MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS GRAMMATICAL EMPHASIS MEANS IN ENGLISH WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (CÁC PHƯƠNG TIỆN NHẤN MẠNH NGỮ PHÁP TRONG TIẾNG ANH VỚI LIÊN HỆ TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT) PHAM THI KIM DUNG Hanoi, 2016 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY M.A THESIS GRAMMATICAL EMPHASIS MEANS IN ENGLISH WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS (CÁC PHƯƠNG TIỆN NHẤN MẠNH NGỮ PHÁP TRONG TIẾNG ANH VỚI LIÊN HỆ TƯƠNG ĐƯƠNG TRONG TIẾNG VIỆT) PHAM THI KIM DUNG Field: English Language Code: 60220201 Supervisor: Assoc.Prof.Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh Hanoi, 2016 Front hard cover Back hard cover PHAM THI KIM DUNG ENGLISH LANGUAGE 2014 - 2016 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled “Grammatical emphasis means in English with reference to their Vietnamese equivalents” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in English Language Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis Hanoi, 2016 Pham Thi Kim Dung Approved by SUPERVISOR Hoang Tuyet Minh Date:…………………… ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support from a number of people First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Tuyet Minh, my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher A special word of thanks goes to my colleagues and many others, without whose support and encouragement it would never have been possible for me to have this thesis accomplished Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family for the sacrifice they have devoted to the fulfillment of this academic work ii ABTRACT The study is aimed at grammatical emphasis means in English with reference to Vietnamese equivalents by using descriptive method and contrastive analysis as the major method The research is done to investigate the features of grammatical emphasis means in English, finding out the similarities and the differences between grammatical emphasis means in English and in Vietnamese in order to help learners of English to learn English effectively In doing the research, descriptive method and comparative analysis are done either to describe the meanings conveyed by the grammatical emphasis structures/ means to determine the similarities between grammatical emphasis means in English and in Vietnamese Data for this study were collected from two foreign novels, namely, Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince by J K Rowling and some Vietnamese novels such as, Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký, written by Tơ Hồi, Hà Nội mắt tơi by Nguyễn Khải and Truyện ngắn tuyển chọn, written by Nam Cao This study has been primarily carried out to answer two questions, one is to investigate the possible meanings of grammatical emphasis means in English and the other is to investigate their Vietnamese equivalents The results provide some supports for learners to have a deep understanding in learning English grammar iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS A = Adverbial Aloc = Adverbial of location Adir = Averbial of direction Adj = Ạdjective AP = Adjective phrase C = Complement Cs = Subject Complement Co = Object Complement Foc = Focus FocPol = Polar Focus NP = Noun Phrase O = Object Od = Direct Object Oi = Indirect Object Op = Operator OrgS = Original Sentence P = Proposition Pass = Passive Pol = Polarity PP = Preposition phrase S = Subject V = Verb phrase iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Certificate of originality i Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii List of abbreviations iv Table of contents v Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale for the research 1.2 Aims of the research 1.3 Objectives of the research 1.4 Scope of the research 1.5 Significance of the research 1.6 Structural organization of the thesis Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Previous studies 2.2 Concept of emphasis 2.2.1 Importance of using emphasis 2.2.2 Classification of emphasis 2.2.2.1 Phonetic emphasis 2.2.2.2 Lexical emphasis 10 2.2.2.3 Grammatical emphasis 15 2.3 Theoretical background 17 2.4 Summary 22 Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 23 3.1 Research questions 23 3.2 Research setting 23 3.3 Research approaches 24 3.4 Principles / criteria for intended collection and data analysis 24 3.5 3.6 Research method 24 3.5.1 Major methods vs supporting methods 24 3.5.2 Data collection techniques 25 3.5.3 Data analysis techniques 25 Summary 26 Chapter 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 27 Grammatical emphasis means in English 27 4.1.1 Inversion 29 4.1.2 Fronting 38 4.1.3 Cleft Sentences 41 4.1.4 Wh- Cleft ( Pseudo- cleft sentence) 48 4.1.5 Existential sentence 54 4.1.6 The passive voice 61 4.1.7 Emphasized Operator 62 4.1.8 Present progressive tense with adverbials “always, 63 constantly, continually and forever” 4.2 Similarities and differences between grammatical emphasis 64 means in English and theirs Vietnamese equivalents 4.3 4.2.1 Similarities 64 4.2.2 Differences 74 Summary 77 Chapter 5: CONCLUSION 78 5.1 Recapitulation 78 5.2 Concluding remarks 78 5.3 Limitation of the current research 79 5.4 Implications for teaching grammar in English 79 5.5 Suggestions for a further research 80 REFERENCES 81 vi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale Every day, we communicate with people around At first, we talk with our family members and then to a larger scope of the society Later, the whole world is in the need of communication This lead to the fact that there should be a common language for people all over the world And, in effect, English, has to some extent, been chosen to be the international language nowadays Grammatical emphasis is one of important factors help us success in communicate with each other In English, there are many writers in the world wrote about this field such as Alexander, L.G (1992), Huddleston, R (1985); Quirk, R Greenbaum, S (1987); Thomson, A.T Martinet, A.( 1985), etc In their works, they are mainly focus on the general information about English grammar According to Chomsky (1965), “A grammar of language purports to be a description of the ideal speaker-hearer’s intrinsic competence.”; “A fully adequate grammar must assign to each of an infinite range of sentences a strutural description indicating how this sentence understood by the ideal speaker-hearer.” According to Quirk, R., “many variations of grammatical structure relate to the speaker’s or writer’s need to present the message in a form readily adapted to addressee’s requirements as interpreter.” According to Halliday, M.A.K (2004), “Grammatically, however, the constituent of a clause is not, in fact, a word; it is either a phrase or a word group.” In Vietnamese, grammar was concerned by some famous writers and publishers and their establishments were indicated in their works such as: Nguyễn Tài Cẩn (1975), Trần Ngọc Thêm (1985), Lý Toàn Thắng (1981), Diệp Quang Ban (1981), (2001), Hoàng Trọng Phiến (1980) and especially (Mãi tơi đến nhà tơi phát cầm nhầm ô.) Only after posting the letter did I remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp (Chỉ sau gửi thư tơi nhớ qn dán tem.) In Vietnamese, there is a structure similar to above structure in English: Foc (Pol) + mà/là/thì + S + V Mãi lâu sau hiểu, khơng để buồn, để lo, để hy vọng chữ nghĩa héo dần, chết dần Bây chúng chết loạt rồi, chúng chết trước đau chứ! Chỉ sau gửi thư tơi nhớ qn dán tem (Only after posting the letter did I remember that I had forgotten to put on a stamp.) Inversion structure containing negative words: O(FocPol) + Op + S + V LITTLE + Op + S + V Foc(NOT) + Op + S + V Foc(ONLY) + Op + S + V Little did I know then, how soon – Oh, if it was to over again I’d hug him and bless him for it (Mark Twain- The Adventures of Tom Sawyer) (Lúc tơi chẳng biết mấy, chao làm lại tơi ơm chầm lấy cầu phúc cho điều mà làm.) 69 Not a single world did he utter (Anh không or Anh chẳng nói lấy lời.) (World War IV: The Long Struggle Against Islamofascism - Norman Podhoretz) Only cabbage did he buy (Cơ mua có bắp cải.) In Vietnamese, using words likes có, hay chẳng, hề, chẳng hề, khơng hề, Chẳng xó mà ông (Quái dị - Nam Cao) Nhà hàng xóm có gà, vịt chạy sang, buồng chuối, mít liền kề với giậu nhà anh, anh mặt thây, khơng có tính tắt ma tắt mắt (Tuyển tập truyện ngắn – Nam Cao) Nhân Nghĩa hai an hem ruột họ chẳng giống chút từ gương mặt đến tính cách (Hà Nội mắt tơi – Nguyễn Khải) Cả gia tài chúng tôi, ngoại trừ nồi niêu quần áo cũ, có thuyền thơi (Đất rừng Phương Nam – Đoàn Giỏi) Variant structures: Wh-cleft structure: Foc + TO BE + ALL/ WHAT/ WHO/ WHERE/ WHEN + clause One red rose is what I want (Một đóa hồng đỏ tơi cần) (I want one red rose The police chief was who I meant (Randolph Quirk - A Grammar of contemporary English, p.955) (Viên cảnh sát trưởng người tơi muốn nói tới.) Now is when I must prove it 70 (Ernest Hemingway – The old man and the sea) (Bây lúc phải chứng minh điều này.) Home is where we can find warmth and love (Gia đình nơi tìm thấy đầm ấm tình yêu.) In Vietnamese, there is a similar structure as follows Foc + là/ mà + P Làng thừa biết ơng người đẻ định này, lại ông xóa bỏ ơng thấy khơng hợp ý dân, khơng đem lại lợi ích cho dân (Lê Lựu – Thời xa vắng) (OrgS = Ông đẻ định này.) Chính anh người tơi muốn gặp (OrgS = Tơi muốn gặp anh.) Chính tơi người mà vị cơng tước tặng bình trà (OrgS = Vị công tước tặng cho cô bình trà.) Chính nhờ có nắng thu, gió thu, vẻ đẹp rực rỡ tàn mùa thu mà tơi nghĩ tới làng ngoại thành Hà Nội, chuyên chạm khắc ngà voi gỗ (Nguyễn Khải - Nghệ nhân làng) AVS structure A + V +S On the hill in front of them stood a great catle (Trên đồi phía trước tòa lâu đài lớn.) Round the corner walked a large policeman (Ở góc đường có người cảnh sát bự đi lại lại.) HERE/ THERE + V + S Here comes Mary! (Mary rồi.) There’s the vicar! (Vị mục sư đến kìa.) The similarity in Vietnamese: 71 Aloc + V + NP Here is above variant: Aloc + + NP Bên cửa sổ chễm chệ cô gái béo phục phịch Trên đồi sừng sững tòa lâu đài Dưới bóng tre xanh thấp thống mái chùa cổ kính (Thép Mới, Cây tre Việt Nam, Ngữ văn 6, tập 2, NXB Giáo Dục Việt Nam, 2015, tr.96) Nơi hoa màu trắng – trắng ảo ảnh bạc năm Existential – THERE structure (A) + THERE + V + NP + (A) And that night there came on a terrific storm, with driving rain, awful claps of thunder and blinding sheets of lightning (Mark Twain – The Advantures of Tom Sawyer) (Và đêm hơm lên dông tố hãi hùng, mưa đổ xuống trút sấm nổ ầm ầm khủng khiếp, chớp lóe hồi, ánh sáng chói đến lòa mắt.) Here is a variant of above structure: THERE + TO BE + NP + V There was once a rich man who died, leaving everything to his son, Salem (Ngày xưa có người giàu có chết để lại tồn tài sản cho trai mình.) There were a great many skiffs rowing about or floating with the 72 stream in the neighbourhood of the ferryboat, but the boys could not determine what the men in them were doing (Mark Twain – The Advantures of Tom Sawyer) (Có nhiều xuồng bơi hay trôi bập bềnh dòng nước khu vực phà, bọn trẻ xác định người xuồng làm gì.) The similarity structure in Vietnamese: (Aloc) + CĨ + NP + V Một gái ngồi bên cửa sổ (A girl was sitting by the window.) Có gái ngồi bên cửa sổ (There was a girl sitting by the window) Inversion with IT structure In English: IT + BE + Foc + P It is the cat that I bought yesterday It is true that I was looking for you It was this that we had come to observe (Chính điều mà chúng tơi đến để quan sát.) In Vietnamese: (CHÍNH) + Foc + LÀ/MÀ + P Chính chị người tỉnh Chính phòng nơi mà Bác Hồ kính yêu sống làm việc Chính chìa khóa thứ mà tơi tìm Passive structure 73 In English: Active sentence: Subject + Verbtransitive + Objective Passive sentence: SubjectPassive + BE + Verb-ed2 + (BY + agent) The water was brought and thrown into Tom’s face (Mark Twain – The Advantures of Tom Sawyer) (Người ta mang nước lại hắt vào mặt Tom.) The house was built in 1964 (Ngôi nhà xây vào năm 1964.) Nothing is known about its origin (Không biết nguồn gốc nó.) In Vietnamese: Tác nhân + hành động + bị thể Bị thể + bị/ + tác nhân + hành động Bị thể + bị/ + hành động + + tác nhân Tom whistle twice more, these signals were answered in the same way (Mark Twain – The Advantures of Tom Sawyer) Tom lại huýt hai tiếng nữa, tín hiệu đáp lại giống lần trước 4.2.2 Differences Although there are some similarities in grammatical emphasis means between English and Vietnamese, differences have also been found Sometimes with the same structures in both languages however there are some differences in the meaning and theirs function between them These distinctions are due to the differences of socio-cultural rules in each 74 language Language is closely attached to culture Culture contains language and influences language Language and the use of language are not separable from culture Vietnamese culture is different from that of western countries, culture differences cause language differences Therefore, in order to truly master English, learners of English as a foreign language have to master the cultural contexts in which the language occurs The following are some differences between grammatical emphasis means in English and Vietnamese were found Firstly, in Vietnamese, there has not got verb proposing as the structure O(Foc) + S + V(Foc) in English In order to make expression in the verb, Vietnamese can use two verbs like in the example below: Ăn cướp tơi khơng làm, bn lậu Or using vocabularies to make emphasis as in Vietnamese translation version in the example below: At the end of the term I took my first schools; it was necessary to pass, if I was to stay at Oxford, and pass I did, after a week in which I forbade Sebastian my room and sat up to a later hour, with ice black coffee and charcoal biscuits, cramming myself with the neglected texts (Betty J Birner,Gregory L Ward - Information Status and Noncanonical Word Order in English , 40c) Vào cuối học kỳ học; muốn lại Oxford, thiết phải đỗ, đỗ, sau tuần cấm tiệt Sebastian vào phòng, thức khuya, dùng cà phê đen đá với bánh bích – quy đen, nhồi nhét vào đầu học bỏ lỡ In above example, “And pass I did” was translated into “Và (thế là) đỗ Và (thế là) đỗ thật.” That sentence used words such as quả, thật go with verb in order to make expression 75 Secondly, in the structure RARELY/SELDOM/NEVER …+ Op + S + V There is the same in the way of using RARELY/SELDOM/NEVER …+ Op + S + V the structure in English and Vietnamese, however, in Vietnamese, there have not got any auxiliary verbs stand in front of subject as in English structure Rarely can a minister have been faced with such a problem (Hiếm mà thủ tướng lại phải đối mặt vơi vấn đề vậy.) Thirdly, in HARDLY/ RARELY/SCARCELY + Op + S + V + WHEN + clause NO SOONER + Op + S + V + THAN + clause And In Vietnamese, there is not a similar structure that represent the emphasis into the negative part as in English If in the English have two structures as above but in Vietnamese, there is only one structure as follows: S1 + vừa + V1 + + S2 + V2 However, in Vietnamese, there are some words - liền, ngay, etc – can also help to make expression about information in terms of time Forthly, in Wh-cleft structure: Foc + TO BE + ALL/ WHAT/ WHO/ WHERE/ WHEN + clause As in 4.2.1, there is the same structure in above languages, however, in Vietnamese in order to make expression the word “CHÍNH” may be absent in Wh-cleft structure as in the follow example: “Trong mê man hoảng hốt cô thấy đùm bọc người ruột thịt nhà Còn phái nhà Sài, khơng có câu gắt 76 gỏng sai bảo việc việc khác với anh nghĩ anh kẻ hờ hững vơ trách nhiệm với đứa cô Đấy chưa kể nỗi hận kẻ gây tai họa lại anh.” (Lê Lựu – Thời xa vắng, chương 10) In above example, if the word CHÍNH is not exist in the sentence, the readers still can understand the emphasis information in the sentence is “anh [Sài]” It is the wh-cleft structure which help to express the highlighted information Instead of saying the sentence “Anh hờ hững vô trách nhiệm.” the following sentence help to make the expression “Anh kẻ hờ hững vô trách nhiệm.” 4.3 Summary This chapter has been devoted to thoroughly investigating the grammatical emphasis means in English, pointing out some grammatical features Besides, the chapter has also analyzed the similarities and differences between grammatical emphasis means in English and theirs Vietnamese equivalents, and presented the reasons for these similarities and differences 77 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 5.1 Recapitulation The graduation thesis includes 04 chapters Chapter presents rationale for the research and states what the research is aimed at Scope of the research, significance of the research and structural organization of the thesis are indicated Chapter provides a review of related previous studies, fundamental and essential theoretical background concerning the subject under consideration which serves as the basic foundation of data analysis and findings, discussion in the following chapters Chapter is designed to describe research-governing orientations and research methods Chapter presenting the grammatical emphasis means and grammatical features; and discussing the similarities and differences between grammatical emphasis means in English and their Vietnamese equivalents Thanks to the research result, learners will have a good understanding in learning English 5.2 Concluding remarks After a long process of studying, the researcher succeed in understanding grammar and comprehensive acknowledge grammatical emphasis means in English and Vietnamese in terms of following aspects: inversion, fronting, cleft sentences, the passive voice, emphasized operator and the exceptional use of present progressive tense with certain adverbials In general, almost both in English and in Vietnamese are used the same structures in communication, however, there are some differences between them Understanding deeply functions and grammatical features, the similarities and differences between grammatical emphasis means in English with reference to their Vietnamese equivalents help the researcher a lot in teaching English grammar for Vietnamese learners 78 5.3 Limitations of the current research The scope of the present thesis has limited the research itself to the study of grammatical emphasis means in English with reference to their Vietnamese equivalents Thus, it can never give a complete account of all grammatical features and its structures in English and in Vietnamese because of the flexible meanings in Vietnamese grammar Due to the frame work of the thesis, the present study has only investigated the grammatical emphasis means without mentioned to the pragmatics, cognitive and cultural aspects Hopefully, those issues and aspects will be profoundly analyzed in the next further researches by people who are interested in the study of grammatical emphasis meanings in English with reference to theirs Vietnamese equivalents 5.4 Implications for teaching grammar in English Ellis (1995) reviewed that “grammar teaching has traditionally consisted of giving learners opportunities to produce specific grammatical structures” However, Larsen-Freeman (2003) emphasized that learners are able to use the structures when they are provided with communicative situations As a result, grammar teaching should be incorporated with communicative approach, meaning that learners are provided grammar knowledge in meaningful contexts and situations For achieving the goal of high quality in teaching and learning, teachers should employ various approaches and methods in order to create dynamic and active learning environments For instance, teachers may apply activities to help enhance learners’ activeness, motivation and engagement in the classroom Since the importance of communicative language teaching approach has been acknowledged by many educators and researchers, teachers of English should keep in mind that providing learners with communicative 79 classroom environment is significant to accomplish better teaching and learning processes which aim at learners communicating properly in the second language Obviously, having good knowledge of grammar is essential in language teaching process and comprehensive understand about grammar help learner and speakers to write exactly and keep the conversations going in a smooth, natural and effective way Therefore, good methods for teaching grammar in foreign language teaching need to be focused and discussed, especially when teaching the course book “Oxford Living Grammar” Through this book the teacher ought to help the students understand more about grammar and be aware of grammatical emphasis means in the book That is, the students may be acknowledged the similarities and differences in terms of grammar in English and in Vietnamese 5.5 Suggestions for a further research This study is only a partial investigation into grammatical emphasis means in English with reference to their Vietnamese, so there are still some important issues that remained unanswered such as: “A study of emphasis means in English and in Vietnamese.”, “A study of emphasis means in English and theirs translation into Vietnamese.”, or “Grammatical emphasis means in English and theirs translation into Vietnamese” Hopefully, these researches will be investigated in the near future 80 REFERENCES In English Webster’s New College Dictionary, Merriam Webster 1995 Alexander, L.G (1992), Longman English Grammar, Longman, London Quirk, R Greenbaum, S (1987), A University Grammar of English, Longman, London Thomson, A.T Martinet, A.V (1985), A Practical English Grammar, Oxford Huddlestone, R (1985), Introduction to the Grammar of English, Cambridge Berry, M (1975), Introduction to Systemic Linguistic, Vol.1 & Vol.3, Batsford Ltd Biber, D et al (1999), Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Longman Birner, B.J., Ward (1998), Information Status and Noncanonical Word Order in English, Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company Quirk, R Greenbaum, S.Leece,G Svartik, J (1972), A Grammar of Contemporary English, Longman, London 10 Alexander, L.G (1967), Practice and Progress, Longman Group Ltd 11 Austin, J.L (1962, 1975), How To Do Things With Words Clarendon Press, 12 Chomsky, N.A (1957), Syntactic Structure, Mouton 13 Dik, S.C (1981), Functional Grammar, (third revised edition), Foris Publications 14 Dorgeloh, H (1997), Inversion in Morden English – Form and Function, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company 15 Halliday, M.A.K (1985), An Introduction to Functional Grammar, OUP 81 16 Harmer, J (1991), The Practice of English Language Teaching, New York: Longman 17 Hemmingway, E (2001) The Old Man and the Sea, Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Thế giới, (sách song ngữ) 18 Kim, K-H., “Wh-Clefts and Left-Dislocation in English Conversation”, in P.Downing and M Noonan (eds.), Word Order in Discourse, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 247 – 196 19 Lambrecht, K (1994), Information Structure and Sentence Form, CUP 20 Quirk, R (1980), A Grammar of Contemporary English, Longman 21 Saki (HH Munro) “ The Open Window” Martin, A & Robert Hill (tuyển chọn) Morden Short Stories, Prentice Hall, 1991 22 Emily Bronte (1985), Wuthering Heights, Open University Press 23 J K Rowling Bloomsbury, (2005), Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince 24 W T Robinson, Mark Twain, (2001), The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Dalmatian Press In Vietnamese Diệp Quang Ban (2000), Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt, NXB Giáo dục Nguyễn Tài Cẩn (1999), Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt, NXB Đại học Quốc Gia Hà Nội Trung tâm Khoa học xã hội Nhân văn Quốc Gia, Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt, NXB Khoa học Xã hội 2000 Diệp Quang Ban (1998), Một số vấn đề câu tồn Tiếng Việt, Nhà xuất Giáo dục Hoàng Trọng Phiến (1980), Ngữ pháp Tiếng Việt: Câu, Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Đại học Trung học chuyên nghiệp Đái Xuân Ninh (1975), Hoạt động từ tiếng Việt, NXB Khoa học Xã hội Viện Ngôn ngữ học, Từ điển Tiếng Việt, NXB Trung tâm từ điển 1997 82 Lê Đông & Hùng Việt, “Nhấn mạnh tượng ngữ dụng đặc trưng ngữ nghĩa – ngữ dụng số trợ từ nhấn mạnh tiếng Việt,” Tạp chí Ngơn ngữ, số 2, 1995, 11-17 Nam Cao, Truyện ngắn tuyển chọn, Nhà xuất Văn học, tái 2000 10 Nguyễn Thị Quỳnh Hoa, So sánh đối chiếu cấu trúc – ngữ nghĩa tượng đảo ngữ tiếng Anh tiếng Việt, luận án tiến sĩ Ngữ Văn, Hà Nội: Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội, 2004 11 Tơ Hồi, Dế mèn phiêu lưu ký, Nhà xuất Văn học, tái năm 2000 12 Lê Lựu, Thời xa vắng, Nhà xuất Hội nhà văn, in lần thứ tư, 1988 13 Trần Ngọc Thêm (1985), Hệ thống liên kết văn Tiếng Việt, Nhà xuất Khoa học xã hội 14 Phan Thiều, “Đảo ngữ vấn đề phân tích thành phần câu,” trong: Những vấn đề ngữ pháp tiếng Việt, Hà Nội: Nhà xuất Khoa học xã hội, 1988, 119 – 128 15 Nguyễn Minh Thuyết & Nguyễn Văn Hiệp (1996), Thành phần câu tiếng Việt, Nhà xuất Giáo dục 83 ... out the grammatical emphasis means in English with reference to their Vietnamese equivalents within grammatical theoretical framework Grammatical emphasis structures in English and in Vietnamese. .. of grammatical emphasis means in English, finding out the similarities and the differences between grammatical emphasis means in English and in Vietnamese in order to help learners of English to. .. forward: − Pointing out the features of grammatical emphasis means in English − Finding out the similarities and differences between grammatical emphasis means in English and their Vietnamese equivalents