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Human behavior and the social environment, seventh edition dale, orren SRG Human behavior and the social environment, seventh edition dale, orren SRG Human behavior and the social environment, seventh edition dale, orren SRG Human behavior and the social environment, seventh edition dale, orren SRG Human behavior and the social environment, seventh edition dale, orren SRG Human behavior and the social environment, seventh edition dale, orren SRG
CSWE’s Core Competencies and Practice Behavior Examples in this Text Competency Chapter Professional Identity Practice Behavior Examples… Serve as representatives of the profession, its mission, and its core values Know the profession’s history Commit themselves to the profession’s enhancement and to their own professional conduct and growth Advocate for client access to the services of social work Practice personal reflection and self-correction to assure continual professional development Attend to professional roles and boundaries 1, 14 Demonstrate professional demeanor in behavior, appearance, and communication 11 Engage in career-long learning Use supervision and consultation Ethical Practice Practice Behavior Examples… Obligation to conduct themselves ethically and engage in ethical decision-making Know about the value base of the profession, its ethical standards, and relevant law Recognize and manage personal values in a way that allows professional values to guide practice 3, 13 Make ethical decisions by applying standards of the National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics and, as applicable, of the International Federation of Social Workers/ International Association of Schools of Social Work Ethics in Social Work, Statement of Principles Tolerate ambiguity in resolving ethical conflicts Apply strategies of ethical reasoning to arrive at principled decisions 2, 11, 14 Critical Thinking Practice Behavior Examples… Know about the principles of logic, scientific inquiry, and reasoned discernment 4, 13 Use critical thinking augmented by creativity and curiosity Requires the synthesis and communication of relevant information 12 Distinguish, appraise, and integrate multiple sources of knowledge, including research-based knowledge, and practice wisdom 1, 10 Analyze models of assessment, prevention, intervention, and evaluation 14 Demonstrate effective oral and written communication in working with individuals, families, groups, organizations, communities, and colleagues CSWE’s Core Competencies and Practice Behavior Examples in this Text Competency Chapter Diversity in Practice Practice Behavior Examples… Understand how diversity characterizes and shapes the human experience and is critical to the formation of identity 4, 13 Understand the dimensions of diversity as the intersectionality of multiple factors including age, class, color, culture, disability, ethnicity, gender, gender identity and expression, immigration status, political ideology, race, religion, sex, and sexual orientation Appreciate that, as a consequence of difference, a person’s life experiences may include oppression, poverty, marginalization, and alienation as well as privilege, power, and acclaim Recognize the extent to which a culture’s structures and values may oppress, marginalize, alienate, or create or enhance privilege, and power 15 Gain sufficient self-awareness to eliminate the influence of personal biases and values in working with diverse groups Recognize and communicate their understanding of the importance of difference in shaping life experiences 3, 9, 10 View themselves as learners and engage those with whom they work as informants Human Rights & Justice Practice Behavior Examples… Understand that each person, regardless of position in society, has basic human rights, such as freedom, safety, privacy, an adequate standard of living, health care, and education Recognize the global interconnections of oppression and are knowledgeable about theories of justice and strategies to promote human and civil rights Incorporates social justice practices in organizations, institutions, and society to ensure that these basic human rights are distributed equitably and without prejudice Understand the forms and mechanisms of oppression and discrimination Advocate for human rights and social and economic justice 15 Engage in practices that advance social and economic justice Research Based Practice Practice Behavior Examples… Use practice experience to inform research, employ evidence-based interventions, evaluate their own practice, and use research findings to improve practice, policy, and social service delivery Comprehend quantitative and qualitative research and understand scientific and ethical approaches to building knowledge Use practice experience to inform scientific inquiry Use research evidence to inform practice 14 CSWE’s Core Competencies and Practice Behavior Examples in this Text Competency Chapter Human Behavior Practice Behavior Examples… Know about human behavior across the life course; the range of social systems in which people live; and the ways social systems promote or deter people in maintaining or achieving health and well-being 4, 5, Apply theories and knowledge from the liberal arts to understand biological, social, cultural, psychological, and spiritual development 6, 11, 12 Utilize conceptual frameworks to guide the processes of assessment, intervention, and evaluation 1, 3, Critique and apply knowledge to understand person and environment 2, 9, 10, 13, 15 Policy Practice Practice Behavior Examples… Understand that policy affects service delivery and they actively engage in policy practice 11 Know the history and current structures of social policies and services; the role of policy in service delivery; and the role of practice in policy development 7, 15 Analyze, formulate, and advocate for policies that advance social well-being 2, 13 Collaborate with colleagues and clients for effective policy action Practice Contexts Practice Behavior Examples… Keep informed, resourceful, and proactive in responding to evolving organizational, community, and societal contexts at all levels of practice Recognize that the context of practice is dynamic, and use knowledge and skill to respond proactively 9, 10 Continuously discover, appraise, and attend to changing locales, populations, scientific and technological developments, and emerging societal trends to provide relevant services 6, 12 Provide leadership in promoting sustainable changes in service delivery and practice to improve the quality of social services CSWE’s Core Competencies and Practice Behavior Examples in this Text Competency Chapter Engage, Assess, Intervene, Evaluate Practice Behavior Examples… Identify, analyze, and implement evidence-based interventions designed to achieve client goals Use research and technological advances Evaluate program outcomes and practice effectiveness Develop, analyze, advocate, and provide leadership for policies and services Promote social and economic justice A) ENGAGEMENT A substantively and effectively prepare for action with individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities Use empathy and other interpersonal skills Develop a mutually agreed-on focus of work and desired outcomes B) ASSESSMENT Collect, organize, and interpret client data Assess client strengths and limitations 6, Develop mutually agreed-on intervention goals and objectives Select appropriate intervention strategies C) INTERVENTION Initiate actions to achieve organizational goals Implement prevention interventions that enhance client capacities Help clients resolve problems Negotiate, mediate, and advocate for clients Facilitate transitions and endings D) EVALUATION Critically analyze, monitor, and evaluate interventions 12 MySearchLab Connections in This Text In addition to the outstanding research and writing tools and a complete eText in MySearchLab, this site contains a wealth of resources for social work students Below is a listing of the videos and readings found in MySearchLab, keyed to each chapter in this text In addition, a wealth of assessment questions (including those based on CSWE’s core competencies) and useful online resources can be found under the appropriate chapters in MySearchLab VIDEOS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Applying Critical Thinking (1) Entry to the Social Work Profession (2) The Ecological Model Using the Freire Method (2) Developing an Action Plan that Changes the Internal and External (3) Professional Demeanor (4) Professional Roles and Boundaries (4) Battle Between Faith and Science (5) Building Self-Awareness (6) Engaging in Research Informed Practice (7) Question of Identity (8) Working Mothers (9) Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren (9) Abortion Wars (9) In Crowd and Social Cruelty (10) Providing Leadership to Promote Change to Improve Quality of Social Services (11) Tolerating Ambiguity in Resolving Conflicts (11) Ethical Practice-Managing Personal Values: The Code of Ethics (12) Building Alliances (12) Engage, Assess, Intervene, Evaluate Community Organization (12) Recognizing Personal Values (13) Engaging Clients to Share Their Experience of Alienation, Marginalization and/or Oppression (13) MS13: Gang Life (14) Keeping up with Shifting Contexts (15) * = CSWE Core Competency Asset Δ = Case Study MySearchLab Connections in this Text READINGS * Human Behavior (1) Δ Ethical Dilemmas (2) Δ Mothers versus the Board of Education (3) Δ Community to Community: A Unique Response to Long Term Disaster Relief (3) * Professional Identity (4) Δ Volunteer Experiences with Neighbor Helping Neighbor Program (4) Self-Psychology (5) Object Relations Theory (5) Δ Attachment & Grief in a Stepfamily with Children Adopted Internationally (5) Δ A Narrative in New Masculinity (6) Δ Elderly People (6) Δ Impact of Childhood Trauma on Development, The (6) Δ Dylan James: A Case in School Social Work (7) Cognitive Theory (8) Δ The Leon Family (9) Δ Multigenerational Abuse: The Santiago Story (9) Δ Family Feud (9) Δ Group Work Ethics (10) Δ Caregiver Support Group, A (10) Δ Adventures in Budgets and Finances (11) Δ Supervisory Dilemmas for a Newly Promoted Community Health Care Clinic Manager (11) Δ Community Coalition, A (12) Δ Golem, Albania (12) Δ Carrie (13) Δ Frank (13) Δ Oliver (13) Δ Betty and Charlie Bristol (14) Δ Mikki’s Story (14) Δ Faith Harper (14) Martin Luther King, Jr., Letter from a Birmingham Jail (15) Lyndon B Johnson, War on Poverty (15) The Gay Liberation Front, Come Out (15) Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (15) Δ Veterans of the Vietnam War (15) * = CSWE Core Competency AssetΔ Δ = Case Study Seventh Edition Human Behavior and the Social Environment Social Systems Theory Orren Dale Wichita State University Rebecca Smith Middle Tennessee State University Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Craig Campanella Executive Editor: Ashley Dodge Editorial Product Manager: Carly Czech Editorial Assistant: Nicole Suddeth Vice President/Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Executive Marketing Manager: Wendy Albert Marketing Assistant: Frank Alarcon Digital Media Editor: Paul Deluca Production Manager: Fran Russello Editorial Production Service: Sudip Sinha/PreMediaGlobal Cover Administrator: Jayne Conte Cover Designer: Karen Noferi Cover Image Credit: Bruce Rolff/ Shutterstock Interior Design: Joyce Weston Design Credits appear on Page 422, which constitutes an extension of the copyright page Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290 Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dale, Orren Human behavior and the social environment: social systems theory / Orren Dale, Rebecca Smith — 7th ed p cm Previous ed cataloged under title Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-205-03648-6 ISBN-10: 0-205-03648-1 Social service. 2. Social systems. 3. Social systems—Mathematical models. 4. Human behavior. I Smith, Rebecca, 1949- II. Human behavior and the social environment. III. Title HV40.H7813 2012 361.3’2—dc23 2012006007 10 1—EB—16 15 14 13 12 Student Edition ISBN 10: 0-205-03648-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-03648-6 Instructor Edition ISBN 10: 0-205-03650-3 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-03650-9 la Carte Edition ISBN 10: 0-205-03704-6 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-03704-9 Contents Preface xviii 1. Introduction Human Behavior Theory and Social Work Practice CSWE Core Competencies Generalist Practice Theory and Practice in Social Work: Connecting the Dots Theoretical Range Theories as Maps: Grand, Middle Range, and Focal Theories Summary 10 12 PRACtiCe teSt 13 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 14 2. The Foundations for Social Systems Theory 15 The Nature of Theory 16 Social Systems Perspective General Systems Theory 18 19 Ecological Theory 24 Generalist Social Work Practice and Person in the Environment Functional Theory 27 Symbolic Interactionism and Role Theory Summary 30 35 PRACtiCe teSt 37 MYSEARCHLAB CONNECTIONS 38 3. Social Systems and Social Work 39 Social Systems in Generalist Practice Development of Social Systems Social Systems Cycle 42 Social Systems Features 46 41 40 25 References Weber, M (1980) Three types of legitimate rule (H Gerth, Trans.) In A Etzioni & E Lehman (Eds.) A sociological reader on complex organizations, 4–10 (3rd ed.) New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston Weber, M (1984) Bureaucracy In F Fischer & C Sirianne (Eds.) Critical studies in organization and bureaucracy, 24–39 Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press Weill, A (2004) The natural mind: An investigation of drugs and the higher consciousness New York, NY: Houghton-Mifflin Weill, A., & Rose, W (2004) From chocolate to morphin: Everything you need to know about mind altering drugs New York, NY: Houghton-Mifflin West, R (2006) Theory of addiction London: Blackwell Publishing, Addiction Press Wiener, N (1961) Cybernetics: Or control and communication in the animal and the machine (2nd rev ed.) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 421 Wolff, K (Ed., Trans) (1950) The sociology of Georg Simmel New York, NY The Free Press Wolpe, J (1983) The practice of behavior therapy (3rd ed.) New York, NY: Pergamum Worsley, P (Ed.) (1992) The new introducing sociology London: Penguin Group Yalom, I., & Leszcz, M (2005) Theory and practice of group psychotherapy (5th ed.) New York, NY: Basic Books Yamaguchi, K., & Kandel, D (1984) Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood II: Sequences of progression American Journal of Public Health, 74(7), 671 Zimmerman, S (2001) Family policy: Constructed solutions to family problems Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Zurcher, L (1977) The mutable self: A self concept for social change Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Photo Credits Chapter p 1, Adisa/iStockphoto; p 7, René Mansi/urbancow/iStockphoto Chapter p 15, Dwayne Newton/PhotoEdit; p 25, Martin Hendriks/Flashworks/iStockphoto Chapter p 39, Ayzek/iStockphoto Chapter p 64, Kurhan/Shutterstock; p 84, Glovatskiy/Shutterstock Chapter p 92, Anthony Baggett/TonyBaggett/iStockphoto; p 108, Ventura/Shutterstock Chapter p 122, Myrleen Ferguson Cate/PhotoEdit; p 138, Richard Hutchings/PhotoEdit Chapter p 152, nadil/Shutterstock; p 167, Chris Lamphear/iqoncept/iStockphoto Chapter p 178, Dmitriy Shironosov/Shutterstock; p 194, Lisa F Young/lisafx/iStockphoto Chapter p 207, Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock Chapter 10 p 238, Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; p 259, vm/iStockphoto Chapter 11 p 268, David Young-Wolf/PhotoEdit; p 282, Michael Newman/PhotoEdit Chapter 12 p 298, Lawrence Sawyer/iStockphoto; p 306, Jim West/PhotoEdit Chapter 13 p 336, Calvio/iStockphoto; p 354, Mark wragg/iStockphoto Chapter 14 p 363, Jodie Coston/iStockphoto; p 383, Don Bayley/RapidEye/iStockphoto Chapter 15 p 389, Michael Ventura/PhotoEdit; p 383, Don Bayley/RapidEye/iStockphoto 422 Index A-B-C-D-E intervention model, 170 A-B-C intervention model, 170 abdicratic leadership style, 264 abstinence violation effect (AVE), 347 abstract, vs vague, 17 academic communities, 329 accommodation, 182, 216 achieved positions, 69 achieved status, 404 acting out, 103 acting out phase, 383 activation response, 159 activation syndrome, 82, 130 activities, 42, 54, 127 activity addictions, 337 activity group, 247 adaptation, 30, 44, 320 community, 320, 330 Adaptation, Goal attainment, Integration, Latency (AGIL) model, 44 adaptive level of functioning, 225 adaptive upgrading, 406 Addams, Jane, 26 addiction definition, 337–338 measurement, 338 theory of, 338–339 and treatment, 354–358 ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), 369–370 Adler, Alfred, 106, 107, 108, 112, 113, 117 adolescence, 140–142 developmental activities, 141–142 identity vs role confusion, 141 adolescence life stage, 140–142 adult psyche (Freud), 98 adult psyche (Jung), 106 advocacy, 330 affect, 49 affection, 245 African American, 258 age, 411 aggressive subtypes, ADP, 373 AGIL (Adaptation, Goal attainment, Integration, Latency) model, 44 agrarian communities, 326–327 agreement, semantic, 17 AIDS community of interest, 330–331 systems cycle of, 332 Ainsworth, Mary, 110 alarm, general adaptation syndrome, 366 alcoholics anonymous theories, 338 alcoholism, 345 Alexander, R., 98 alienated subtypes, APD, 373 alienation, 317 allopoetic systems, proposed output, 54 allostasis, 345 Allport, Gordon, 54, 195 alpha alcoholism, 345 altruism, 261 American Psychiatric Association, 210 American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), 337 amphetamines, substance abuse, 342 anal stage of development (Freud), 99 anima, 105 animus, 105 anomie, 71, 317 antisocial personality, subtypes, 373 antisocial personality disorder (APD), 372–373 anxiety, 101, 155 anxiety-provoking stimuli, 160 anxiolytics, substance abuse, 342 anxious-avoidant, styles of attachment, 110 anxious-resistant, styles of attachment, 110 APD (antisocial personality disorder), 372–373 appropriate behavior, 69 area trade centers, 328 ascribed positions, 69 ascribed status, 399 assertiveness, 253 assimilation, 181–182 attachment theory, 109 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 369–370 attitudes, 256 authoritarianism, 114 authority, 272–275, 309 automaton conformity, 114–116 autonomy vs shame and doubt, 134–135 autopoetic systems, proposed output, 54 AVE (abstinence violation effect), 347 aversive antecedent condition, 157 avoiding types, style patterns, 108 Azrin, Nathan, 82, 159–160, 377, 378 Bandura, Albert, 154, 167–169, 172, 175, 381 Bank Wiring Room study, 283 baseline data, 60 basic assumption groups, 252 basic needs, 131, 196 basic trust vs mistrust, 131, 143, 145 Bateson, Gregory, 230–232 Baumeister, R., 345 Beck Anxiety Inventory, 173 Beck Depression Inventory, 173 Becker, G., 344 423 424 Index behavioral group theory, 253 behaviorism/learning theory, 153–167 assumptions, 155–156 concepts, 156–167 focus, 155 behavior modification, 155 Bell, Daniel, 209, 322 belongingness and love needs (Maslow), 198 benefits, 250 Bentham, Jeremy, 344 beta alcoholism, 345 Billingsley, A., 398 Binet, Alfred, 179 biological connection, 128–130 causation, 128 evolution, 129–130 genetics, 128–129 Bion, Wilfred, 252 biotic concepts, 304 birth order, 107 blaming, Duluth model, 384 blended family, 219 Blumer, Herbert, 31 Boas, Franz, 394 bonding, social work, 401 border effect, 406 borderline personality disorder (BPD), 370–371 boundaries, 21, 257–258 and the community, 323 definition of, 47–49 diffuse, 222 in families, 216, 220–222 in formal organization, 289 lack of, within family, 226 maintenance, 48, 49, 53 boundary effect, 393 diversity, 397–399 Bowen, Murray, 208, 223–231 Bowlby, John, 109 Bowling Alone (Putnam), 324 BPD (borderline personality disorder), 370–371 Brannen, S., 293 bridging, social capital, 401 Buckley, W., 287 Buhler, Charlotte, 195 bullying, violence, 385–386 bureaucracy, 272, 273, 275–282 burnout, 271, 279 caffeine, substance abuse, 342 Callahan, Harry, 382 calm phase, 383 Canda, E., 307 cannabis, substance abuse, 342 caste system, 69 catastrophizing, 171 categories of people, vs social groups, 241–242 catharsis, 262 causation, 128 central business district (CBD), 302–303 cephalo-caudal development pattern, 130 chain of command, 276 charismatic authority, 274, 275 Chatterjee, P., 307 ch’i See prana childbearing, 209 childhood attachment theory, 108–110 Childress, A., 349 choice theories, 344 choleric personalities, 255 chronic effects, 343 circular reaction (Piaget), 183 civil rights movement, 191 classical conditioning, 156 classical psychoanalytic theory, 96 class structure, 317 clear boundary, 222 closed systems, 21, 22 and diversity, 397 Cloward, R., 395 coalition, 223 cocaine, substance abuse, 342 coercion and threats, 384 cognition, 245 cognitive affective processing system (CAPS), 169 cognitive behavioral theory, 169–174 and mood disorders, 172–173 positive psychology, 173–174 rational emotive behavior theory, 169–172 cognitive behavior methods and therapy (CBT), 172 cognitive development theory, 179–186 accommodation, 182 assimilation, 181–182 assumptions, 180–181 concepts, 181–182 focus, 180 organization, 182 schema, 181 stage, 181 stages (Piaget), 182–186 cohesiveness, 262 collections of people, vs social groups, 241 color, people of, 410 communications/interactive theory, 230–234 Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 316 community, 30 definition of, 54, 299 of interest, 322–325, 330–332 life cycle, 325 purpose of, 300, 306 rural, 326–329 as a social system, 301–302 and social systems theory, 300 stagnation, 325–328 structural components, 307–308 traditional geographic community theory, 300 community power position, 306–308 elitist position, 308–311 pluralist position, 312–315 community power structure, 308–310 community systems cycle See also social systems cycle adaptation, 320 completion, 320 dissolution, 321–322 emergence, 319–320 geographic and interest, 325 maturation, 320 propagation, 320 stabilization, 320 stagnation, 321 comorbid conditions, substance use disorders, 342 425 Index comparison level, 251 of alternatives, 251 competition, 304 complementary roles, 83, 213 completeness, 107 completion, social systems cycle, 44 complex reinforcement schedules, 165–166 compulsion and self-control theories, 345 Comte, Auguste, 27 conation, 245 concentric zone theory, 302–303 conceptions, role, 70, 71 concepts, definition of, 16, 17 concrete operational thought (Piaget), 184–185 concurrent compromise, 87 conditioned reflex (CR), 154 conditioned stimulus (CS), 154 conditioning theories, 349–350 conduct disorder, 371–342 conflict and consensus, 404–406 definition of, 315 religion, and diversity, 406–409 theorists, 27 theory, 404 conflict position and the community, 315–319 conformist, 353 conformity, 82, 407 in role parlance, 75 congruent communication, 231 conscious mind (Freud), 96, 97 consciousness, levels of (Freud), 96–97 consciousness mind (Freud), 96 consciousness-raising, 348 consequating, 160 Constanzo, P., contingency management, 160–161 continuous reinforcement schedules, 162–163 controlling, leadership style, 264 conventional morality, 190–191 conversion operations, 21, 55–57 organizations, definitions for, 290 co-occurring disorders, substance use disorders, 342 Cooley, Charles Horton, 31, 34, 141, 208, 242–244, 246, 269 coping mechanisms, 102 core competencies, CSWE, 3–4 core roles, 76, 77 corrective recapitulation, 261 Coser, Lewis, 319, 406 costs, 250 Council on Social Work Education (CSWE), 3–5, 7, 40–41 counter-conditioning, 349 counter roles, 79 Coyote, Wile E., 381 criminal behavior, 405 CSWE (Council on Social Work Education), 3–5, 7, 40–41 cueing, 162 cultural diversity, 392–395 cultural infusion, 400 cultural relativity, 394 cultural stars, 393 culture definition, 52, 393 dominant, 394, 395 minority, 394 culture wars, 390 cybernetics, 58 Dahl, Robert, 312, 313, 315 Dahrendorf, Ralf, 319 Dart, Raymond, 364, 365 Darwin, Charles, 24, 302 death, 146–148 death drive, 367–368 death instinct, 96 decentering, 263 decision making law/administrative policy, 279–280 defense mechanisms, 102–103 deficiency needs, 196 definition of the situation, 80 delirium tremens, 343 delta alcoholism, 345 Deming, W Edwards, 293, 294 democracy, 390, 391 denial, primary defense mechanism, 102 denial distortion, 201 denying, Duluth model, 384 depersonalization of position, 278, 279 depression, 174 depressive position, 252 destructiveness, 114 determinism, 195 detouring, 223, 226 development, stages of psychoanalytic theory, 96, 98, 110 psychosocial theory, 124–125 developmental activities, 127 adolescence, 141–142 early adulthood, 144 infancy, 134–134 late adulthood, 147–148 middle adulthood, 145–146 post infancy, 135–136 preschool, 137–138 school, 139–140 developmental task, 126–127 developmental theme, 78 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 86, 174, 341–344 dialectic, 243–244 organizational theory, 286–287 dialogue, 244 dichotomies, 256 differential association, 351–354 differential identification theory, 353 differential opportunity, 353 differentiation, 224–225, 406 diffuse boundary, 222 disability and diversity, 412–413 discrimination, 162, 169–174 disengagement definition of, 222 parent-child, 222 displacement, 223 dissolution, 45 distortion loss, 220 distributive, 264 diversity conflict and consensus, 404–406 ethical and cultural, 409–413 426 Index diversity (continued) religion, 406–409 and social systems theory, 396–401 division of labor, 276, 277 divorce, 217 Dollard, John, 154 domestic violence, cycle of, 384 dominance, 304 dominant culture, 394–395 double-approach avoidance conflict, 343 double bind communication, 232–233 dramatic relief, 348 dramaturgy, 33 drug transitions, 346 DSM-IV-TR, 341–344 dual diagnoses, substance use disorders, 342 dual tradition, 26 Duluth model, 384–385 Duncan, O D., 25 Durkheim, Emile, 17, 27, 72, 229 dynamics of human behavior, 101 of social systems, 6, 41, 46 dysfunction, 396–397 dysfunctional client systems, 55 early adulthood developmental activities, 144 intimacy vs isolation, 143 life stage, 142–144 eclectic perspective, ecological perspective, 25 and the community, 302, 306 ecological theory, 24–25 ecomap, 228–229 economic abuse, 384 ego (Freud), 97, 98 ego defense mechanisms, 102 ego dystonic behavior, 82 ego ideal, 98 ego integrity, 147 vs despair, 146–147 electra complex, 100 elitist position, 308–311 Ellis, Albert, 169 embeddedness, emergence, 21, 43, 319–320 emotional abuse, 384 emotional cutoff, 228–229 emotional system, 224, 230 empathy, 80, 226 empirical import, 17 empirical phenomena See observable behavior empowerment, 276, 307, 315 Engels, Friedrich, 316 enmeshment, 110, 222–223 entropic phase, systems cycle, 42, 45 entropy, 22, 327 environment, 25–27, 50 environmental reevaluation, 349 epigenesis, 130 epigenetic development, 128, 130 epiphenomenal structures, 214 epiphenomenon, 21 epsilon alcoholism, 345 equifinality, 23 equilibrium, 28 Erickson, Milton, 230 Erikson, Erik, 114, 123–126, 130–138, 141–148 error-activated systems, 73 Escape from Freedom, 114 esteem needs (Maslow), 198 ethics, 187 definition of, 409 NASW Code of Ethics, 25, 187, 409–413 ethnicity, 410 ethology, and violence, 364–365 Etzioni, A., 283 euphoric recall, 350 evolution, 129–130 evolutionary change, 129 exchange theory, 250–252, 378–380 concepts of, 250–251 exhaustion, general adaptation syndrome, 366 existence statement, 16 existential factors, 262 expectations, role, 70, 71 exploitative orientation, 115–116 exposure theory, 350–351 external object, 110 extinction, 166–167 extinction schedule See extinction spike extinction spike, 166 extraction-based communities, 327 extravert-introvert model, 106 exurbs, 327–328 Eysenck, Hans, 93 FAE, (fundamental attribution error), 26 family boundaries, 220–224 communication/interactive theory, 230–234 definition of, 48 differentiation, 224–225 as emergent structures, 208–210 epiphenomenal structures, 214 homeostasis, 233–234 multigenerational structure, 227 projection process, 226–227 reciprocal and complementary roles, 212 structural family theory, 210–224 structure mapping, 222–224 subsystems, 214–220 systems theory, 224–230 theories, 207–235 triangulation, 225–226 universal and idiosyncratic constraints, 212 unstable, 209 family boundary dispute, 48 family business, 54 family hero, 83 family projection process, 226–227 family structure mapping, 222–224 family subsystems, 214–220 parental, 217–218 parent-child, 218–219 sibling, 219–220 spousal, 215–217 faulty information processing, 173 favorable balance, 22 feedback, 58–60 organizations, definitions for, 290–291 427 Index feeling people, 256 fictional finalism, 107 field, 248–249 field theory, 248–250 assumptions, 248–250 fight response See activation syndrome FIRO-B, 255 classic temperaments, 255 focal system, 11 forces impelling and impeding violence, 364 formal operational thought (Piaget), 185–186 formal organizations, 291–293 authority, 272–275 definition of, 49, 289–291 developmental stages, 291–293 Weberian bureaucracy, 275–282 formed groups, 245–246 vs natural groups, 245–246 task and treatment groups, 246–248 foster care, 209 four humours, 93 Frankl,Viktor, 202 Freud, Anna, 102, 103, 110, 123 Freud, S., 367, 368 Freud, Sigmund, 33, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 136, 138, 187, 199–201 Freudian Oedipal fantasy, 252 Freudian theory, 117 friendship group, 247 Fromm, Erich, 113, 114, 115 frustration-aggression hypothesis, 168 functionalism, 27 functionally autonomous relationship, 54 functional theory, 27–30 functions, 56, 256 fundamental attribution error (FAE), 26, 67 Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO), 255 gaining dominance See prepotency principle (Maslow) Galpin, Charles, 302 game playing (ecological perspective), 305–306 gamma alcoholism, 345 Gandhi, M K., 191 GAS (general adaptation syndrome), 366, 367 gateway theories, 346 gay-lesbian movement, 191 gay role, 84 Gemeinschaft, 244, 245, 247, 269–270, 282, 288 and the community, 299, 322, 323, 325 gender, 410–411 general adaptation syndrome (GAS), 366, 367 generalist practice CSWE, definition of, 5, 23 model, 4, 40 social work, 6–7 systems thinking, 65 generalization, 161 generalized other, 32, 75–76 general systems theory, 19–24 generativity vs stagnation, 144–145 genetic engineering, 129 genetics, 128–129 road map, 128 genital stage of development (Freud), 100 genogram, 227–228 genuine needs, 249 Germain, Carel B., 301, 306 Gesellschaft, 244, 245, 247, 269–270 and the community, 299, 325 getting types, style patterns, 108 Gibbs, Jack P., 303, 304 Gilligan, Carol, 191 Glaser, D., 353 goal attainment, 6, 29–30, 44 goals, 51, 250 The Godfather, 54 Goffman, E., 380, 399, 403 Goffman, E., 253 Goffman, Erving, 33 golden rule, 70 Goleman, D., 347 Gordon, M., 393 Gouldner, A., 399, 403 government reservations, 328–329 grand theories, 10 Grapes of Wrath, The (Steinbeck), 241 Great Gatsby, The, 110 group development, stages of, 260–261 functioning, 240 leadership, 262–264 norms, 240 primary, 242–244 process, 255–257 process, dimensions of, 254–257 purpose, 240 role theory in, 253–254 secondary, 242–244 size, 240 social, 239–240 therapeutic factors, 261–262 group cohesion, 240, 260, 263, 265 group development, stages of, 260–261 adjourning, 260 forming, 260 norming, 260 performing, 260 storming, 260 group functioning, 240 group leadership, 262–264 abdicratic, 264 controlling, 264 distributive, 264 organic, 264 styles of, 264 synthetic, 264 group norms, 240 group process, dimensions of, 254–257 individual personality temperament, 255–257 interaction process analysis, 254 interpersonal underworld, 255 needs-based motivational model, 254–255 group purpose, 240 group size, 240 group therapeutic factors, 261–262 hallucinogens, substance abuse, 342 Hamacheck, D., 127 Hartman, A., 227 Hawley, Amos H., 303 Hawthorne studies, 283, 284, 288, 293 Heatherton, T., 345 428 Index Hegel, G F W., 243 helping relationships, 349 helping system, 53 “here and now” situation, 77 hierarchical authority, 275–276 hierarchy of needs (Maslow), 196, 199 of systems, 11 hoarding orientation, 116 hodological space, 249 holism, 106 holon, 23–24, 220, 399 organizations, definitions for, 289 Holz, W., 159–160 homeorhesis, 359 homeostasis, 28, 233–234 homo economicus, 401 honeymoon/reconciliation phase, 383 Horney, Karen, 72, 108, 111, 112, 113, 117, 119 Hull, Clark, 154 human behavior theories, 2–3 human ecology, 301–306 assumptions, 301–302 community theorists, 302–304 concepts, 304–306 humanism, 391 humanistic psychology, 195, 203 humanistic theory, 194–199 assumptions, 195–196 concepts, 196–199 belongingness and love needs, 198 esteem needs, 198 hierarchy of needs, 196 need, 196 prepotency principle, 197 safety and security needs, 197 self-actualization needs, 198–199 survival needs, 197 human motivation, 250 human needs genuine needs, 249 quasi needs, 249 human potential movement, 196 human purpose, 250 human relations position, 282–286 humor in metacommunication, 232 humours, 93 Hunter, Floyd, 308, 309, 313 Hutchinson, E., 299 hypervigilance, 159 hypnotics, substance abuse, 342 hypotheses, 16, 17 I and Me, 31–32, 77 id (Freud), 33, 97, 98 ideal self, 201–202 identity, 257–259 vs role confusion, 141 ideological/religious communities, 329 idiosyncratic constraints, 212 IED (intermittent explosive disorder), 369 imitative behavior, 261–262 immature defenses, 104 imparting information, 261 impeding violence, 364 impression management, 82 In a Different Voice (Gilligan), 191 incongruent communication, 231 individualism, 391 individual psychology, 106–108 individuated psyche (Jung), 105 individuation, process of, 105 industrial revolution, 209 industry vs inferiority, 138–139 infancy basic trust vs mistrust crisis, 131 developmental activities, 131–134 evolution, 130–134 infancy life stage, 130–134 influence, 309 information distortion, 220, 258 information loss, 220, 258 in-groups, 257–259 inhalants, substance abuse, 342 initiative vs guilt, 136–137 innovation, 404 innovator, 353 input, 21, 52–54 organizations, definitions for, 290 instillation of hope, 261 instinctual theme, 214 instrumental social capital, 402 insubordination, 273 integration, 2–3, 30 intellectual silos, 20 interactional theme, 214 interactions, 50, 51 Interactive Process Analysis (IPA), 254 interface, 21, 51–52 organizations, definitions for, 290 intermittent explosive disorder (IED), 369 internal object, 110 interpersonal learning-input, 262 interpersonal learning-output, 262 interpersonal underworld, 255 interpositional role conflict, 85 interval reinforcement schedules, 164–165 fixed, 164–165 variable, 165 intervention, addiction educational programs, 358 homeorhesis, 359 principles, 358 symptomatic treatment, 358 intimacy, 260 vs isolation, 143 intimidation, 384 intrapositional role conflict, 85 introversion people, 256 iNtuition, 256 involvement, 223 irrational emotional system, 230 isophilia, 219 Jackson, Don, 230 jealousy and isolation, 384 Jellinek, E M., 345 Jellinek curve, alcoholism, 345 job descriptions, 277 Jones, Ernest, 252 judging-perceiving model, 106 429 Index Jung, Carl, 104, 105, 106, 107, 118, 252, 255, 339 Jungian typology, 256 Kahn, R., 291, 292 Kandel, D., 345 Katz, D., 291, 292 King, Martin Luther, 191 Klein, Melanie, 108, 109, 110, 252 group stages, 260 Kluckhon, C., 392 Koestler, A., 220 Koestler, Arthur, 23, 24, 220 Kohlberg, Lawrence, 111, 188–194, 203 Kohlberg moral development stages, 190 Kohut, H., 111 Kroeber, A., 392 Kuhn, M., 32, 33 Kuhn, Thomas, 16 Kunkel, Dale, 381 labile mood, 345 labor, division of, 276–277 Laing, R D., 252 late adulthood, 146–148 developmental activities, 147–148 ego integrity vs despair, 146–147 spirituality and psychosocial theory, 148 late adulthood life stage, 146–148 latency-age kids, 219 latency function, 30 latency stage of development (Freud), 100 latent affiliation, 259 latent functions, 306–307, 406 latent roles, 76 Law of Association, 156 Law of Effect, 156 learned helplessness, 173 learning and reinforcement, 165–166 legal authority, 272–277, 282, 288, 292, 309 legitimacy, 272, 273, 275 Le Suicide (Durkheim), 72 Lewin, Kurt, 215, 248–250, 249–250, 252, 364 libido, 96 life stages (psychosocial theory) adolescence, 140–142 early adulthood, 142–144 infancy, 130–134 late adulthood, 146–148 middle adulthood, 144–146 post infancy, 134–136 preschool, 136–138 school, 138–140 lifestyle, 256–257 limited focus, 195 Lindsley, O R., 160 Long, Morton, 305 maintenance inputs, 53–54 maintenance outputs, 290 manifest affiliation, 259 manifest functions, 396, 403 manifest role, 76 marital status, 411–412 marketing orientation, 116 Marlatt, Alan, 346 decision matrix, 348 lapse/relapse model, 347 Martin, Walter T., 303, 304 Marx, Karl, 316, 317 Maslow, Abraham, 42, 143, 145, 179, 182, 187–188, 193, 195–199, 202 masochism, 114 matrix, 67 maturation process, 43–44 mature defenses, 104 mature phase, systems cycle, 42 mature systems, 41 Mayo, Elton, 283, 294 McClelland, David, 254 McGregor, Douglas, 294 McPartland, T., 32 Mead, George Herbert, 31, 32, 33, 75, 77, 78, 105 Mead, Margaret, 230 melancholic personalities, 255 Menninger, Karl, 316 mental disorder, 369 Merton, Robert, 9, 10, 16, 28, 68, 72, 353, 396, 404 Merton’s deviance matrix, 354 metacommunications, 231–232 metamorphosis, 321 meta need See self-actualization needs (Maslow) metatheory, 19 methodological behaviorism, 155 Micklin, M., 25 middle adulthood, 144–146 developmental activities, 145–146 generativity vs stagnation, 144–145 middle adulthood life stage, 144–146 middle range theory, 10–11, 67 mind consciousness (Freud), 96 structures of, 97–98 mind set, 338 minimizing, Duluth model, 384 minority culture, 394 Minuchin, Salvador, 210–211, 215, 223–227, 230–231 family subsystem, 211 M&M (stimulus), 157 model generalist practice, social systems, modeling, 168, 253 in social learning theory, 168 social systems theory, 46 steady state, 60 modernism, 390–391 mood disorder, 172 moral actions, 193 moral anxiety, 102 moral development theory, 187–194 assumptions, 188–189 concepts, 189–191 conventional morality, 190–191 focus, 188 gender-related differences, 191–194 postconventional morality, 191 preconventional morality, 189–190 stages, 189–191 morphogenesis, 43 morphoterminus, 45 430 Index Mowrer, Hobart, 169 multifinality, 23 multigenerational transmission process, 227 Murphy, M., 344 mutable self, 78, 258 mutuality, 245 Myers-Briggs test, 106 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), 255–257 Ouchi, William, 294 outcome, 250 out-groups, 257–259 output, 21, 54–56 discrepancy, 57 organizations, definitions for, 290 over-determined behavior, 118 overinvolvement, 223 narcissistic objects, 111 NASW Code of Ethics, 25, 187, 409–413 national origin, 410 natural groups, 245–246 natural mind, 339–341 natural will, 245 necrophilous orientation, 116 need for achievement (n-ach), 255 need for affiliation (n-aff), 255 need for authority and power (n-pow), 255 needs, 196–199 genuine (Lewin), 249 hierarchy of (Maslow), 196, 199 quasi (Lewin), 249 needs-based motivational model, 254–255 need theme, 214 negative cognition triad, 172–173 negative entropy, 22 negative feedback, 58–60 negative reinforcement, 157, 158 negative sanctions, 74 negotiation, 260 nested social identities, 249 neurosis, 111–113 neurotic anxiety, 102 neurotic defenses, 104 neurotic striving (Horney), 72, 113 Nichols, M., 211 nicotine, substance abuse, 342 normal behavior, 69, 70 norm of reciprocity, 70 norms, 69 definition of, 55 nuclear family, 226 pampering, 107 paradigms, 16 paranoid-schizoid position, 252 parental subsystem, 217–218 parent-child subsystem, 218–219 Park, Robert Ezra, 302 Parsons, Talcott, 12, 28, 29, 30, 36, 41, 44, 211, 394, 396, 406 four-problem matrix, 30 and social stratification, 396 part object, 110 pathological defenses, 104 pathology, 111, 195 pattern maintenance, 30 Pavlov, Ivan, 153–156, 160, 175 PC (political correctness), 398–399 pecking orders, 396 people categories of, 241 collections of, 241 perceiving people, 256 perceptual distortion, 201 peripheral roles, 76, 77 persona (Jung), 105 personal acts, 193 personality, 78 person-centered theory, 199–202 person traits, 202 creativity, 202 existential living, 202 experiential freedom, 202 openness to experience, 202 organismic trusting, 202 phallic stage of development (Freud), 99 phencyclidine, substance abuse, 342 Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic, 210 phlegmatic, 255 phobias, 155 physiological needs, 249 Piaget, Jean, 134–135, 137, 161, 179, 180–186, 188–189 cognitive development stages, 186 Piven, R., 395 plateau effect, 164 play group, 247 pleasure principle (Freud), 101 pluralist position, 312–315 polarity, 125 political belief, 412 political correctness (PC), 398–399 political resources, 314–315 Portes, A., 402 positions, 69 achieved, 69 ascribed, 69 depersonalization of, 278–279 positive feedback, 60 positive psychology, 173 object constancy, 111 object relations theory, 110–111 object representation, 110 obliteration by incorporation, 68 O’Brien, C., 349 observable behavior, 153 oedipal stage of development (Freud), 99 open systems, 22 and diversity, 397 operant conditioning, 156–157, 162, 167 operant learning theory, 376–378 opioids, substance abuse, 342 oral stage of development (Freud), 99 organic leadership style, 264 organization, 182 organizational theory, 271–272, 280, 283 applied, 280 authority, 272–275 and practice, 271–272 orientation, 260 other, 75 431 Index positive reinforcement, 74, 157, 160 positive reinforcer, 157 positive sanctions, 74 postconventional morality, 191 post infancy, 134–136 autonomy vs shame and doubt, 134–135 developmental activities, 135–136 post infancy life stage, 134–136 postmodernism, 391–392 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 201 poverty, ethical principles, 413 power influence, 313 pyramids, 311 structure, 308–310 power and control wheel, Duluth model, 384 prana, 245 preconscious mind (Freud), 96, 97 preconventional morality, 189–190 preferential selection, 87 preoperational thought (Piaget), 137, 183–184 prepotency principle (Maslow), 197 preschool, 136–138 developmental activities, 137–138 initiative vs guilt, 136–137 preschool life stage, 136–138 primary group, 34, 242–243, 244, 246, 264, 269 thesis of (Cooley), 243 primary process, 101 Prochaska, J O., 348 productive orientation, 116 propagation, 44–45 proposed output, 54 organizations, definitions for, 290 proximity maintenance, 109 proximo-distal developmental pattern, 130 pseudo-sibling relationship, 219 psychiatric model, addictions, 341–344 psychoanalysis, 94 psychoanalytic group, 252 dispositions in, 252 psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theory assumptions, 95–96 concepts, 96–104 focus, 95 Freud, Sigmund, 94 role features, 117 psychoanalytic tavistock group, 252 psychoanalytic theory, 94 psychological acts See Personal acts psychological stress, 367 psychopathology, theory of, 70 psychosocial crisis, 124, 131, 134, 136, 138, 141, 143, 144, 146 psychosocial theory, 123–127 assumptions, 124 concepts, 124–127 focus, 123–124 punishment, 102, 158–160 negative, 158–160 positive, 158 purpose, 40, 41, 42 Putnam, R., 324 pyramids of power, 311 quasi needs, 249 race, 410 radical behaviorism, 155 ramp family See unstable family Randall, Francis B., 316 rational emotive behavior theory, 169–172 activating event, 170 beliefs, 170 consequences, 170 dispute, 170 effects, 170–172 rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), 170, 171 rationalism, 391 rationalist position, and social systems theory, 281–282 rational will, 245 ratio reinforcement schedules, 163–164 fixed, 163 variable, 163–164 reaction formation, 103 reactive attachment disorder, 109 reality anxiety, 101 reality principle (Freud), 101 reality testing, 80, 101 real self, 201 rebel, 354 rebellion, 404 receptive orientation, 115 reciprocal inhibition, 155 reciprocal roles, 212 recovery oriented theories, 346–348 recreational communities, 329 Red Book, 104 reductionism, 19, 195 reference groups, 34 reflexive, 77, 253 regeneration, 45 “Regional City” study, 309–311 reinforcement, 156–157 negative, 157 positive, 157 reinforcement management, 349 reinforcement schedules, 162–166 complex, 165–166 continuous, 162–163 interval, 164–165 ratio, 163–164 relapse model, 347 relational statement, 17 relaxation, 155 religion definition of, 50 and diversity, 406–409 role in social work, repression (Freud), 97 resistance, 260 general adaptation syndrome, 366 response acquisition, 163 retreatist, 354 reward, 157 See also positive reinforcement Richmond, Mary, 25 rigidity, 44 ritualist, 353 Rivas, R., 246–247 Robbins, S., 307 432 Index Robinson, Daniel, 153 Rogerian conception, 201 Rogers, Carl, 199–202 traits in human, 202 role(s), 34, 47, 55 accession, 85 ambiguity, 84 clarification, 84, 87 concept, 67, 68 conceptions, 70, 71 conflict, 84 discrepancy, 73, 74 distance, 33, 82 dynamics, 77–84 expectations, 70, 71 and families, 207–235 groups, 253 ideal, 72, 73 loss, 85 making, 81 model, 81 modeling, 254 negotiation, 88 occupant, 76 overload, 86 overperformance, 83 performance See role performance playing, 81 problem, 84–86 refusal, 87 rehearsal, 87, 254 resolution strategies, 86–88 reversal, 88 sanctions, 73 sender, 72, 75 set, 79 shells, 76 strain, 86 suspension, 88 taking process, 68, 80 theory, 253–254 underperformance, 82 role features, 117 role groups, vicarious learning, 253 role performance, 72 standardization of, 277–278 role theory, 9, 30–35, 253–254 generalist practice, 65–66 Ross, H., 98 Ross, P N., 385 rubber map identity, 215 ruling types, style patterns, 108 rural communities, 326–328 Russell, Bertrand, 230 sadism, 114 safe haven, 109 safety and security needs (Maslow), 197–198 Sane Society, The, 114–116 sanguine, 255 Satir, Virginia, 230 satisfaction, 251 scanning, 263 schedule thinning, 162–163 schema, 181 schizophrenia project, 230 school, 138–140 developmental activities, 139–140 industry vs inferiority, 138–139 school life stage, 138–140 Schutz, W., 255 Schwartz, R., 211 science, 390–392 scientific management, and classical tradition, 280–281 Scott, W R., 271 secondary group, 242–244, 269, 270, 288 secondary process, 101 secure, styles of attachment, 110 secure base, 109 sedative, substance abuse, 342 self definition of, 54 dramaturgy, 33 measurement of, 32–33 reflexive, 31–32, 77 self-actualization needs (Maslow), 198–199 self-awareness, 77 self-concept, 71, 77, 78–79 self-efficacy, 126, 169 self-esteem, 79 self-evaluation, 140 selfhood, 126 stages of, 105 self-liberation, 349 self-psychology, 111 self-reevaluation, 348 self-talk, 77, 80, 169 self-understanding, 262 Seligman, Martin, 173–174 Selye, Hans, 365, 366 semantic agreement, 17 sensing-intuition model, 106 sensing people, 256 sensorimotor intelligence (Piaget), 134, 182–183 separation distress, 109 serial compromise, 87 settlement house, 319 sex roles, 76 sexual orientation, 400, 411 shaping, 104, 105, 162 Shaw, M., sibling abuse, 219 sibling subsystem, 219–220 signal anxiety, 102 signal inputs, 52–53 significant other, 34, 75 Simmel, Georg, 239, 316, 318 single-mother, 210 single-parent, 210 situated identity, 246 situated self, 77, 79 situation, 80 Skinner, B F., 154, 156, 168, 187 Skog, O., 344 slack in the system, 314 small groups See social groups Smith, Adam, 275, 305 snitching, 81 social capital, 401–404 social class, 307, 313, 317 social cognitive theory, 169 social Darwinism, 301 433 Index social diversity, and cultural competence, 409–413 social environment, 227–228 social groups, 40, 239–240 collections and categories, 240–242 emergence of, 241 essential features of, 239–240 roles of, 240 social interaction, 110 social interest, 107 socialization, 31, 34 socializing techniques, development of, 261 social learning theory, 167–169 social liberation, 349 social norms conceptions, 70 expectations, 70 social organization, 52, 53 social relationships, 11, 18, 31, 53, 55 social roles reference group, 75 role ideal refers, 72 sanctions, 73 social systems, 68 systematic eclecticism, 67 social structures anomie, 71 ascribed positions, 69 caste system, 69 normal behavior, 70 norms, 69 positions, 69 reciprocity, norm of, 70 role conceptions, 71 role expectations, 71 role performance, 72–73 role sanctions, 73–74 self-concept, 71 status, 70 social systems assumptions, 18–19 definition of, dynamics of, 6, 41 function of, hierarchy, 11 process, 58 structure of, 6, 46, 55–56 social systems cycle, 46 adaptation, 44 completion, 44 dissolution, 45 emergence, 43 entropic phase, 42 maturation, 43–44 mature phase, 42 propagation, 44–45 regeneration, 45 stabilization, 44 stagnation, 45 syntropic phase, 42 social systems perspective, 364 social systems theory boundary, 289 boundary effect, 397–399 and the community, 301 construction of, 10, 19 conversion operations, 290 and diversity, 396–401 dysfunction, 396–397 emergence, concept of, 287–289 feedback, 290–291 foundations for, 16–36 general features, 40–61 and generalist practice, 4–7 holon, 289, 399–401 input, 290 interactivity, interface, 290 model, 6, 46 open and closed systems, 397 output, 290 proposed output, 290 and rationalist position, 281–282 suprasystem, 289–290 total quality management (TQM), 293–294 social work code of ethics, 25 definition of, and social systems theory, 7–9 theory and practice, 2–3 societal emotional process, 229–230 society, definition of, 50 sociology, definition of, 29 span of control, 276 Spencer, Herbert, 302 spirituality, 148, 339 role in social work, splitting, 111 spoiled identity, 380 spontaneous recovery, 166 spousal subsystem, 215–217 stabilization, 44 stages of selfhood, 105 stage theory, 181, 188, 192 stagnation, 45 stagnation communities, 325–328 standardization of role performance, 277–278 status, 70 high status positions, 70 low status positions, 70 steady state, 22–23, 42–44, 234 and the community, 320 Steinbeck, John, 241 Steiner, Rudolf, 93 stigma, 403 stimulus binding, 161 stimulus control, 349, 376 stimulus generalization, 158, 161 stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) behaviorism, 155 stimulus-response (S-R) behaviorism, 155 strange situations assessment, 110 stratification, 396, 400, 404 Streeter, C., 293 strengths, 174 strengths perspective, structural family theory, 210–224 structural-family therapy school, 215 structural-functionalism, 27 structuralist perspective, 285 structure and the family, 211 of social systems, 6, 46, 55–56 style of life (Adler), 107 434 Index subcultures, 50, 393–395 cultural differentiation, 395 cultural integration, 395 definition of, 395 subjective experience, 200 sublimation, 103 substance abuse, 341–342 substance dependence, 342 succession, 304–306 suicide, 72 superego (Freud), 97 supine, 255 suppression resembles denial, 102 suprasystem, 21, 22, 50, 228 and the community, 311, 326 organizations, definitions for, 289–290 survival-level needs See physiological needs survival needs (Maslow), 197 Sutherland, Edwin, 352, 353, 405 symbiosis, 304, 306 symbiotic families, 115 symbiotic relationship, 224 symbolic interactionism, 30–35 symbolic interaction theory, 110, 111, 117 symmetrical relationships, 213 symmetrical roles, 213 symptomatic treatment, for addiction, 358 syncretism, syntax and concepts, 16, 17 synthetic leadership style, 264 syntropic phase, systems cycle, 42 syntropy, 23 system closed systems, 397 open systems, 397 systematic desensitization, 155 systematic eclecticism, 66–67 Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups system (SYMLOG), 254 systemic feature, 117 Szasz, Thomas, 170 Tajfel’s theory, 257 talking therapies, 162 Tansley, A G., 24 task groups, 246, 247, 263 task output, 56, 57 tasks vs treatment groups, 246–248 Taylor, Frederick W., 280, 281 technology, 56, 322 teenage club, 247 tension-building phase, 383 tension systems, 250 termination, 261 thanatos, 96 thematic self, 78, 79 theme, 214 theory conflict, 404 nature of, 16–18 and practical applications, 7–9 of psychopathology, 70 Theory X, 294–295 Theory Y, 294–295 Theory Z, 294–295 therapeutic growth, 106 therapist qualities, 202 congruence, 202 empathy, 202 respect, 202 thinking-feeling model, 106 thinking people, 256 Thomas, W I., 32 Thorndike, Edward, 154 Tice, D., 345 time out, 160 Toennies, Ferdinand, 244–245, 269, 270, 299, 323, 325 Toseland, R., 246–247 total quality management (TQM), 293–294 traditional authority, 274, 275 traditional geographic community theory, 300 transactional analysis, 226 transtheoretical model, 348–349 treatment groups, 246, 247 triadic reciprocal determinism, 169 triangulation, 225–226 trust, 131 TST, (Twenty Statements Test), 32 Turiel, Elliot, 192–194 Twenty Statements Test (TST), 32 unconditioned reflex (UR), 154 unconditioned stimulus (US), 154, 156 unconscious mind (Freud), 96 universal constraints, 212 universality, 261 unstable family, 209 vague, vs abstract, 17 Vaillant, G., 104 value deficiency, 195 values, 108, 392, 393, 395, 409 Velicer, W F., 348 vertical axis, 309–311, 313 vicarious learning See modeling victim–persecutor–rescuer triad, 226 violence antisocial personality disorder (APD), 372–373 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 369–370 borderline personality disorder (BPD), 370–371 bullying, 385–386 conduct disorder, 371–372 as crime, 373–376 cycle of domestic violence, 384 death drive, 367–368 domestic violence, 382–385 and ethology, 364–365 flight, fight, or freeze, 365–367 forces impelling and impeding, 364 intermittent explosive disorder (IED), 369 as mental disorder, 369 as social deviance, 368–373 in social systems perspective, 364 von Bertalanffy, Ludwig, 19–24 Walker, Lenore, 383 waste, 57, 331 Watson, John, 153–156 Weber, Max, 273–280, 300, 307, 408 Weberian bureaucracy, 275–282 uploaded by [stormrg] 435 Index Weill, Andrew, 339, 341, 351 well-being, 18, 22, 42 and psychoanalytic theory, 101–104 Wernicke Korsakoff’s syndrome, 343 wet brain See Wernicke Korsakoff’s syndrome White, Ryan, 330 Whitehead, Albert North, 230 whole type, 257 Wiener, Norbert, 58, 230 will, 245 withdrawing families, 115 Wolpe, Joseph, 155 women’s movement, 191 work groups, 252 worldwide human rights movement, 191 Yamaguchi, K., 345 Zeigarnik, Bluma, 250 Zeigarnik effect, 250 Zurcher, L., 258 ... Position and Social Systems Theory 281 The Human Relations Position 282 Human Relations Position and Social Systems Theory The Dialectic 286 Social Systems Theory: Emergence 287 Social Systems Theory:... human behavior and the social environment. Social workers are knowledgeable about human behavior across the life course; the range of social systems in which people live; and the ways social. .. 391 Preface This, the seventh edition of Human Behavior and the Social Environment: Social Systems Theory, marks the continuing development of our ideas on social systems theory as a foundation