2004 African Economic Outlook The African Economic Outlook is a joint project between the African Development Bank and the OECD Development Centre The project, generously supported by the European Commission, combines the expertise accumulated by the OECD, which produces the OECD Economic Outlook twice a year, and the knowledge of the African Development Bank on African economies The objective is to review annually the recent economic situation and the short-term likely evolutions of selected African countries The Outlook is drawn from a country-by-country analysis based on a unique analytical design This common framework includes a forecasting exercise for the current and the two following years using a simple macroeconomic model, together with an analysis of the social and political context It also contains a comparative synthesis of African country prospects, placing the evolution of African economies in the world economic context A statistical appendix completes the volume Decision makers in African and OECD countries, both in the public and private sectors, such as aid agencies, investors, and government officials of aid-recipient countries, will all find this volume of significant interest « African Economic Outlook COUNTRIES COVERED • ALGERIA • BOTSWANA • BURKINA FASO • CAMEROON • CÔTE D’IVOIRE • EGYPT • ETHIOPIA • GABON • GHANA • KENYA • MALI • MAURITIUS • MOROCCO • MOZAMBIQUE • NIGERIA • SENEGAL • SOUTH AFRICA • TANZANIA • TUNISIA • UGANDA • ZAMBIA • ZIMBABWE This book is available to subscribers to the following SourceOECD themes: Emerging Economies Development Ask your librarian for more details on how to access OECD books on line, or write to us at SourceOECD@oecd.org African Economic Outlook OECD's books, periodicals and statistical databases are now available via www.SourceOECD.org, our online library www.oecd.org This work is published under the auspices of the OECD Development Centre The Centre promotes comparative development analysis and policy dialogue, as described at: www.oecd.org/dev 2003/2004 ISBN 92-64-01624-4 41 2004 04 P -:HSTCQE=UV[WY]: AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK African Economic Outlook AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK DEVELOPMENT CENTRE OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT Pursuant to Article of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall promote policies designed: – to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy; – to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of economic development; and – to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations The original Member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States The following countries became Members subsequently through accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969), Australia (7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973), Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996), Poland (22nd November 1996), Korea (12th December 1996) and the Slovak Republic (14th December 2000) The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the OECD Convention) The Development Centre of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was established by decision of the OECD Council on 23rd October 1962 and comprises twenty-three Member countries of the OECD: Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, as well as Chile since November 1998 and India since February 2001 The Commission of the European Communities also takes part in the Centre’s Governing Board The purpose of the Centre is to bring together the knowledge and experience available in Member countries of both economic development and the formulation and execution of general economic policies; to adapt such knowledge and experience to the actual needs of countries or regions in the process of development and to put the results at the disposal of the countries by appropriate means The Centre is part of the “Development Cluster” at the OECD and enjoys scientific independence in the execution of its task As part of the Cluster, together with the Centre for Co-operation with Non Members, the Development Cooperation Directorate, and the Sahel and West Africa Club, the Development Centre can draw upon the experience and knowledge available in the OECD in the development field THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED AND ARGUMENTS EMPLOYED IN THIS PUBLICATION ARE THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE AUTHORS AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THOSE OF THE OECD OR OF THE GOVERNMENTS OF ITS MEMBER COUNTRIES * ** Publiộ en franỗais sous le titre : PERSPECTIVES ÉCONOMIQUES EN AFRIQUE Permission to reproduce a portion of this work for non-commercial purposes or classroom use should be obtained through the Centre franỗais dexploitation du droit de copie (CFC), 20, rue des Grands-Augustins, 75006 Paris, France, tel (33-1) 44 07 47 70, fax (33-1) 46 34 67 19, for every country except the United States In the United States permission should be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service, (508)750-8400, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA, or CCC Online: www.copyright.com All other applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this book should be made to OECD Publications, 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France African Economic Outlook © AfDB/OECD 2004 THE AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP The African Development Bank Group is a regional multilateral development finance institution the members of which are all of the 53 countries in Africa and 25 countries from Asia, the Middle East, Europe, North and South America The purpose of the Bank is to further the economic development and social progress of African countries, individually and collectively To this end, the Bank promotes the investment of public and private capital for development, primarily by providing loans and grants for projects and programs that contribute to poverty reduction and broad-based sustainable development in Africa The non-concessional operations of the Bank are financed from its ordinary capital resources In addition, the Bank’s soft window affiliates – the African Development Fund and the Nigeria Trust Fund – provide concessional financing to low-income countries that are not able to sustain loans on market terms By the end of 2003, the African Development Bank Group cumulatively approved 786 loans and grants for commitments amounting to over $44.2 billion The commitments were made to 52 regional member countries and various national and regional institutions to support development projects and programmes in agriculture, education, health, transport, public utilities, and industry sectors Since the mid-1980s, a significant share of commitments has also gone to promoting economic reform and adjustment programmes that help to accelerate socio-economic development About two-thirds of total Bank Group commitments were financed on non-concessional terms, while the balance benefited from concessional financing © AfDB/OECD 2004 African Economic Outlook Foreword Foreword The African Economic Outlook project is a joint initiative of the African Development Bank and the OECD Development Centre The Report was essentially drafted by a core team drawn from both institutions, supported by resource people in selected countries A generous grant from the Commission of the European Communities was essential to initiating and sustaining the project African Economic Outlook © AfDB/OECD 2004 Table of Contents African Economic Outlook Foreword Acknowledgements Preface Part One: Overview • The International Environment 14 • Macroeconomic Performance in Africa 22 • The Millennium Development Goals: Progress Report 29 • Governance and Political Issues 33 • Energy Supply and Poverty 37 • Electricity Sector Reforms 44 Part Two: Country Studies 51 • Algeria 53 • Botswana 65 • Burkina Faso 79 • Cameroon 93 • Cơte d’Ivoire 105 • Egypt 119 • Ethiopia 133 • Gabon 147 • Ghana 161 • Kenya 177 • Mali 193 • Mauritius 207 • Morocco 219 • Mozambique 233 • Nigeria 247 • Senegal 261 • South Africa 275 • Tanzania 295 • Tunisia 309 • Uganda 323 • Zambia 337 • Zimbabwe 355 Part Three: Statistical Annex 373 © AfDB/OECD 2004 African Economic Outlook Acknowledgements Acknowledgements The African Economic Outlook was prepared by a team led by Jean-Claude Berthélemy and Mohammed Nureldin Hussain In addition to the managers, the core team was composed of Barfour Osei, Obadiah Mailafia and Beejaye Kokil at the Development Research Department of the African Development Bank and Céline Kauffmann, Nicolas Pinaud, Christine Rosellini and Lucia Wegner at the OECD Development Centre The comparative synthesis of the Report was drafted by Jean-Claude Berthélemy, Mohammed Nureldin Hussain, Céline Kauffmann, Barfour Osei and Lucia Wegner The country notes were drafted by Bernard Aigobkhan, Sémi Cherif, Céline Kauffmann, Barfour Osei, Nicolas Pinaud, Christine Rosellini, Audrey Verdier-Chouchane, Patrice Wadja and Lucia Wegner The work on the country notes greatly benefited from the valuable contributions of local consultants: Jerome Afeikhena (South Africa), Rose Aiko (Tanzania), William Bekoe (Ghana), Mahmoud Ben Sassi (Tunisia), Abdelhakim Berrah (Algeria), Veepin Bhowon (Mauritius), Mukoma Kandeke (Zambia), Tiegist Lemma (Ethiopia), Moubarack Lo (Senegal), Luis Magaco Jr (Mozambique), Oumar Makalou (Mali), E.S.K Muwanga-Zake (Uganda), Kouadio N’dri (Côte d’Ivoire), Maryclaire Hiuko Ngari (Kenya), Robert Ngonthe (Cameroun), Christopher Nwobike (Nigeria), Modeste Mfa Obiang (Gabon), Elie Ouedraogo (Burkina Faso), Malak Ali Reda (Egypt), Trevor Simumba (Zambia) and Dirk Ernst Van Seventer (South Africa).Valuable inputs were provided by Andrea Goldstein, Johannes Jütting and Henri-Bernard Solignac Lecomte of the OECD Development Centre and by Koua Louis Kouakou and Fetor Komlan at the ADB Development Research Department The macroeconomic framework used to produce the projections was updated and managed by Céline Kauffmann at the OECD Development Centre and Beejaye Kokil at the African Development Bank The statistical annex is the product of joint work carried out by Beejaye Kokil and Céline Kauffmann The project also benefited from crucial research assistance conducted by Aleksandra Bogusz, Federica Marzo and Raphaël Soulignac at the OECD Development Centre and Mboya Deloubassou, Koua Louis Kouakou and Fetor Komlan at the ADB Development Research Department A large number of African government representatives, private sector colleagues and civil society members provided extremely valuable inputs and comments Several institutions also contributed to the project at various stages: the Macroeconomics Studies Division of the Agence Franỗaise de Dộveloppement, the ADB country desks, the International Energy Agency Statistics Division, the IMF African Department, the OECD Economics Department, the OECD Development Co-operation Directorate and the World Bank Economic and Prospects Group The OECD Development Centre’s Publications/Communication Unit, led by Colm Foy, was responsible for transforming the manuscript into the publication The Outlook was prepared under the overall guidance of Ulrich Hiemenz, Deputy Director, OECD Development Centre and Henock Kifle, Director, ADB Development Research Department African Economic Outlook © AfDB/OECD 2004 Preface Preface This is the third edition of our joint African Economic Outlook, a project initiated by the African Development Bank and the OECD Development Centre, with the strong support of the European Commission The aim with this edition, as with the two that have preceded it, is to provide a tool for understanding current economic and social conditions and for highlighting the development prospects for the African continent The AEO team comprises staff from our two institutions as well as local analysts They have used the same, proven methodology as in the past to produce the 22 country reviews and short-term forecasts employing a single, unique model In this way, the analysis is made truly comparative in the tradition of the OECD’s Economic Outlook The scientific and intellectual rigour with which the AEO has been prepared gives it a legitimacy that has been recognised by its users in the worlds of business, academia, politics and public affairs The Outlook has thus made a concrete contribution towards the understanding of African economies, and to more informed policy making and investment decisions While dispelling myths, the AEO still reminds us of some of the development challenges facing African countries The country studies and the overall analysis carry much good news about civil peace and economic progress, identifying policies that work and those that not, but they also remind us of the human dimensions of the challenges still facing the peoples of Africa These challenges can be viewed to a large extent through the lens of the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals As with last year’s AEO, we are forced to recognise that few African countries will achieve any of the MDGs by 2015 This is indeed disappointing, and a cause that both Africa’s leaders and the international community, including our own organisations, need to take up with renewed determination On the positive side, the improvement of the international economic environment, relative to 2002, carried some good news for African countries Internally, with the calming of conflicts in key areas such as the Great Lakes region, major reforms by African governments, progress on the NEPAD agenda, African countries are poised to take advantage of the improved external environment Indeed, in many countries, we see improvements in the management of the economy, in the business environment and in increasing respect for institutions, alongside recognition that growth must be accompanied by poverty reduction and the improvement and extension of basic social services The international donor community is also showing increased interest for Africa’s development, as evidenced by the positive evolution of aid budgets in recent years, unprecedented in the last decade The special theme of this year’s Outlook is energy supply We find that, despite the substantial contribution energy can make to almost every walk of life – from demography to democracy, from education to employment, from gender equality to growth and from investment to integration – the energy potential of the continent is sorely under-exploited There is room for huge improvements in this field and a wealth of opportunity for both entrepreneurs and their current and potential customers We are confident that this edition of the AEO will prove to be as useful as its predecessors to the policy-making and business communities, as well as to all those concerned with African development In the context of the current renewed cooperation between African leaderships for the reform of governance, for growth and for poverty alleviation – as evidenced in the start-up of NEPAD’s African Peer Review Mechanism — it will be an essential input to their deliberations Louka T Katseli Director OECD Development Centre Paris © AfDB/OECD 2004 April 2004 Omar Kabbaj President African Development Bank Tunis African Economic Outlook Part One Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Congo, Democratic Republic Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali 69.7 40.1 50.6 39.7 45.7 40.9 46.2 70.2 39.5 44.7 60.8 48.2 41.8 41.0 45.7 68.8 49.1 52.7 45.5 56.6 54.1 57.9 49.1 45.3 44.6 35.1 41.4 72.8 53.6 37.5 48.6 67.9 40.2 51.4 56.3 45.9 39.3 52.0 68.6 42.6 44.4 58.8 49.2 38.0 43.2 47.0 67.0 48.5 52.0 46.1 56.6 52.7 57.3 47.0 44.4 50.7 46.9 41.8 71.6 51.6 40.7 47.9 1995-2000 African Economic Outlook 48.0 52.6 52.3 … 52.0 55.2 52.5 63.0 56.5 62.6 51.5 47.8 61.3 59.0 46.0 … … 55.2 50.6 53.4 48.8 … 58.1 … 44.1 53.8 68.1 54.2 51.5 56.1 … With Without AIDS AIDS 2000-2005 Life expectancy at birth (years) 410 73 15 58 47 12 17 25 33 25 44 26 39 40 25 20 44 28 25 32 50 23 13 34 69 25 1998-2001 949 245 735 221 987 953 455 292 485 612 242 308 535 594 218 385 690 037 602 300 670 362 481 059 320 946 333 072 168 376 2 2 2 2 2001 Undernourishment Food availability prevalence (%) (Kcal/person/day) 3.5 6.2 7.0 3.9 2.0 5.7 3.6 3.6 6.4 4.7 3.5 5.9 7.8 5.5 4.3 2.9 2.0 7.8 4.3 4.5 2.6 3.1 2.1 4.1 4.4 4.4 6.6 3.0 3.6 3.3 3.7 41 58 46 76 10 127 19 12 13 29 23 143 13 11 12 18 73 31 16 190 20 46 44.4 16.0 58.8 48.9 60.4 65.1 40.5 47.9 49.4 59.6 54.1 53.8 21.4 78.9 75.9 56.0 65.9 35.0 38.6 51.2 76.0 60.0 63.8 75.0 63.1 46.9 66.2 60.1 59.0 37.1 74.2 55.6 84.0 41.2 51.1 39.6 34.9 59.5 52.1 50.6 40.4 45.9 46.2 78.6 21.1 24.1 44.0 34.1 65.0 61.4 48.8 24.0 40.0 36.2 25.0 36.9 53.1 33.8 39.9 41.0 62.9 25.8 Total health expenditure as % Per Distribution of GDP capita Public Private ($) (%) (%) 2001 Table 15 - Basic Health Indicators 10.3 6.0 13.7 7.4 10.0 4.5 4.9 7.3 13.6 8.6 11.3 7.4 6.2 12.0 10.6 5.0 7.7 12.3 6.8 18.5 15.2 5.8 5.7 9.9 5.5 10.9 7.6 8.1 8.1 7.8 8.8 Public health exp (% of total government expenditure) 2001 Statistical Annex © AfDB/OECD 2004 © AfDB/OECD 2004 69.9 52.9 … 34.2 47.9 47.7 55.6 34.4 43.3 49.7 72.8 46.2 32.4 33.1 68.4 50.9 … 34.9 44.8 58.2 55.0 47.2 45.5 51.8 71.7 41.1 35.7 40.8 51.5 Africa 57.8 … … … 37.9 … 66.6 57.5 62.2 52.1 57.0 … 55.5 53.4 67.6 … … … 48.5 65.4 … 57.6 50.7 41 25 47 71 21 12 47 23 21 50 38 32 55 40 27 40 1998-2001 567 277 461 913 921 288 593 998 287 293 398 885 133 764 995 046 980 745 118 747 086 444 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2001 Undernourishment Food availability prevalence (%) (Kcal/person/day) 12 128 59 11 110 15 11 22 450 222 14 41 12 134 14 19 45 35 3.6 3.4 5.1 5.9 6.7 3.7 3.4 5.5 2.3 4.8 6.0 4.3 2.6 8.6 3.5 3.3 4.4 2.8 6.4 5.9 5.7 6.2 5.1 58.6 67.7 58.8 68.2 61.0 44.6 41.4 18.7 68.5 46.7 48.6 75.7 57.5 53.1 45.3 72.4 59.5 39.3 67.4 69.3 39.1 23.2 55.5 41.4 32.3 41.2 31.8 39.0 55.4 58.6 81.3 31.5 53.3 51.4 24.3 42.5 46.9 54.7 27.6 40.5 60.7 32.6 30.7 60.9 76.8 44.5 Total health expenditure as % Per Distribution of GDP capita Public Private ($) (%) (%) 2001 Sources: Life expectancy at birth: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects, The 2002 Revision Undernourishment prevalence and food availability: FAO, 2002, The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2002 Total health expenditure and public health expenditure: WHO, The World Health Report 2003 50.6 52.5 72.0 68.7 38.1 44.3 46.2 51.5 39.3 50.5 70.7 66.6 41.5 54.5 44.2 52.5 35.5 Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé et Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe 1995-2000 With Without AIDS AIDS 2000-2005 Life expectancy at birth (years) Table 15 - Basic Health Indicators (cont.) 10.8 3.5 12.9 7.0 9.4 4.2 10.9 4.6 7.5 12.1 9.3 15.1 16.4 13.5 8.0 10.3 7.6 5.3 18.9 12.2 7.7 1.9 14.2 Public health exp (% of total government expenditure) 2001 Statistical Annex African Economic Outlook 411 Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Congo, Democratic Republic Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali 60.6 33.4 44.0 35.7 35.6 35.1 41.5 60.8 37.4 40.7 54.6 46.3 37.1 39.5 42.9 59.0 45.5 50.0 41.2 51.4 49.5 49.8 44.8 40.5 44.4 31.4 35.3 63.7 48.6 34.9 37.9 59.7 31.6 43.4 36.0 34.9 33.4 41.1 58.8 37.0 39.7 53.9 45.3 35.0 37.6 42.5 57.8 44.7 49.3 40.7 50.2 48.5 49.2 43.9 39.6 44.1 29.6 33.6 62.3 47.3 35.0 37.5 2002 61.6 35.1 44.5 35.4 36.3 36.8 41.8 62.9 37.7 41.7 55.3 47.3 39.1 41.3 43.2 60.2 46.3 50.8 41.7 52.6 50.5 50.3 45.6 41.5 44.8 33.2 37.0 65.0 49.9 34.8 38.3 Healthy life expectancy at birth ( years) Total Male Female 412 94 38 63 62 74 60 27 96 51 45 77 100 95 43 66 58 70 62 64 48 49 49 91 72 47 57 65 Total 98 34 55 100 84 96 82 64 80 31 98 71 89 90 100 96 45 63 77 73 80 87 72 29 87 98 … 72 85 95 74 2000 Urban 88 40 55 42 89 46 26 95 17 26 65 100 94 42 42 13 55 53 49 36 55 31 88 68 31 44 61 Rural Water supply coverage (%) 73 44 23 29 92 71 31 29 98 20 91 94 53 13 15 21 37 63 58 47 86 92 97 42 77 69 Total 90 70 46 88 79 99 95 43 81 98 14 53 99 98 60 66 58 25 41 62 94 88 96 93 97 70 96 93 2000 Urban 47 30 16 85 32 23 13 98 50 91 46 35 64 41 34 81 92 96 30 70 58 Rural Sanitation coverage (%) Table 16 - Sanitary Conditions 1995 1997 1995 1994 1995 1996 1996 1995 1994 1997 1995 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1996 1997 1996 1995 1996 1995 1995 1997 1997 1996 1994 Survey year 84.6 7.7 5.7 23.8 3.4 7.4 17.1 3.5 3.3 7.4 25.1 6.9 9.0 14.0 202.0 24.6 3.0 3.5 6.2 13.0 16.6 13.2 5.4 2.3 128.0 10.7 4.7 Physicians Health personnel (per 100 000) 297.8 114.5 20.4 219.1 19.6 36.7 55.6 8.8 14.7 34.1 185.1 44.2 31.2 74.0 233.0 39.5 16.0 12.5 72.0 55.7 109.4 90.1 60.1 5.9 360.0 21.6 13.1 Nurses Statistical Annex African Economic Outlook © AfDB/OECD 2004 © AfDB/OECD 2004 44.5 62.4 60.2 36.9 43.3 35.5 41.5 38.3 54.4 48.0 61.2 28.6 36.8 44.3 48.5 34.2 40.4 44.6 62.5 42.7 34.9 33.6 42.8 60.3 59.5 36.3 42.9 35.8 41.3 36.4 54.2 47.1 57.4 27.2 36.1 43.3 47.2 33.2 40.0 43.5 61.3 41.7 34.8 33.8 46.3 64.6 60.9 37.5 43.8 35.2 41.8 40.2 54.7 48.9 64.9 29.9 37.5 45.3 49.9 35.2 40.7 45.7 63.6 43.7 35.0 33.3 37 100 82 60 77 59 57 41 78 28 86 75 54 54 50 64 85 Total 34 100 100 86 100 70 81 60 … 92 … 23 … 92 86 … 80 85 … 72 88 100 2000 Urban Total 33 99 75 43 41 20 63 70 28 86 62 90 34 75 78 68 40 100 58 43 67 56 39 40 65 31 80 69 42 38 46 48 77 44 100 100 69 96 79 85 12 94 23 99 87 98 69 96 99 99 2000 Urban 19 99 42 26 17 45 48 31 73 48 86 17 72 64 51 Rural Sanitation coverage (%) Rural Water supply coverage (%) Sources: Healthy life expectancy at birth: WHO, The World Health Report 2003 Water supply coverage and sanitation coverage: WHO and UNICEF, 2000, Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment, 2000 Report Health personnel: WHO Statistical Information System Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé et Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe 2002 Healthy life expectancy at birth ( years) Total Male Female Table 16 - Sanitary Conditions (cont.) 1995 1995 1997 1997 1997 1992 1996 1995 1996 1996 1997 1996 1996 1996 1995 1995 1997 1996 1995 1995 Survey year 13.8 85.0 46.0 29.5 3.5 18.5 46.7 7.5 132.4 7.3 4.0 56.3 9.0 15.1 4.1 7.6 70.0 6.9 13.9 Physicians Health personnel (per 100 000) 62.4 232.9 105.0 168.0 22.9 66.1 127.4 22.1 467.6 33.0 20.0 471.8 58.0 85.2 29.7 286.0 18.7 113.1 128.7 Nurses Statistical Annex African Economic Outlook 413 Algeria 31 266 Angola 13 184 Benin 558 Botswana 770 Burkina Faso 12 624 Burundi 602 Cameroon 15 729 Cape Verde 454 Central African Republic 819 Chad 348 Comoros 747 Congo 633 Congo, Democratic Republic 51 201 Côte d’Ivoire 16 365 Djibouti 693 Egypt 70 507 Equatorial Guinea 481 Eritrea 991 Ethiopia 68 961 Gabon 306 Gambia 388 Ghana 20 471 Guinea 359 Guinea Bissau 449 Kenya 31 540 Lesotho 800 Liberia 239 Libya 445 Madagascar 16 916 Malawi 11 871 Mali 12 623 2002 (000) Total population 0.1 5.5 3.8 39.4 7.5 11.4 12.2 12.8 3.6 7.3 5.0 8.8 0.0 2.6 2.8 6.6 1.2 3.4 2.9 15.0 33.5 0.2 0.3 15.2 2.0 300 770 55 100 360 17 500 360 22 850 110 HIV/AIDS° Adult prevalence (%) 2001 13 350 120 330 440 390 920 250 150 110 People living with HIV/AIDS (000) 414 African Economic Outlook 930 420 24 990 200 890 73 470 70 100 34 69 270 240 210 110 72 78 AIDS orphans cumulative (000) 1997 1997 1997 1995 1994 1997 1997 1997 1995 1997 1997 1995 1997 1995 1995 1995 1997 1997 1995 1996 1997 983 089 314 11 12 530 358 469 35 842 227 762 802 210 343 190 384 907 197 603 857 599 020 794 309 20 343 186 15 509 491 156 670 17 501 932 645 Survey year Notified cases Malaria notified cases Table 17 - Major Diseases 70 625 14 367 3971* 10 762* 416*** 805 110 289 034 859 11 723 199 566 80 183 10 111 753*** 1341* 16 082 24 595 457 934 996 830 204 376 371 057 195 837 077 120* 076 18 29 10 11 2002 Tuberculosis notified cases 633 30 466 50 653 24 460 332 110 25 12 289 151 298 766 131 890 10 795 92 717 862 11 945 588 744 016 448 938 277 788 2002 Measles Incidence 45 56 62 97 51 84 52 38 90 81 54 47 78 70 57 91 61 69 33 81 74 78 90 46 75 62 85 35 55 71 37 2002 43 54 62 97 33 83 56 40 90 80 47 50 84 79 51 93 62 64 57 86 47 79 97 41 74 48 94 40 40 89 41 Vaccination coverage (%) MCV DTP3 Statistical Annex © AfDB/OECD 2004 © AfDB/OECD 2004 831 038 28 650 13 100 230 500 500 27 150 170 43 000 450 170 500 150 600 200 300 People living with HIV/AIDS (000) 7.0 0.1 0.1 11.7 24.4 6.0 11.4 0.5 7.2 1.1 19.9 2.6 33.3 7.8 6.0 5.0 21.1 33.5 HIV/AIDS° Adult prevalence (%) 2001 10 910 420 47 000 260 15 42 660 62 35 810 63 880 570 780 AIDS orphans cumulative (000) 215 330 131 10 29 332 628 425 978 616 210 65 59 185 855 466 775 773 364 160 827 655 866 002 060 225 067* 139 28 852* 25 544 12 698 292* 38 628 011 94 366 29 793 686 215 120 24 807* 748 60 306 645 2038* 40 695 54 220 59 170 2002 Survey year Notified cases 1997 2000 1997 1997 1997 1997 1995 2000 1996 2000 1997 1996 1995 Tuberculosis notified cases Malaria notified cases 000 155 278 584 007 738 480 568 559 043 529 37 131 363 98 871 036 304 311 159 49 25 14 31 42 883 2002 Measles Incidence Last data available, *2001; **1999; ***1998 The 2003 data on HIV/AIDS prevalence will be available on UNAIDS website (www.unaids.org) in late 2004 According to new estimates by UNAIDS, the 2001 prevalence data are overestimates for some countries, especially in Southern Africa Sources: UNAIDS and WHO, Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic 2002; Malaria notified cases : WHO, Roll Back Malaria (RBM) database; Tuberculosis notified cases: WHO Report 2004; Vaccination coverage: WHO on line (http://www.who.int/vaccines/globalsummary/timeseries/tswucoveragedtp3.htm) Measles incidence: WHO on line (http://www.who.int/vaccines/globalsummary/timeseries/tsincidencemea.htm) Notes: Africa Mauritania 807 Mauritius 210 Morocco 30 072 Mozambique 18 537 Namibia 961 Niger 11 544 Nigeria 120 911 Rwanda 272 São Tomé et Principe 157 Senegal 855 Seychelles 80 Sierra Leone 764 Somalia 480 South Africa 44 759 Sudan 32 878 Swaziland 069 Tanzania 36 276 Togo 801 Tunisia 728 Uganda 25 004 Zambia 10 698 Zimbabwe 12 835 2002 (000) Total population Table 17 - Major Diseases (cont.) 67 81 84 96 58 68 48 40 69 85 54 98 60 45 78 49 72 89 58 94 77 85 58 2002 67 83 88 95 60 77 23 26 88 92 60 99 50 40 82 40 77 89 64 96 72 78 58 Vaccination coverage (%) MCV DTP3 Statistical Annex African Economic Outlook 415 Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Congo, Democratic Republic Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali 22.0 45.2 23.8 64.1 42.3 19.3 14.7 38.0 45.5 36.5 11.1 24.8 38.8 22.7 32.3 6.8 31.0 50.8 53.8 18.2 43.5 10.0 26.1 27.8 8.2 25.2 24.5 62.5 40.5 74.5 18.5 84.2 56.5 33.5 32.3 61.7 62.5 50.9 23.0 46.5 60.4 42.8 54.2 23.2 53.4 66.2 68.0 34.1 73.8 21.6 5.8 60.9 29.4 38.4 51.3 82.7 Estimated adult illiteracy rate, 2002 (%) (people over 15) Total Male Female 31.2 60.3 21.1 74.3 49.6 26.5 24.5 50.4 54.2 43.8 17.3 35.9 49.4 33.1 43.1 15.2 42.4 58.5 61.1 26.2 59.0 15.8 15.7 44.3 18.4 31.9 38.2 72.8 416 10.1 44.5 10.9 63.1 33.9 8.9 10.9 30.0 30.3 41.0 2.2 16.5 36.6 14.4 28.8 2.6 28.1 42.6 39.9 7.8 39.1 4.2 8.9 29.1 3.0 18.6 27.5 62.0 6.0 27.3 14.5 52.1 32.8 7.3 8.0 22.3 24.3 34.4 1.6 10.4 28.1 10.4 22.6 1.3 18.6 37.0 32.2 5.8 25.5 3.6 16.3 13.7 0.2 15.4 18.1 50.9 14.4 61.5 7.2 74.3 34.9 10.5 13.7 37.4 36.2 47.8 2.7 22.5 45.2 18.4 35.3 3.9 37.5 48.3 47.6 9.9 52.6 4.9 1.3 44.6 6.0 21.8 37.2 73.0 Estimated youth illiteracy rate, 2002 (%) (people between 15 and 24) Total Male Female Table 18 - Basic Education Indicators 5.1 3.4 3.2 9.3 1.5 3.9 3.4 4.4 1.9 2.0 3.5 5.5 4.9 3.4 4.1 1.9 4.8 4.8 4.6 2.7 4.2 2.1 2.3 6.8 7.9 5.9 4.1 3.0 Public expenditure on education 1998-2001 (% of GDP) Statistical Annex African Economic Outlook © AfDB/OECD 2004 © AfDB/OECD 2004 37.9 Africa 29.2 48.5 11.7 36.7 37.7 16.1 74.9 25.6 24.7 51.0 13.3 29.2 18.1 14.8 25.6 16.9 21.3 13.7 6.3 46.4 68.7 17.8 61.8 68.6 17.2 90.6 40.7 36.7 70.3 14.6 51.0 20.0 30.8 54.5 37.0 40.8 26.3 13.7 26.4 17.0 21.7 5.2 3.6 3.7 5.6 2.5 7.9 2.8 0.7 2.8 3.5 7.9 1.0 5.9 0.9 6.2 2.2 4.8 7.8 2.3 2.5 11.1 58.2 5.2 38.7 50.8 6.0 84.9 13.5 16.4 55.5 8.3 25.8 7.9 10.6 33.4 9.4 26.0 13.1 3.8 42.6 6.3 22.6 23.4 9.4 66.0 9.3 13.7 38.7 8.2 16.1 9.6 6.2 11.7 2.1 13.7 8.5 1.1 50.4 5.7 30.5 37.2 7.7 75.5 11.4 15.1 47.1 8.2 20.9 8.8 8.4 22.6 5.7 19.8 10.8 2.4 Public expenditure on education 1998-2001 (% of GDP) (cont.) Estimated youth illiteracy rate, 2002 (%) (people between 15 and 24) Total Male Female Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) Database, Domestic Authorities, Africa Live Database and authors' calculations 58.8 14.8 49.3 53.4 16.6 82.9 33.3 30.8 60.7 14.0 40.1 19.1 23.0 40.3 26.9 31.2 20.2 10.0 Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé et Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Estimated adult illiteracy rate, 2002 (%) (people over 15) Total Male Female Table 18 - Basic Education Indicators Statistical Annex African Economic Outlook 417 Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Congo, Democratic Republic Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali 112.0 74.0** 95.0 108.0 44.0 65.0 108.0*** 139.0 75.0* 73.0 86.0** 97.0 79.0 40.0 100.0** 120.0 59.0 64.0 144.0 82.0 80.0 67.0 94.0** 115.0*** 116.0 103.0 61.0 116.0 78.0** 113.0 108.0 52.0 73.0 115.0*** 140.0 89.0* 90.0 92.0** 101.0 89.0 46.0 103.0** 126.0 65.0 76.0 144.0 86.0 84.0 78.0 95.0** 112.0*** 115.0 105.0 71.0 Male 107.0 69.0** 78.0 108.0 37.0 58.0 100.0*** 137.0 61.0* 57.0 80.0** 93.0 68.0 35.0 96.0** 115.0 54.0 52.0 143.0 78.0 76.0 56.0 93.0** 118.0*** 117.0 101.0 51.0 Female 98.0 37.0** 84.0 36.0 54.0 100.0 55.0** 58.0 56.0** 62.0 33.0** 93.0** 72.0 41.0 47.0 88.0** 69.0** 58.0 47.0 69.0** 78.0 68.0 Total 100.0 39.0** 82.0 42.0 59.0 100.0 64.0** 70.0 60.0** 71.0 37.0** 95.0** 76.0 44.0 53.0 89.0** 71.0** 60.0 52.0 68.0** 75.0 67.0 Male 97.0 35.0** 86.0 29.0 49.0 100.0 45.0** 47.0 52.0** 54.0 28.0** 90.0** 68.0 38.0 41.0 87.0** 66.0** 57.0 41.0 69.0** 82.0 68.0 Female UNESCO primary, 2000/2001 Gross enrolment ratio Net enrolment ratio Total 418 28.4 27.5** 52.6 27.0 48.9 56.8* 69.4 68.6 60.5 31.9** 22.9** 43.4** 47.5 33.2 45.6 44.1 35.9 48.0 45.6 Pupil/ teacher ratio Table 19 - School Enrolment 71.0 18.0** 79.0** 10.0 10.0** 76.0** 42.0** 23.0** 19.0 86.0** 28.0 18.0** 60.0** 37.0 36.0 38.0** 33.0 36.0** 68.0 19.0** 77.0** 12.0 12.0** 75.0** 46.0** 30.0** 23.0 88.0** 33.0 22.0** 61.0** 44.0 40.0 39.0** 30.0 40.0** 73.0 16.0** 82.0** 8.0 9.0** 77.0** 38.0** 17.0** 14.0 83.0** 24.0 14.0** 58.0** 31.0 32.0 36.0** 36.0 31.0** 18.1 18.8** 23.4 14.8 29.0** 32.2 10.9** 21.4** 16.9** 24.9** 54.1 21.1 20.9** 17.4 UNESCO secondary, 2000/2001 Gross enrolment ratio Pupil/ teacher Total Male Female ratio 6.4 2.4 2.3 0.9 2.0 4.7 2.9 3.2 6.8 1.9 5.1 5.3 6.1 3.7 4.3 1.1 Years of schooling (for 15-64 years old) 2000 Statistical Annex African Economic Outlook © AfDB/OECD 2004 © AfDB/OECD 2004 89.2 83.0 109.0 94.0 92.0 112.0 35.0 119.0 75.0 111.0 59.0 125.0** 63.0** 124.0 117.0 78.0 95.0 95.5 86.0 109.0 101.0 104.0 112.0 42.0 119.0 79.0 115.0 64.0 128.0** 63.0** 138.0 120.0 80.0 96.0 Male 83.7 80.0 108.0 88.0 79.0 113.0 29.0 118.0 70.0 108.0 54.0 121.0** 63.0** 110.0 115.0 76.0 93.0 Female 65.0 64.0** 95.0 78.0** 54.0 82.0 30.0 63.0** 89.0** 49.0** 93.0** 47.0** 91.0 99.0 66.0 80.0 Total 68.0 66.0** 95.0 82.0** 59.0 79.0 36.0 66.0** 90.0** 54.0** 92.0** 46.0** 100.0 100.0 66.0 80.0 Male 40.8 45.4 62.0** 95.0 74.0** 50.0 84.0 24.0 60.0** 88.0** 45.0** 94.0** 48.0** 82.0 99.0 65.0 80.0 61.9 21.0 77.0 12.0** 62.0 6.0** 14.0 18.0** 26.0 87.0 39.0** 78.0 6.0** 24.0** 44.0 45.0 26.1 28.8 61.5 31.8 40.7 54.0 50.9 14.7 29.7 35.0 26.7** 33.2 40.4 37.5 23.2 59.4 47.3 41.0 Female 42.4 22.0 79.0 14.0** 58.0 8.0** 14.0 21.0** 29.0 83.0 54.0** 76.0 6.0** 26.0** 47.0 38.2 20.0 75.0 9.0** 65.0 5.0** 14.0 14.0** 24.0 91.0 24.0** 80.0 5.0** 21.0** 42.0 26.1 26.8 16.9** 32.0** 23.8 23.4** 23.1 23.0** 16.4 31.5** 19.1 16.5 UNESCO secondary, 2000/2001 Gross enrolment ratio Pupil/ teacher Total Male Female ratio * National estimation ** UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) estimation *** Introduction of free universal primary education Sources: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) Database estimation, August 2003 Years of schooling: Growth and Human Capital: Good Data, Good Results, Daniel Cohen and Marcello Soto (September 2001), OECD Development Centre Technical Paper Note: Africa Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé et Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Total (cont.) Pupil/ teacher ratio UNESCO primary, 2000/2001 Gross enrolment ratio Net enrolment ratio Table 19 - School Enrolment 4.0 7.6 3.6 2.4 1.0 3.9 2.6 3.6 7.4 2.9 3.5 4.4 3.3 6.1 8.3 Years of schooling (for 15-64 years old) 2000 Statistical Annex African Economic Outlook 419 Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo Congo, Democratic Republic Côte d´Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali 420 6.1 1.4 3.1 2.9 3.3 2.5 4.1 23 85 59 66 55 74 45 6.1 1.5 2.6 3.3 3.3 2.0 4.1 24 99 75 63 63 90 45 1.7 6.0 3.0 2.0 2.7 3.1 3.2 3.5 2.1 4.1 85 24 63 82 69 13 58 50 80 43 6.0 2.0 2.4 3.6 3.4 2.0 3.2 26 84 77 54 59 84 61 1.7 6.4 2.2 2.7 3.4 3.5 3.9 1.9 1.7 2.9 98 24 89 71 62 59 50 96 98 68 2.6 1.8 5.7 1.8 2.2 2.1 3.3 2.5 2.5 3.3 1.9 2.1 2.6 2.8 3.0 88 124 30 124 113 118 70 92 92 70 122 118 88 83 78 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Index Country Rank Index Country Rank Index Country Rank Index Country Rank Index Country Rank Index Country Rank / 85 / 99 / 88 / 90 / 102 / 133 Table 20 - Corruption Perception Index Statistical Annex African Economic Outlook © AfDB/OECD 2004 © AfDB/OECD 2004 Source: Transparency International Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé et Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe 5.0 3.7 5.3 1.9 3.3 5.2 1.9 5.0 2.6 3.5 4.2 33 50 29 81 55 32 81 33 73 52 43 4.9 4.1 3.5 5.3 1.6 3.4 5.0 1.9 5.0 2.2 3.5 4.1 36 45 56 29 98 58 34 93 34 87 56 45 4.7 4.7 2.2 5.4 1.2 3.5 5.0 2.5 5.2 2.3 3.4 3.0 35 35 79 28 88 50 32 74 32 78 57 63 4.5 5.4 1.0 2.9 4.8 2.2 5.3 1.9 2.6 2.9 40 30 90 65 38 82 31 88 75 65 4.5 3.7 5.7 1.6 3.1 4.8 2.7 4.8 2.1 2.6 2.7 40 52 28 101 66 36 71 36 93 77 71 4.4 3.3 2.7 4.7 1.4 3.2 2.2 4.4 2.3 2.5 4.9 2.2 2.5 2.3 48 70 86 41 132 76 113 48 106 92 39 113 92 106 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Index Country Rank Index Country Rank Index Country Rank Index Country Rank Index Country Rank Index Country Rank / 85 / 99 / 88 / 90 / 102 / 133 Table 20 - Corruption Perception Index Statistical Annex 421 African Economic Outlook Statistical Annex Table 21 - Political Troubles Algeria Botswana Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Mali Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 121.4 0.0 0.0 23.7 4.4 16.4 22.9 1.9 48.5 10.0 4.9 14.8 3.4 0.0 12.2 37.7 3.5 30.2 0.3 85.0 4.7 0.0 81.3 4.8 9.6 124.2 0.0 3.2 54.7 5.6 3.8 43.6 0.0 12.2 1.0 0.0 25.5 13.7 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.0 51.3 19.6 40.8 1.9 0.0 15.3 4.6 9.7 126.6 0.0 1.1 1.3 2.2 3.4 0.0 1.9 1.6 2.5 0.3 34.1 1.2 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 10.2 2.7 20.3 0.9 0.5 10.5 4.9 11.3 141.6 0.0 5.6 1.5 20.2 21.7 1.0 0.0 24.8 0.9 4.5 0.0 8.8 5.2 0.5 2.7 7.6 47.1 5.6 38.8 0.0 2.5 9.6 3.6 5.4 120.3 0.0 9.5 2.2 26.7 28.1 7.8 0.0 5.7 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 6.8 3.8 29.2 5.7 18.9 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.6 16.8 142.5 0.0 2.5 1.0 16.7 2.9 7.2 0.0 8.4 0.0 3.8 11.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 39.7 5.9 2.2 6.0 0.0 23.9 17.6 12.6 64.8 0.0 2.5 0.6 10.5 13.7 2.0 0.0 42.6 1.5 3.8 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 19.4 7.7 3.3 0.0 2.9 14.3 1.1 16.5 14.5 0.0 0.1 0.8 2.9 18.8 5.4 1.0 15.2 0.0 1.1 6.8 0.6 0.0 0.0 4.5 0.0 10.4 6.7 1.2 0.5 2.3 17.2 5.7 8.8 Note: See note on methodology Source: Authors' calculations based on Marchés Tropicaux et Méditerranéens 422 Table 22 - Softening of the Regime Algeria Botswana Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Mali Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 1.3 0.0 0.4 0.7 4.5 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.9 1.4 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.0 1.1 0.5 3.1 0.2 1.4 0.0 1.4 0.1 3.6 0.0 0.4 2.0 4.0 2.1 0.0 2.6 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.7 2.3 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.4 1.8 0.7 2.3 0.1 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 6.6 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.4 1.7 0.0 1.9 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.8 1.1 1.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 2.4 2.0 1.6 2.8 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.0 1.1 0.1 0.5 2.6 1.9 0.7 0.1 0.1 1.1 0.0 1.4 0.0 2.1 0.7 0.0 0.3 1.1 0.9 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 1.1 3.9 0.2 0.5 1.6 0.0 0.2 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.1 0.0 1.6 2.2 1.6 1.8 0.1 1.2 0.6 3.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 2.7 1.8 0.6 1.8 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.9 0.7 3.0 0.4 1.3 1.5 2.6 0.0 0.1 0.7 3.2 6.9 2.6 1.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 2.7 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.7 0.9 1.6 2.5 Note: See note on methodology Source: Authors' calculations based on Marchés Tropicaux et Méditerranéens African Economic Outlook © AfDB/OECD 2004 Statistical Annex Table 23 - Hardening of the Regime Algeria Botswana Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Côte d'Ivoire Egypt Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Kenya Mali Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 11.9 0.3 0.8 7.4 2.9 2.9 9.4 0.0 7.5 1.0 2.2 3.9 0.4 0.3 5.0 0.3 0.0 125.5 1.7 18.6 1.3 3.9 3.1 5.5 4.0 6.5 0.5 1.9 5.9 1.0 2.5 6.8 1.2 3.9 5.1 0.8 11.0 5.1 0.0 3.7 0.9 0.3 9.1 3.3 14.3 0.4 1.5 0.0 8.5 3.7 4.3 0.0 0.6 1.9 1.4 0.7 5.5 5.0 2.4 0.7 2.5 3.6 0.0 0.0 1.4 2.3 0.0 5.8 2.7 6.1 0.5 1.5 0.7 3.9 7.7 2.5 0.6 4.5 1.6 0.0 10.2 2.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 2.4 0.0 0.4 0.4 1.2 1.1 1.2 4.2 0.3 4.5 0.0 2.4 0.9 3.0 5.1 0.3 0.0 1.6 1.0 1.1 7.8 7.7 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 3.4 3.7 1.6 4.5 0.0 1.9 0.3 1.4 0.0 1.1 4.8 8.1 0.0 1.1 3.3 2.6 1.4 3.9 0.9 3.6 0.0 0.8 0.7 1.1 0.0 2.9 1.2 0.3 2.8 1.7 1.2 0.4 3.3 5.8 4.7 12.5 15.0 0.0 2.7 0.9 1.7 3.2 11.5 5.7 8.4 0.5 1.3 1.2 0.3 0.0 2.5 0.0 0.3 2.4 1.1 1.8 0.0 2.9 1.3 5.2 17.5 4.5 0.0 2.4 2.2 0.0 7.2 4.8 0.5 1.2 1.3 0.0 2.0 1.0 2.2 3.7 0.4 0.8 3.5 1.4 1.7 0.5 1.6 3.8 1.5 15.5 Note: See note on methodology Source: Authors' calculations based on Marchés Tropicaux et Méditerranéens 423 © AfDB/OECD 2004 African Economic Outlook ... concessional financing © AfDB /OECD 2004 African Economic Outlook Foreword Foreword The African Economic Outlook project is a joint initiative of the African Development Bank and the OECD Development Centre... coefficients are their respective share in Africa’s exports Source: OECD (2003), OECD Economic Outlook, December © AfDB /OECD 2004 African Economic Outlook Overview Figure - Value of the Euro and the Rand... aluminium, also rose in 2002 and 2003, benefiting Source: OECD (2003), OECD Economic Outlook, December African Economic Outlook © AfDB /OECD 2004 Overview Figure - Prices of Oil and Metals —— Petroleum