCD imaging, 746 spin interaction matrix, 338 spin magnetic moment, 67 spin matrix, 321 spin moment, change by spin-orbit coupling, 303 spin moment, in presence of spin-orbit coupling, 303 spin operators, acting on spin states, 303 spin orbit functions, for s, p and d electrons, 770 spin polarization density matrix, 326 spin polarization of beam, definition, 325 spin polarization vector, electron beam, 324 spin polarization vector, single electron, 321 spin polarization, sign in tunneling, 597 spin polarized beam, 324 spin polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy (SPEELS), 576 spin polarized electron, wavefunction, 319 spin polarized electrons, relativistic, 317 spin polarized low energy electron diffraction (SPLEED), 20 spin polarized low energy electron microscopy (SPLEEM), 20 spin polarized photoemission, 15 spin polarized tunnelling, 18 spin precession, for electron beam, measurement, 569 spin precession, of electron beam, 331 spin precession, specific angle, 571 spin relaxation, for electron beam, measurement, 571 spin reorientation transition, 511, 709 spin resolved band structure, by IPE, 538 spin resolved band structure, by PE, 541 spin resolved inverse photoemission, principle, 535 spin resolved photoemission, principle, 539 spin scattering on spin waves, 574 spin selective absorption, of electron beam, 335 spin state, mixed, 324 spin state, pure, 324 spin sum rule, averaged, 399 spin sum rule, general, 423 spin switching, definition, 574 spin temperature, 666 spin transistor, 675 spin up, 237 spin up or down probability, 323 spin voltage, 641 spin wave stiffness, 496 spin wave, energy, 496 spin waves, and magnetization dynamics, 685 spin waves, concept, 494 spin waves, higher modes, 666 spin waves, temperature dependence, 497 spin, discovery, spin, injection, 21 spin, photon, 150 spin, tunnelling, 18 spin–orbit coupling, and spin–lattice relaxation, 686 Index spin-dependent electron scattering, from surfaces, 601 spin-dependent potential, 638 spin-dependent potential, distance dependence, 644 spin-dependent reflectivity, analogy with Kerr-effect, 608 spin-dependent reflectivity, complete measurement, 608 spin-dependent reflectivity, from surface, measurements, 603 spin-dependent reflectivity, measurement, 602 spin-dependent scattering from surfaces, mechanisms, 601 spin-flip energy, in spin-wave model, 496 spin-flip scattering, probability in beam transmission, 566 spin-flip scattering, probability in electron transport, 553 spin-flip transitions, detection by SPEELS, 575 spin-lattice relaxation time, 684 spin-orbit anisotropy, calculation, 299 spin-orbit coupling, and electron-spin relaxation, 686 spin-orbit coupling, and magnetization dynamics, 686 spin-orbit coupling, history, 203 spin-orbit coupling, quantum theory, 206 spin-orbit coupling, semiclassical, 204 spin-orbit Hamiltonian, general, 300 spin-orbit parameter, 207 spin-orbit scattering, 334 spin-polarized electrons, emission from ferromagnets, 588 spin-polarized electrons, emission into vacuum, 588 spin-polarized electrons, field emission, 591 spin-polarized electrons, reflection from surface, 601 spin-polarized electrons, thermionic emission, 591 spin-polarized electrons, tunneling between solids, 593 817 spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SP-STM), 598 spin-polarized scattering, exchange scattering, 601 spin-polarized scattering, LS-scattering, 608 spin-polarized tunneling, 593 spin-polarized tunneling, Andreev reflection, 596 spin-polarized tunneling, into superconductors, 596 spin-polarized tunneling, Julli`ere model, 594 spin-polarized tunneling, MeserveyTedrow tunneling, 597 spinor field, 321 spinor field, photon polarization, 344 spinor wavefunction, 320 spintronics, 21 spintronics devices, 675 SPLEED, 20 SPLEEM, 20 spontaneous magnetization, definition, 480 spring magnets, 617 SQUID, 517 Stern, Otto, Stern-Gerlach experiment, 74 Stokes parameters, 350 Stokes vector, 350 Stokes’ theorem, 42 Stoner criterion, 489 Stoner excitation, definition, 496 Stoner gap, 241, 590 Stoner model, 235 Stoner model, basic assumptions, 489 Stoner model, Curie temperature, 490 Stoner model, temperature dependence, 489 Stoner, Edmund C., 10 Stoner-Wohlfarth (SW) model, 517 stray field, 49 stripline, 708 strong ferromagnet, 489 STXM technique, 459 Suhl instability, 732 sum rule for integrated resonance intensity, 385 sum rule, charge, averaged, 397 818 Index sum rule, orbital moment, averaged, 399 sum rule, proportionality constant, 400 sum rule, spin, averaged, 399 sum rules, averaged intensities, 397 sum rules, orientation dependent, 421 super-exchange, 274 Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID), 517 surface-induced magnetic anisotropy, 510 SWASER, 664 symmetrization postulate, 172 synchrotron radiation, 125 synchrotron radiation, polarization, 132 synchrotron spectrum, 130 synthetic antiferromagnet media, 56 syst`eme international, S.I., 36 t-J model, 199 T-to-the-3/2 law, 497 Tanabe-Sugano diagram, 260 telegraphone, 11 terahertz radiation, 118 Tesla [T], definition, 43 Thales of Miletus, thermal demagnetization, time dependence, 695 thermal stability of magnetization, 520 thermodynamic reservoirs, 680 thermomagnetic writing, compensation point, 710 thermomagnetic writing, Curie point, 709 Thomas, L H., Thomson cross section, 359 Thomson scattering length, 359 Thomson, J J., Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 556 time dilation, 107 time reversal operation, 59 time reversal, definition, 57 time, relativistic, 107 time, retarded, 124 time-energy correlation, plot, 679 time-energy relation, 101 timescales, in research and technology, 30 TIXM technique, 461 TMR sensors, 596 Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro, torque, damping, 87 torque, precessional, 87 transistor, field effect, 676 transistor, spin-based, 676 transition matrix element, 374 transition matrix element, angular part, table, 380 transition matrix element, atomic, 378 transition matrix element, atomic, angular part, 380 transition matrix element, atomic, radial part, 379 transition matrix element, atoms in solids, 381 transition matrix element, sum rule expressions, 768 transition matrix element, sum rules, 383 transition metal ions, electronic ground states, 233 transition metal ions, number of valence electrons, 234 transition probability, 373 transition probability, and differential cross-section, 374 transition radiation, 120 transmission factor, 327 transmission imaging X-ray microscopy (TIXM), 461 transmission matrix, 327 transport, see electron transport, 553 triplet state, 175 tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR), definition, 595 tunneling, 18 Uhlenbeck, George E., ultrafast dynamics, definition, 687 ultrafast e-beam switching, in-plane media, 727 ultrafast e-beam switching, perpendicular media, 735 ultrafast pulses, generation, 707 uncertainty principle, 97 undulator, 134 ungerade, 57 units and values of important quantities, 763 Index universal curve, 560 universal temperature, 484 valence bond theory, 188 vector field, 342 vector, axial, 58 vector, polar, 58 velocity fields, 109 Verwey transition, 283 virgin magnetization curve, 516 vortex core, 713 vortex dynamics, for in-plane excitation, 716 vortex dynamics, for out-of-plane excitation, 719 vortex eigenmodes, 719 vortex, characteristics of, 713 wave equation, 144 weak ferromagnet, 525 Weber, Wilhelm Eduard, Weiss molecular field, 481 Weiss, Pierre, Weiss-Heisenberg model, 484 Weiss-Heisenberg-DFT model, 485 Weiss-Heisenberg-DFT theory, exchange coupling constant, 487 white line intensity, 374 Wiechert, Emil, Wien filter, 109 wiggler, 134 X-FEL, 134 X-PEEM technique, 461 X-ray absorption cross section, 362 X-ray absorption cross section, Fe, Co and Ni, 439 X-ray absorption cross-section, in dipole approximation, 374 X-ray absorption length, 439 X-ray absorption length, Fe, Co and Ni, 439 X-ray absorption spectra, atomic contribution, 446 X-ray absorption spectra, edge jump, 445 X-ray absorption spectra, edge jump normalization, 446 819 X-ray absorption spectra, Fe, Co, Ni oxides, 450 X-ray absorption spectra, quantitative analysis, 445 X-ray absorption spectra, resonant contribution, 446 X-ray absorption spectra, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Co and Ni, 449 X-ray absorption spectroscopy, concepts, 437 X-ray absorption spectroscopy, electron yield, 439 X-ray absorption spectroscopy, transmission, 438 X-ray absorption, coefficient, 361 X-ray absorption, configuration picture, 370 X-ray absorption, experimental techniques, 441 X-ray absorption, law, 362 X-ray absorption, multiplet effects, 415 X-ray absorption, one electron picture, 370 X-ray dichroism, different types, 432 X-ray free electron laser (X-FEL), 134 X-ray holography, 465 X-ray imaging results, overview, 468 X-ray imaging, coherent scattering, 463 X-ray imaging, contrast mechanisms, 462 X-ray imaging, holography, 465 X-ray imaging, methods, 459 X-ray imaging, speckle pattern, 464 X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), origin, 389 X-ray magnetic dichroism, link of absorption and scattering, 427 X-ray magnetic imaging, 458 X-ray magnetic linear dichroism (XMLD), 407 X-ray natural circular dichroism (XNCD), 433 X-ray natural linear dichroism (XNLD), 401 X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM), 461 X-ray resonant magnetic scattering, formalism, 425 820 Index X-ray resonant magnetic scattering, link with absorption, 427 X-ray resonant scattering, correlation with X-ray absorption, 368 X-ray scattering cross-section, in dipole approximation, 376 X-ray scattering, resonant, 364 X-ray scattering, single atom, 360 X-ray scattering, single charge, 357 X-ray scattering, single spin, 357 X-rays, brightness, 26 X-rays, dichroism, 23 X-rays, link with magnetism, 22 X-rays, magnetic imaging, 23 X-rays, magnetic scattering, 23 XANES, 432 XMCD effect, K-shell, 395 XMCD effect, origin, 389 XMCD effect, summary, 396 XMCD effect, two-step model, 393 XMCD spectra, Co clusters, 454 XMCD spectra, Cr, V, and Ti, 453 XMCD spectra, Fe, Co , Ni and Gd, 451 XMCD spectra, Fe, Co, Ni atoms, 453 XMLD effect, first and second kind, 411 XMLD effect, multiplet enhancement, 415 XMLD effect, origin, 407 XMLD effect, simple theory, 408 XMLD effect, summary, 414 XNCD effect, definition, 433 XNLD effect, and quadrupole moment, 406 XNLD effect, origin, 401 XNLD effect, theory, 403 XPS, study of correlation effects, 265 Zaanen-Sawatzky-Allen model, 267 Zeeman effect, anomalous, 216 Zeeman effect, normal, 216 Zeeman interaction, history, 212 Zeeman, Pieter, Zener double exchange, 279 zig-zag walls, 730 Springer Series in solid-state sciences Series Editors: M Cardona P Fulde K von Klitzing R Merlin H.-J Queisser H Stăormer 90 Earlier and Recent Aspects of Superconductivity Editor: J.G Bednorz and K.A Măuller 91 Electronic Properties and Conjugated Polymers III Editors: H Kuzmany, M Mehring, and S Roth 92 Physics and Engineering Applications of Magnetism Editors: Y Ishikawa and N Miura 93 Quasicrystals Editor: T Fujiwara and T Ogawa 94 Electronic Conduction in Oxides 2nd Edition By N Tsuda, K Nasu, A Fujimori, and K Siratori 95 Electronic Materials A New Era in MaterialsScience Editors: J.R Chelikowski and A Franciosi 96 Electron Liquids 2nd Edition By A Isihara 97 Localization and Confinement of Electrons in Semiconductors Editors: F Kuchar, H Heinrich, and G Bauer 98 Magnetism and the Electronic Structure of Crystals By V.A Gubanov, A.I Liechtenstein, and A.V Postnikov 99 Electronic Properties of High-Tc Superconductors and Related Compounds Editors: H Kuzmany, M Mehring, and J Fink 100 Electron Correlations in Molecules and Solids 3rd Edition By P Fulde 101 High Magnetic Fields in Semiconductor Physics III Quantum Hall Effect, Transport and Optics By G Landwehr 101 High Magnetic Fields in Semiconductor Physics III Quantum Hall Effect, Transport and Optics By G Landwehr 102 Conjugated Conducting Polymers Editor: H Kiess 103 Molecular Dynamics Simulations Editor: F Yonezawa 104 Products of Random Matrices in Statistical Physics By A Crisanti, G Paladin, and A Vulpiani 105 Self-Trapped Excitons 2nd Edition By K.S Song and R.T Williams 106 Physics of High-Temperature Superconductors Editors: S Maekawa and M Sato 107 Electronic Properties of Polymers Orientation and Dimensionality of Conjugated Systems Editors: H Kuzmany, M Mehring, and S Roth 108 Site Symmetry in Crystals Theory and Applications 2nd Edition By R.A Evarestov and V.P Smirnov 109 Transport Phenomena in Mesoscopic Systems Editors: H Fukuyama and T Ando 110 Superlattices and Other Heterostructures Symmetry and Optical Phenomena 2nd Edition By E.L Ivchenko and G.E Pikus 111 Low-Dimensional Electronic Systems New Concepts Editors: G Bauer, F Kuchar, and H Heinrich 112 Phonon Scattering in Condensed Matter VII Editors: M Meissner and R.O Pohl Springer Series in solid-state sciences Series Editors: M Cardona P Fulde K von Klitzing R Merlin H.-J Queisser H Stăormer 113 Electronic Properties of High-Tc Superconductors Editors: H Kuzmany, M Mehring, and J Fink 114 Interatomic Potential and Structural Stability Editors: K Terakura and H Akai 115 Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Semiconductors and Semiconductor Nanostructures By J Shah 116 Electron Spectrum of Gapless Semiconductors By J.M Tsidilkovski 117 Electronic Properties of Fullerenes Editors: H Kuzmany, J Fink, M Mehring, and S Roth 118 Correlation Effects in LowDimensional Electron Systems Editors: A Okiji and N Kawakami 119 Spectroscopy of Mott Insulators and Correlated Metals Editors: A Fujimori and Y Tokura 120 Optical Properties of III–V Semiconductors The Influence of Multi-Valley Band Structures By H Kalt 121 Elementary Processes in Excitations and Reactions on Solid Surfaces Editors: A Okiji, H Kasai, and K Makoshi 122 Theory of Magnetism By K Yosida 123 Quantum Kinetics in Transport and Optics of Semiconductors By H Haug and A.-P Jauho 124 Relaxations of Excited States and Photo-Induced Structural Phase Transitions Editor: K Nasu 125 Physics and Chemistry of Transition-Metal Oxides Editors: H Fukuyama and N Nagaosa 126 Physical Properties of Quasicrystals Editor: Z.M Stadnik 127 Positron Annihilation in Semiconductors Defect Studies By R Krause-Rehberg and H.S Leipner 128 Magneto-Optics Editors: S Sugano and N Kojima 129 Computational Materials Science From Ab Initio to Monte Carlo Methods By K Ohno, K Esfarjani, and Y Kawazoe 130 Contact, Adhesion and Rupture of Elastic Solids By D Maugis 131 Field Theories for Low-Dimensional Condensed Matter Systems Spin Systems and Strongly Correlated Electrons By G Morandi, P Sodano, A Tagliacozzo, and V Tognetti 132 Vortices in Unconventional Superconductors and Superfluids Editors: R.P Huebener, N Schopohl, and G.E Volovik 133 The Quantum Hall Effect By D Yoshioka 134 Magnetism in the Solid State By P Mohn 135 Electrodynamics of Magnetoactive Media By I Vagner, B.I Lembrikov, and P Wyder ... 152 Magnetism From Fundamentals to Nanoscale Dynamics By J Stăohr and H. C Siegmann Volumes 90–135 are listed at the end of the book J Stăohr H. C Siegmann Magnetism From Fundamentals to Nanoscale. .. at things We hope that you will enjoy the result Stanford, CA January 2006 Joachim Stă ohr Hans Christoph Siegmann Contents Introduction 1.1 Magnetism: ... As throughout history, today’s magnetism research remains closely tied to applications It is therefore no surprise that some of the forefront research areas in magnetism today are driven by the