Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA 01803 Contents First published 1983 Second edition 1985 Reprinted 1987 Third edition 1990 Reprinted 1991, 1992, 1993 Fourth edition 1994 Reprinted 1996, 1998 Fifth edition 1999 Reprinted 2000, 2001 (twice), 2003 Copyright © 1999, Elsevier Science Ltd All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England WIT 4LP Applications for the copyright holder's written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science and Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK; phone: (+44) (0) 1865843830; fax: (+44) (0) 1865853333; e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://www.elsevier.com) by selecting 'Customer Support' and then 'Obtaining Permissions' British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 7506 4018 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann website at: www.bh.com publications visit our Composition by Genesis Typesetting, Laser Quay, Rochester, Kent Printed and bound in Great Britain by BiddIes Ltd, www.biddles.co.uk Preface to fifth edition xv Preface to first edition xvii List of contributors Part I Law Explaining the law Brenda Watts 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The incident 1.3 Some possible actions arising from the incident 1.4 Legal issues of the incident 1.5 Criminal and civil law 1.6 Branches of law 1.7 Law and fact 1.8 The courts 1.9 Judicial precedent 1.10 Court procedure 1.11 Identity of court personnel 1.12 Industrial Tribunals 1.13 European Community Courts 1.14 Sources of English law 1.15 Legislation 1.16 Safety legislation before the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1.17 Safety legislation today 1.18 Principles developed by the courts ", xix 3 3 4 7 17 18 22 24 25 28 29 34 35 38 vi Contents Contents Principal health and safety Acts S Simpson 2.1 The Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 2.2 The Factories Act 1961 2.3 The Fire Precautions Act 1971 2.4 The Mines and Quarries Act 1954-71 2.5 The Environmental Protection Act 1990 2.6 The Road Traffic Acts 1972-91 2.7 The Public Health Act 1936 2.8 Petroleum (Consolidation) Act 1928 2.9 Activity Centres (Young Persons Safety) Act 1995 2.10 Crown premises 2.11 Subordinate legislation 44 44 54 54 56 56 57 57 58 58 58 59 Influences on health and safety J R Ridley 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Robens Report 3.3 Delegation of law-making powers 3.4 Legislative framework for health and safety 3.5 Self-regulation 3.6 Goal-setting legislation 3.7 European Union 3.8 European standards 3.9 Our social partners 3.10 Social expectations 3.11 Public expectations 3.12 Political influences 3.13 Roles in health and safety 3.14 Safety culture 3.15 Quality culture 3.16 No fault liability 3.17 Conclusion 62 62 62 63 64 65 66 67 70 71 72 72 73 74 74 75 76 76 Law 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 78 78 81 81 84 of contract R W Hodgin Contracts Contracts of employment Employment legislation Law of sale Specialised legislation affecting occupational safety advisers Industrial relations law R D Miskin 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Employment law 5.3 Discrimination 5.4 Disciplinary procedures 5.5 Dismissal 5.6 Summary Consumer protection R G Lawson 6.1 Fair conditions of contract 6.2 A fair quality of goods and services 6.3 Product safety 6.4 Product liability 6.5 Misleading advertising 6.6 Exclusion clauses 6.7 Consumer redress 86 90 90 90 92 99 102 112 114 114 121 122 126 127 128 130 Insurance cover and compensation A West 7.1 Workmen's compensation and the State insurance scheme 7.2 Employer's liability insurance 7.3 Public Liability insurance 7.4 Investigation, negotiation and the quantum of damage 7.5 General 133 Civil liability E J Skellett 8.1 The common law and its development 8.2 The law of tort 8.3 Occupier's Liability Acts 1957 and 1984 8.4 Supply of goods 8.5 Employer's liability 8.6 Employer's Liability (Defective Equipment) Act 1969 8.7 Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 8.8 Defences to a civil liability claim 8.9 Volenti non fit injuria 8.10 Limitation 8.11 Assessment of damages 8.12 Fatal accidents 8.13 'No fault' liability system 147 147 148 151 152 153 156 156 156 158 158 159 160 161 Part II vii The management of risk 133 136 142 143 146 163 165 Principles of the management of risk L Bamber 165 9.1 Principles of action necessary to prevent accidents 166 9.2 Definitions of hazard, risk and danger 168 9.3 Risk management 171 9.4 Loss control 175 9.5 Degrees of hazard 176 9.6 Accident causation models 9.7 Accident prevention: legal, humanitarian and economic reasons 178 for action 10 Risk 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 '" management: techniques and practices L Bamber Risk identification, assessment and control Job safety analysis System safety Systems theory and design 183 183 188 193 196 viii Contents Contents 199 System safety engineering 199 Fault tree analysis 200 Probabilistic risk assessments 202 Health and safety in design and planning Quality, Environment, Safety and Health Management Sys204 tems (QUENSH) 206 10.10 Use of data on accidents 207 10.11 Maintenance systems and planned maintenance 208 10.12 Damage control 209 10.13 Cost-effectiveness of risk management 213 10.14 Performance evaluation and appraisal 215 10.15 Loss control profiling 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 11 The collection and use of accident and incident data Dr A J Boyle 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Types of accident and incident data 11.3 Collection of accident and incident data 11.4 UK legal requirements to notify accidents and incidents 11.5 The use of accident and incident data 11.6 Epidemiological analysis 11.7 Accident investigation 11.8 The use of computers 219 219 219 223 227 231 240 241 252 12 The individual Professor A R Hale 12.1 What is behavioural science? 12.2 The relevance of behavioural science to health and safety 12.3 The human being as a system 12.4 Facets of human behaviour 12.5 Types of error 12.6 Individual behaviour in the face of danger 12.7 Change 12.8 Methods of change and control 258 258 13 Practical behavioural techniques J E Channing 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Principal elements of behaviour modification 13.3 The future for behavioural processes 305 305 306 314 259 260 262 274 278 290 300 318 14 Practical safety management J E Channing 318 14.1 Introduction 318 14.2 Legal obligations 321 14.3 Safety management 14.4 Implementing a regulation within a safety management 323 system 326 14.5 Safety management and housekeeping 327 14.6 Assessment techniques 331 14.7 Proprietary audit systems 332 14.8 Benchmarking 14.9 Involving employees 14.10 The role of specialists 14.11 Conclusion Part III Occupational health and hygiene ix 333 336 337 339 15 The structure and functions of the human body Dr T Coates 15.1 Introduction 15.2 History 15.3 The functions of an occupational health department 15.4 Overseas developments 15.5 Risks to health at work 15.6 Occupational hygiene 15.7 First aid at work 15.8 Basic human anatomy and physiology 15.9 Cancer and other problems of cell growth 15.10 The body's defence mechanisms 15.11 Factors determining the effect of substances in the body 15.12 The assessment of risk to health 341 341 341 344 344 345 346 347 348 363 364 365 366 16 Occupational diseases Dr A R L Clark 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Toxicology 16.3 Disease of the skin 16.4 Diseases of the respiratory system 16.5 Diseases from metals 16.6 Pesticides 16.7 Solvents 16.8 Gassing 16.9 Oxygen deficiency 16.10 Occupational cancer 16.11 Physical agents 16.12 Ionising radiations 16.13 Noise-induced hearing loss 16.14 Working in heat 16.15 Work related upper limb disorders (WRULD) 16.16 Diseases due to micro-organisms 16.17 Psycho-social disorders 16.18 Target organs 367 367 367 371 374 380 384 385 389 391 393 395 396 399 402 402 403 407 408 17 Occupational hygiene Dr C Hartley 17.1 Recognition 17.2 Evaluation 17.3 Control measures 17.4 Summary 412 412 413 432 441 18 Radiation Dr A D Wrixon 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Structure of matter 443 443 443 x Contents 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.9 18.10 18.11 19 Noise 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 19.9 19.10 19.11 Contents Radioactivity lonising radiation Biological effects of ionising radiation Quantities and units Basic principle of radiological protection Legal requirements National Radiological Protection Board Incidents and emergencies Non-ionising radiation 444 444 445 446 448 452 456 456 457 and vibration R W Smith What is sound? Other terms commonly found in acoustics Transmission of sound The sound level meter The ear The equivalent noise level Community noise levels Work area noise levels Noise control techniques Vibration Summary 462 462 465 469 469 471 472 473 474 475 483 485 20 Workplace pollution, heat and ventilation F S Gill 20.1 Methods of assessment of workplace air pollution 20.2 Measurement of the thermal environment 20.3 Standards for workplace environments 20.4 Ventilation control of a workplace environment 20.5 Assessment of performance of ventilation systems 487 488 491 492 494 496 21 Lighting E G Hooper and updated by Jonathan David 21.1 Introduction 21.2 The eye 21.3 Eye conditions 21.4 Definitions 21.5 Types of lighting 21.6 Illuminances 21.7 Factors affecting the quality of lighting 21.8 Use of light measuring instruments 501 501 501 502 503 505 506 508 511 22 514 Managing ergonomics Nick Cook 514 22.1 Introduction 514 22.2 Ergonomics defined 22.3 Ancient Egyptians and all that - a brief history of ergonomics 515 517 22.4 Ergonomics - has designs on you 517 22.5 Ergonomic concepts 523 22.6 Managing ergonomic issues in the workplace 523 22.7 Work related upper limb disorders (WRULD) 526 22.8 Back issues 22.9 Managing the ergonomics of disability 22.10 Legal requirements 22.11 Conclusion Part IV Workplace safety xi 528 529 531 535 23 Science in engineering safety J R Ridley 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Structure of matter 23.3 Properties of chemicals 23.4 Physical properties 23.5 Energy and work 23.6 Mechanics 23.7 Strength of materials 23.8 Modes of failure 23.9 Testing 23.10 Hydraulics 23.11 Summary 537 537 537 539 543 549 550 551 553 554 554 555 24 Fire precautions Dr P Waterhouse and revised by Ray Chalklen 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Basic combustion chemistry 24.3 The combustion process 24.4 Classification of fires 24.5 Ignition sources and their control 24.6 Protection against fire 24.7 Extinction 24.8 Firefighting 24.9 Fire risk 24.10 Means of escape in case of fire 24.11 Legal requirements 24.12 Liaison with the fire brigade 557 557 557 561 563 564 572 576 580 589 589 594 598 Safe 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 use of machinery J R Ridley Introduction Strategy for selecting safeguards Safeguarding techniques Powered trucks Lifting equipment Pressure systems and gas containers Conclusion 602 602 609 612 624 629 634 638 26 Electricity E G Hooper and revised by Chris Buck 26.1 Alternating and direct currents 26.2 Electricity supply 26.3 Statutory requirements 26.4 Voltage levels 26.5 Electrical accidents 26.6 The basic electrical circuit 641 641 642 644 645 645 646 ~; 25 xii Contents 26.7 26.8 26.9 26.10 26.11 26.12 26.13 26.14 26.15 26.16 26.17 27 Contents Dangers from electricity Protective means Competency Permits-to-work Static electricity Use of electricity in adverse or hazardous environments Electrical equipment in flammable atmospheres Portable tools Residual current devices Maintenance Conclusion Statutory examination of plant and equipment 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Legislation 27.3 Pressure systems 27.4 Lifting and handling plant 27.5 Power presses and press brakes 27.6 Local exhaust ventilation 27.7 Electrical equipment and installations 27.8 Other considerations 27.9 Conclusions J McMullen 647 650 652 654 654 657 657 660 661 661 662 664 664 665 665 673 682 683 686 687 690 28 Safety on construction sites R Hudson 28.1 Construction accidents 28.2 Safe working in the industry 28.3 Site hazards 28.4 Access 28.5 The Construction (Lifting Operations) Regulations 1961 28.6 Welfare facilities 28.7 Other relevant legislation 695 695 696 705 710 712 718 719 29 Managing chemicals safely John Adamson 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Chemical data 29.3 Source of information 29.4 Risk assessments 29.5 The management of risk 29.6 Legislative requirements 29.7 Storage of substances 29.8 Transport 29.9 Plant and process design 29.10 Further safety studies 29.11 Plant modifications 29.12 Safe systems of work 29.13 Laboratories 29.14 Emergency procedures 29.15 Conclusions 726 726 726 727 728 732 736 746 750 751 760 760 760 762 764 765 30 The J E 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 environment - issues, law and management Channing Introduction Major environmental issues Environmental regulation Environmental management systems Conclusion Appendix Institution of Occupational Safety and Health xiii 768 768 768 772 779 781 785 Appendix Reading for Part of the NEBOSH Diploma examination 786 Appendix List of Abbreviations 787 Appendix Organizations 793 Appendix List of Statutes, Regulations and Orders 795 Appendix List of Cases 803 Index providing safety information 809 Preface to fifth edition When a fifth edition of the book was first mooted, the opportunity was taken to assess the direction safety and health were likely to take in the 21st century Three salient features emerged; workpeople, management, and the environment In this edition we have endeavoured to anticipate this changing emphasis while maintaining the considerable ground base of available health and safety information However, this does not mean that the areas of health and safety that have formed the core of safety adviser's efforts in the past have been pushed into the background What it does mean is that there has been a shift of emphasis from the purely technical aspects, many of which are covered by standards and official guidance, to the behavioural and managerial This reflects the developing recognition of the importance of the manager, not only in organising the work but also his part in motivating the work people and generating a positive safety culture Safety is like water - it flows down hill Workpeople and managers are inexorably bound together as essential components of the working community To unleash the enormous potential contribution of the workpeople, managers need to develop high levels of interpersonal skills in addition to their ~chnical skills Chapters on practical behavioural techniques and practical safety management have been included that point in this direction In earlier editions, the environment was virtually ignored but this facet of occupational life is becoming an increasingly large aspect of health and safety activities and an area in which safety advisers and practising managers need to be knowledgeable A new chapter has been added to fill this gap A further innovation has been the introduction of a chapter looking at those matters that influence attitudes to health and safety and to the making of health and safety laws This gives background to some of the laws we have come to accept but it also questions some of the thinking behind them It is intended to be informative but, at the same time, contentious in the hope that it will jolt readers out of the rut of accepting unquestioningly the written letter of law and indeed stimulate lateral thinking in the implementation of some of those laws What is not written in the laws can be as important as what is written The move from prescriptive content to more proscriptive content in laws continues to gather momentum and recognises the need for safety measures to be risk-based rather than rote-based on broad brush legislative requirements At the same time standards must not be reduced The greater recognition of and commitment by employers to high quality of working life for their employees has contributed to the acceptability of risk assessments as the basis for safety measures This is particularly pertinent xvi Preface to the fifth edition where employers are committed to quality assurance schemes, which are formally recognised in law for the first time in the Lifts Regulations 1997 However, this does not mean that many of the lessons learnt from the past, and the sound working practices that have developed, are being thrown out with the bath water On the contrary, they are being retained but used in a more flexible and beneficial way Inevitably with new editions, especially when changes to content are made, previous contributors may no longer be in a position to contribute, so new authors have to be found This edition has been no exception, and where this has happened, we are grateful to the original authors for allowing their work to be drawn on Sadly, we lost a major contributor with the death of Edwin Hooper and in updating the chapters he wrote both Chris Buck and Jonathan David expressed a wish that his name be retained in recognition of the enormous contribution he had made The flood of European directives continues unabated Associated with this is the promulgation of a stream of harmonised standards that take precedence over national standards We are now beginning to reap the harvest of the years of effort by the working parties of CEN and CENELEC in the rising flood of harmonised standards that are being published These are superceding many long established British Standards One of the most notable victims is BS 5304 Safeguarding of Machinery which has become obsolete and can no longer be used as evidence of compliance with guarding standards However, the standards set in it and the advice it gives are far too valuable to be discarded so it is still referred to in the text as a source of useful reference The National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health has raised its academic standards through the issue of a new two part syllabus Broad guidance is given in Appendix to the parts of the books students could usefully study for the Part I examination Students for the Part II examination will need to be familiar with the whole text While a number of major companies have recognised for many years that good safety makes sound business sense and contributes towards profitability there have been all too many that were not so enlightened The value of the contribution that good health and safety standards can make to the viability of a company form the basis of the Health and Safety Commission's campaign 'Good health is good business' and that theme is echoed throughout the book In the preface to the fourth edition, reference was made to the fact that we live in a rapidly changing world - none more so than in the health and safety arena - where adapting to change is an essential for survival A period of entrenchment was also called for That period of respite has not materialised and the bombardment of new laws and standards continues An ever increasing volume of legislation has to be complied with We hope that this edition will assist in the process, not only of achieving that compliance, but also of helping organisations to maximise their safety potential John Ridley John Channing October 1998 Preface to first edition Since the first welfare Act was put on the Statute Book in 1802 there has been a steady development in safety and health legislation aimed at improving the lot of those who work in mills, factories, and even in offices In the past two decades official concern has increased, culminating in 1974 in the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 'Safety at Work' has now taken on a new and more pertinent meaning for both employer and employee Developments in the field of safety extend throughout much of the world, indicating an increasing concern for the quality of working life In Europe the number of directives promulgated by the European Economic Community are evidence of this growing official awareness of the dangers that the individual faces in his work Health and safety laws in the UK are the most complex and comprehensive of all employment laws Consequently employers are looking to a new breed of specialists, the occupational safety advisers, for expert advice and guidance on the best means for complying with, and achieving the spirit of, the law These specialists much have the necessary knowledge of a wide range of disciplines extending from safety and related laws to occupational health and hygi~ne, human behaviour, management and safety techniques, and of course, the hazards inherent in particular industries or pursuits With this demand for expert advice has grown a need for a nationally recognised qualification in this new industrial discipline With this in mind the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (lOSH) published in 1978 a syllabus of subjects for study by those seeking to become professionally qualified in this field This syllabus now forms the foundation upon which the National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health (NEBOSH) sets its examinations Prepared in association with IOSH, this book covers the complete syllabus It is divided into five parts to reflect the spectrum of the five major areas of recommended study Each part has a number of chapters, which deal with specific aspects of health or safety To enable readers to extend their study of a particular subject, suitable references are given together with recommendations for additional reading Further information and details of many of the techniques mentioned can also be obtained through discussions with tutors A table is given in Appendix II to guide students in their selection of the particular chapters to study for the appropriate levels and parts of the examination A major objective of this book has been to provide an authoritative, upto-date guide in all areas of health and safety The contributing authors are recognised specialists in their fields and each has drawn on his or her personal knowledge and experience in compiling the text, emphasising xviii Preface to the first edition those facets most relevant to the safety advisers' needs In this they have drawn material from many sources and the views they have expressed are their own and must not be construed as representing the opinions or policies of their employers nor of any of the organisations which have so willingly provided material It has been common practice to refer to the safety specialist as the 'safety officer', but this implies a degree of executive authority which does not truly indicate the role he plays Essentially that role is one of monitoring the conditions and methods of work in an organisation to ensure the maintenance of a safe working environment and compliance with safety legislation and standards Where performance is found wanting his function is to advise the manager responsible on the corrective action necessary Reflecting this role, the safety specialist is throughout the book referred to as the 'safety adviser', a title that more closely reflects his true function The text has been written primarily for the student However, a great deal of the content is directly relevant to the day-to-day work of practising managers It will enable them to understand their safety obligations, both legal and moral, and to appreciate some of the techniques by which a high standard of safe working can be achieved It will also provide an extensive source of reference for established safety advisers The text of any book is enhanced by the inclusion of tables, diagrams and figures and I am grateful to the many companies who have kindly provided illustrations I would also like to acknowledge the help I have received from a number of organisations who have provided information Particularly I would like to thank the journal Engineering, the Fire Prevention Association, the Health and Safety Executive, the British Standards Institution and the International Labour Office I also owe grateful thanks to many people for the help and encouragement they have given me during the preparation of this book, in particular Mr J Barrell, Secretary of IOSH, Mr D.G Baynes of Napier College of Science and Technology, Mr N Sanders, at the time a senior safety training adviser to the Road Transport Industry Training Board, Dr Ian Glendon of the Department of Occupational Health and Safety at the University of Aston in Birmingham, Mr RE Roberts, Chief Fire and Security Officer at Reed International's Aylesford site and David Miskin, a solicitor, for the time each gave to check through manuscripts and for the helpful comments they offered I am also indebted to Reed International P.L.c for the help they have given me during the editing of this book, a task which would have been that much more onerous without their support John Ridley Contributors John Adamson, LRSC, FBIOH, Dip ace Hyg., MIOSH, RSP Manager Health, Safety, Hygiene and Fire, Kodak Chemical Manufacturing L Bamber, BSc, DIS, FIRM, FlaSH, RSP Principal Consultant, Norwich Union Risk Services Dr A.J Boyle, PhD, BSc,ABPhS Health and Safety Technology and Management Ltd Chris Buck, BSc(Eng), MIEE, FlaSH, RSP Consultant Ray Chalklen, MlFireE Fire and Security Manager, a major pharmaceutical manufacturer John Channing, BSc(Chem), BSc(Safety),FlaSH, RSP Manager Health, Safety and Environment, Kodak Manufacturing Dr A.R.L Clark, MSc, MB, BS, MFOM, DIH, DHMSA Dr T Coates, MB, BS, FFOM, DIH, DMHSA Nick Cook, MRSC, CChem Occupational Hygienist, Kodak Ltd Jonathan David, BSc The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Frank S Gill, BSc, MSc, CEng, MIMinE, FlaSH, FFOM(Hon), Dip ace Hyg Consultant ventilation engineer and occupational hygienist Professor Andrew Hale, PhD, CPsychol., MErgS, FlaSH Professor of General Safety Science, Delft University of Technology Dr Chris Hartley, PhD, MSc, MIBioi Senior Lecturer, Health and Safety Unit, Aston University R.W Hodgin, LL.M Senior Lecturer in Law, The University of Birmingham Consultant, Sennenschein Edwin Hooper R Hudson, FlaSH, RSP, FRSH, ASSE Construction safety consultant Dr R.G Lawson, LL.M., PhD Consultant in marketing and advertising law John McMullen, BSc, CEng, MIMechE Eagle Star Insurance Co Ltd R D, Miskin A solicitor xx Contributors John Ridley, BSc(Eng), CEng, MIMechE, FlOSH, DMS Stan Simpson, CEng, MIMechE, MIOSH EricJ.Skellett A solicitor Ron W Smith, BSc(Eng), MSc(Noise and Vibration) Ecomax Acoustics Ltd Brenda Watts, MA, BA Barrister, Senior Lecturer, Southampton College of Higher Education Ashton West, BA(Hons), ACII General Manager, Iron Trades Insurance Group Dr A.D Wrixon, DPhil, BSc(Hons) Principal Scientific Officer, National Radiological Protection Board Part I Law Chapter Explaining the law (B Watts) Chapter Principal health and safety Acts (S Simpson) 44 (J R Ridley) 62 Chapter Influences on health and safety Chapter Law of contract (R W Hodgin) 78 Chapter Industrial relations law (R D Miskin) Chapter Consumer protection (R G Lawson) 90 114 Chapter Insurance cover and compensation (A West) Chapter Civil liability (E J Skellett) 133 147 Laws are necessary for the government and regulation of the affairs and behaviour of individuals and communities for the benefit of all As societies and communities grow and become more complex, so the laws and the organisation necessary for the enforcement and administration of them The industrial society in which we live has brought particular problems relating to the work situation and concerning the protection of the worker's health and safety, his employment and his right to take 'industrial action' This section looks at how laws are administered in the UK and the procedures to be followed in pursuing criminal actions and common law remedies through the courts It considers various Acts and Statutes that are aimed at safe working in the workplace and also some of the influences that determine the content of new laws Further, the processes are reviewed by which liabilities for damages due to either injury or faulty product are established ana settled 802 Appendices Wages Act 1986, 90 Waste Management Licensing (Amendments etc.) Regulations 1995, 778 Waste Management Licensing Regulations 1994, 777 Water Act 1989, 56 Water Industry Act 1991, 776 Water Resources Act 1991, 775-6 Work in Compressed Air Special Regulations 1958, 710 Workmen's Compensation Act 1897, 133,343 Workmen's Compensation Act 1925, 133 Workplace (Health Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 (WHSWR), 7, 39,49, 138,529 Appendix List of Cases A.G Stanley Ltd v Surrey County Council (1994) 159 JP 691, 119 AG v Times Newspapers Ltd (1979) EHRR 245, European Court of Human Rights, 28 Allen v Redbridge (1994) All ER 728, 120 Ashdown v Samuel Williams & Sons (1957) All ER 35, 86 Ashington Piggeries Ltd v Christopher Hill Ltd (1971) All ER 847, 84 Ashley v Sutton London Borough Council (1994) 159 JP 631, 117 Austin v British Aircraft Corporation Ltd (1978) IRLR 332, 106 Baker v T.E Hopkins & Sons Ltd (1959) WLR 966, 158 Balfour v Balfour (1919) KB 571, 78 Ball v Insurance Officer (1985) All ER 833, 134 Beale v Taylor (1967) All ER 253, 84 Beckett v Cohen (1973) All ER 120, 117 Berry v Stone Manganese Marine Ltd (1972) Lloyd's Reports 182, 140 Bett v Dalmey Oil Co (1905) 7F (Ct of Sess.) 787, 319 Bigg v Boyd Gibbins Ltd (1971) All ER 183, 78 Bowater v Rowley Regis Corporation (1944) All ER 465, 139 British Airways Board v Taylor (1976) All ER 65, 117 British Coal v Armstrong and Others (The Times, December 1996, CA), 141 British Gas Board v Lubbock (1974) WLR 37, 115 British Home Stores v Burchell (1978) IRLR 379, 106 British Railways Board v Herrington (1971) All ER 897, 142 Buck v English Electric Co Ltd (1978) All ER 271, 139 Bulmer v Bollinger (1974) All ER 1226, 26 Bunker v Charles Brand & Son Ltd (1969) All ER 59, 151 Cadbury Ltd v Halliday (1975) All ER 226, 115 Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893) QB 256, 78 Close v Steel Company of Wales (1962) AC 367, 38 Cunningham v Reading Football Club (1991) The Independent, 20 March 1991, 40 An1 804 Appendices Darbishire v Warren (1963) All ER 310, 80 Davie v New Merton Board Mills Ltd (1959) All ER 67, 156 Davies v De Havilland Aircraft Company Ltd (1950) All ER 582, 138 Director General of Fair Trading v Tyler Barrett and Co Ltd (1 July 1997, unreported), 127 Dixons Ltd v Barnett (1988) BTLC 311, 116 Donoghue (McAlister) v Stevenson (1932) All ER Reprints 1, 143 Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562, 38, 149, 152 Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge & Co Ltd (1915) AC 847, 78 East Lindsay District Council v Daubny (1977) IRLR 181, 104 Edwards v National Coal Board (1949) KB 704, (1949) All ER 743, 319, 732 European Court of Justice cases C382/92 Safeguarding of employee rights in the event of transfer of undertakings, Celex no 692J0382, EU Luxembourg (1992), 98 C383/92 Collective Redundancies, Celex no 692J0383, EU Luxembourg (1992), 98 Factortame Ltd No.5, Times Law Reports, 28 April 1998, 26 Fenton v Thorley & Co Ltd (1903) AC 443, 166 Fitch v Dewes (1921) AC 158, 80 Fitzgerald v Lane (1988) WLR 356, 151,157 Fletcher Construction Co Ltd v Webster (1948) NZLR 514, 150 Frost v John Summers and Son Ltd (1955) All ER 870, 137 General Cleaning Contractors Ltd v Christmas (1952) All ER 1110, 138 General Cleaning Contractors Ltd v Christmas (1953) AC 180, 154 George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd (1983) All ER 737, 85 Global Marketing Europe (UK) Ltd v Berkshire County Council Department of Trading Standards (1995) Crim LR 431, 117 Hadley v Baxendale (1854) Exch 341, 80 Heal v Garringtons, unreported, 26 May 1982, 141 Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd (1964) AC 463, 17,38 Henderson v Henry E Jenkins & Sons (1969) All ER 756, 138 Henry Kendall & Sons v William Lillico & Sons Ltd (1968) All ER 444, 84 Hicks v Sullam (1983) MR 122, 116 Hivac Ltd v Park Royal Scientific Instruments Ltd (1946) All ER 350, 83 Home Office v Holmes (1984) IRLR; (1984) All ER 549; (1985) WLR 71, 93 Hutchinson v Enfield Rolling Mills (1981) IRLR 318, 104 International Sports Co Ltd v Thomson (1980) IRLR 340, 104 List of Cases 805 James v Eastleigh Borough Council (1990) IRLR 288, 92 James v Waltham Cross UDC (1973( IRLR 202, 105 John Summers & Sons Ltd v Frost (1955) AC 740, 29 Joseph v Ministry of Defence Court of Appeal Judgement 29 February 1980 - The Times March 1980, 141 Junior Books Co Ltd v Veitchi (1983) AC 520, 152 Keys v Shoefayre Ltd (1978) IRLR 476, 107 Kilgullan v W Cooke and Co Ltd (1956) All ER 294, 138 Latimer v AEC Ltd (1953) All ER 449, 149 Lim Poh Choo v Camden and Islington Area Health Authority (1979) All ER 910, 145 Lindsay v Dunlop Ltd (1979) IRLR 93, 107 Lister v Romford Ice and Cold Storage Co Ltd (1957) AC 535, 83 McDermid v Nash Dredging and Reclamation Co.Ltd (1987) WLR 212, 153 McGuiness v Kirkstall Forge Engineering Ltd QBD Liverpool 22 February 1979 (unreported), 140 McKew v Holland and Hannan and Cubitts Ltd (1969) All ER 1621, 151 McNeil v Dickson and Mann (1957) SC 345, 689 Malik v BCCI (1997) All ER 1, 84 Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) (1986) case 152/84 CMLR 688; (1986) QB 401, 34 Matthews v Kuwait Bechtal Corporation (1959) QB 57, 79 MFI Furniture Centres Ltd v Hibbert (1995) 160 JP 178, 118 MFI Warehouses Ltd v Nattrass (1973) All ER 762, 117 Moeliker v Reyrolle WLR February 1977, 145 Mullard v Ben Line Steamers Ltd (1971) All ER 424, 146 Nancollas v Insurance Officer (1985) All ER 833, 134 Newham London Borough v Singh (1987) 152 JP, 239 Nordenfelt v Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Co (1894) AC 535, 80 Norman v Bennett (1974) All ER 351, 118 Ollett v Bristol Aerojet Ltd (1979) All ER 544, 144 Page v Freight Hire Tank Haulage Ltd (1980) ICR 29; (1981) IRLR 13, 94 Paris v Stepney Borough Council (1951) AC 367, 149 Parsons v B.N.M Laboratories Ltd (1963) All ER 658, 80 Pickstone v Freeman pIc (1989) AC 66, 30 Pitts v Hill and Another (1990) All ER 344, 146 Planche v Colburn (1831) Bing 14, 80 Polkey v A.E Dayton (Services) Ltd (1988) IRLR 503; (1987) All ER 974, HE (E), 101, 108 806 Appendices Queensway Discount Warehouses v Burke (1985) BTLC 43, 115 Quintas v National Smelting Co Ltd (1961) All ER 630, 138 R R R R R R v Bevelectric (1992) 157 JP 323, 117 v British Steel pIc (1995) ICR 587, 37 v Bull, The Times, December 1993, 118 v George Maxwell Ltd (1980) All ER 99, v Kent County Council (6 May 1993, unreported), 118 v Secretary of State for Transport v Factortame Ltd C 221/89; (1991) AC 603; (1992) QB 680, 26,27 R v Sunair Holidays Ltd (1973) All ER 1233, 117 R v Swan Hunter Shipbuilders Ltd and Telemeter Installations Ltd (1981) IRLR 403, 697-8 Rafdiq Mughal v Reuters (1993), 523-4 Readmans Ltd v Leeds City Council (1992) COD 419, 25 Ready-mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance (1968) All ER 433, 81 Roberts v Leonard (1995) 159 JP 711, 117 Rowland v DivalI (1923) KB 500, 84 RS Components Ltd v Irwin (1973) IRLR 239, 109 Rylands v Fletcher (1861) 73 All ER Reprints N 1, 142 Sanders v Scottish National Camps Association (1980) IRLR 174, 109 Scammell v Guston (1941) All ER 14, 78 SCM (UK) Ltd v W J Whittle and Son Ltd (1970) All ER 417, 145 Scott v London Dock Company (1865) Hand C 596, 139 Shepherd v Firth Brown (1985) unreported, 141 Sillifant v Powell Duffryn Timber Ltd (1983) IRLR 91, 101 Smith v Baker (1891) AC 325, 158 Smith v Crossley Bros Ltd (1951) 95 Sol Jo 655, 153 Smith v Leach Brain & Co Ltd (1962) WLR 148, 150 Smith v Stages (1989) All ER 833, 137 Spartan Steel and Alloys Ltd v Martin and Co (Contractors) Ltd (1972) All ER 557, 145 Spencer v Paragon Wallpapers Ltd (1976) IRLR 373, 103 Stevenson, Jordan and Harrison v Macdonald & Evans (1951) 68 RP.C 190, 81 Systems Floors (UK) Ltd v Daniel (1982) ICR 54; (1981) IRLR 475, 82 Taylor v Alidair Ltd (1978) IRLR 82, 104-5 Tesco Supermarkets v Nattrass (1972) AC 153, 116 Thompson v Smiths Ship Repairers (North Shields) Ltd (1984) All ER 881, 140 Toys R Us v Gloucestershire County Council (1994) 158 JP 338, 118 Treganowan v Robert Knee & Co Ltd (1975) IRLR 247; (1975) ICR 405, 109 Vandyke v Fender (1970) All ER 335, 137 Victoria Laundry (Windsor) Ltd v Newman Industries Ltd (1949) KB 528, 80 List of Cases 807 Walton v British Leyland (UK) Ltd (12 July 1978, unreported), 124 Ward v Tesco Stores (1976) All ER 219, 139 Waugh v British Railways Board (1979) All ER 1169, 20, 144 Wheat v Lacon & Co Ltd (1966) All ER 35, 87 Williams v Compair Maxam Ltd (1982) ICR 800, 108 Wilsher v Essex Health Authority (1989) WLR 557, 151 Wilson v Rickett, Cockerell & Co Ltd (1954) All ER 868, 84 Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co Ltd v English (1938) AC 57 (HL), 180,319 Wing Ltd v Ellis (1985) AC 272, 118 Young v Bristol Aeroplane Company Ltd (1994) All ER 293, 133 Index Abatement notices, chemicals nuisances, 740 ACAS (Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service), advisory handbook, 99-101 Accident control systems, 206 Accident costing/ cost management, 209-11,214-15 Accident investigations: information collection: interviewing for, 243-6 what happened, 242-6 why it happened, 246-50 purpose, 241-2 report writing, 250-2 Accident prevention: Accident Prevention Advisory Unit (APAU), 213 economic reasons for, 180-1 humanitarian reasons, 179-80 legal reasons, 179 Accident/incident data: accident statistics, 185 accident triangles, 221-3 checking non-reporting, 225-6 collection of, 223-7 ensuring reporting of, 224-5 epidemiological analysis, 240-1 frequency /severity relationship, 221-2 recording details, 226 for risk measurement, 239 trend analysis, 231-9 types of, 219-23 use of, 231-9 Accidents: causation models, 176-8 definition, 165-6, 219 electrical, 645-6 failure modes, 178 fatal, 160-1 fault tree analysis, 178 and incidents, 165-6 inevitable, 139 modelling, 198 multiple causation theory, 177-8 prevention of, 165-6 sex/ ethnic differences in liability, 293 susceptibility with change, 293-4 UK notification requirements, 227-31 use of data on, 206-7 at work, benefits available, 134-6 zero tolerance to, 305-6 see also Incident Accommodation, of eye, 502 Acid rain, 770 Acids and bases, 541-2 Acne, 372 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 404 Activity centres, young persons, 58 Acts of Parliament, 29-30 Actus reus, 37 Administrative law, 5-7 Adopted legislation, 31-3 Adrenaline, 361 Adversary law system, 18 Advertising: Advertising Standards Authority, 127 broadcast, 128 misleading, 127-8 truth in, 120-1 Advisory Committee of Toxic Substances (ACTS),426 Advisory services, health, 344 Affidavits, 22 AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome),404 Air, composition, 543 Air pollution/ sampling/ control: air pollution control (APC), 774 atomic absorption spectrometry, 419 breathing apparatus, 439 control measures, 432-41 direct monitoring, 420-2 dust, 412, 419, 420, 421-2, 434, 488-90 environmental legislation, 776-7 fibre monitoring, 419-20 fibres, 419, 421-2 809 810 Index Air pollution/sampling/controlcontinued gas chromatography, 418 gases and vapours, measurement, 413-16,420-1,491 grab,413-16 hygrometry, 423-4 Inspectorate of Pollution, 56 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC), 56, 774 international standards, 431 limit changes, 431-2 long-term, 416-20 Maximum Exposure Limits (MELs), 425-6 mixtures, 428 neurophysiological changes, 431 Occupational Exposure Standards (OE5s), 425-6, 427 oxygen analysers, 422-3 personal protective equipment (PPE), 435-6 planned strategies, 416 reduced time exposure, 434 respirators, 437 safety specification, 432 segregation, 433 stain detector tubes, 413-18 Threshold Limit Values (TLV), 425, 430-1 Time Weighted Average concentrations (TWA), 427 time weighted average (TWA), 427, 488, 493 toxic substance substitution, 432-3 UK exposure limits, 425-8 ventilation: dilution, 434, 487 local extract, 433, 487 Air receivers see Steam and air receivers Air velocity measurement, 496-9 Alkyl mercury, disease from, 382 All England Reports (All ER), 18 Alpha radiation, 444 Alternative dispute resolution, 22 Alveolitis, extrinsic allergic, 379-80 American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 425,493 American Industrial Hygiene Association, 412 Ammonia, effects of, 391 Anatomy see Human body, structure and functions Angiosarcoma, 395 Animal handler's lung, 380 Antecedent/behaviour / consequence (ABC) model, 308-10 Anthrax, 405-6 Anthropometry,521-2 Aplasia, 363 Index Appeal, right of, 101 Appellate Committee, 23 Appellate jurisdiction, Approved codes, status of, 50 Approved Codes of Practice (ACOP), 67 ventilation, 494 Aptitude tests, 269 Arc welding, fumes from, 433 Arsenic, skin cancer from, 383 Arsine, diseases from, 383 Arthritis, 528 Artificial respiration, 354 Asbestos: construction sites, 723 disposal legislation, 723, 779 Asbestos dust control, and local exhaust ventilation (LEV), 684-5 Asbestosis, 365-6, 377 Asphyxia, simple and toxic, 390 Association of British Insurers, 85 Astigmatism, 502 Atkinson, ].w., 263 Atomic absorption spectrometry, 419 Atomic numbers, 538 Attendance Allowance, 135 Attitudes, 291-2 and behaviour, 305-6 Attorney General, 4, 23, 24 Audits, independent, 184-5 Back problems, 526-8 Bagassosis, 380 Barometer, mercury, 544 Barrier creams, 372,440-1 Barristers, and representation, Bases and acids, 541-2 Basle Convention, 772-3 Behaviour see Human function and behaviour Behavioural science: aims of, 258 and health and safety, 259-60 Bends, 354 Benzene, toxic effects, 389 Beryllium dust, Pneumoconiosis from, 375 Best available techniques not entailing excessive costs (BATNEEC), 774-5 Best practical environmental option (BPEO),775 Beta radiation, 444-5 Bills, House of Commons, 29-30 Binet, A., 269 Biological agents, as hazards, 429-30 Biological danger, immediate/long-term, 176 Bird fancier's lung, 380 Bird, EE., 171, 172, 177, 194, 200, 206, 214, 217 Bladder, and cancer, 409 Blindness, temporary, 502 Blood cells, red and white, 356 Boilers: competent persons, 689 defects, typical, 670-1 definition, 668 examinations, 669-70, 689 patent and latent defects, 688-9 reports, 689-90 safe operating limits, 668 safety valves, 668 sound material, 689 Bone, osteolysis and necrosis, 409 Brain, 358 brain damage, 354 narcosis and encephalopathy, 409 Brainstorming, 298 Breach of statutory duty, 38, 39 Breathing apparatus, types of, 438, 439 Bremsstrahlung radiation, 444, 445 British Occupational Hygiene Society, 346, 412, 425 British Standard Specifications, and regulations, 49 British Standards: B5 1025, 759 BS 1042, 554 BS 2769, 661 BS 4142, 474 BS 4275, 439 BS 4293, 661 BS 5228, 473 BS 5304, 608, 705 BS 5306, 580, 585 BS 5345, 658 BS 5378, 592 BS 5499, 592 BS 5501, 658 B5 5588, 590 BS 5744, 635, 718 BS 5750, 174, 204 B5 5958, 654 BS 5973, 710, 711, 713 BS 6100, 503 B5 7071, 661 BS 7121, 718 BS 7355, 436 BS 7375, 657 B5 7430, 650, 657 B5 7671, 650, 686 B5 7750, 174, 204 B5 7863, 598 B5 CP 3010, 718 B5 CP 6031, 701, 702, 703 B5 EN 3, 580 B5 EN 81, 675 B5 EN 292, 611, 613 B5 EN 294, 522, 609, 624 B5 EN 349, 522, 609, 633 B5 EN 574, 623 B5 EN 614, 522 B5 EN 811, 624 811 B5 EN 953, 608 B5 EN 999, 522, 609, 622 B5 EN 1050, 612, 758 B5 EN 1088, 608, 614 B5 EN 1400, 204 B5 EN 8800, 204 B5 EN 9000, 322 B5 EN 9001, 174, 204, 322 B5 EN 14001, 174, 204, 322 B5 EN 24869, 437 B5 EN 45004, 688 B5 EN 60079, 658 B5 EN 60529, 657 B5 EN 60825, 458 Broadcast advertising, 128 Bronchial asthma, 378-9, 392 Building materials, and fires, 570-1 Building site safety see Construction site safety Burden of proof, 21, 25, 37 Burns, electrical, 649 Business interruption, 174-5 Cadmium, illness and diseases from, 384 Cancer, 363-4 and bladder, 409 carcinogen classification, 394 carcinogenicity tests, 368-9 causes of, 394 from coal tar and pitch, 373-4 occupational, 393-5 and pneumonia, 393 and radiation, 446 of scrotum, 372-3 Candela, 503 Capability, of employees, 103 Carbohydrates, 349 Carbon, and organic compounds, 539 Carbon dioxide, effects of, 391 Carbon disulphide, toxic effects, 389 Carbon monoxide, dangers of, 390 Carbon tetrachloride: harmfuleffec~,388 and ozone depletion, 770 uses and metabolism, 388 ventilation for, 432 Carcinogens see Cancer Cardiovascular, illnesses with causes of, 409 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 524-5 Carter R.L., 206 Case law interpretation, 38 Cattell's trait theory/personality factors, 292 Causal networks, 283-4 CE mark, 47 Central nervous system, 358 Cerebellum, 358 Chancery, 11 812 Index Index Change, causes and effects: and accident susceptibility, 293-4 by environmental change, 296 cultural factors, 291 from environmental factors, 290-1 from learned characteristics, 290-1 from learning and training, 296-8 genetic factors, 290 goals and objectives, 296 maladaptation, 296 methods of, 295-6 personality and attitudes, 291-2 situational factors, 291 stimuli and resistance to, 295 Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE), 506-7 Chemical Industries Association (CIA), 765, 779 Chemicals: chemical reactions, 539 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), 728 COSHH regulations, 726 emergency procedures, 764-5 exposure monitoring, 735-6 exposure prevention: enclosure, 733 local exhaust ventilation (LEV), 733 personal protective equipment (PPE), 733-5 quantity minirnising, 733 respiratory protective equipment (RPE),734 substitution, 732-3 hazardous substance lists, 726 hazards, types of, 727 immediate/long-term dangers, 176 laboratories, 762-4 legislation, 736-46 carriage requirements, 738 Coshh regulations, 740-2 environmental protection, 742-6 hazardous site control, 737-8 information and packaging, 738-40 installation notification, 736-7 labelling, 738-40 pollution control, 742-5 statutory nuisances, 746 supply requirements, 738 Waste disposal, 745 new substances, 727-8 plant/process design, 751-60 computer control systems, 755-6 functional safety life cycle management (FSLCM), 759-60 Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP), 753-4 rnodification procedures, 760 plant control systems, 755-6 risk assessment, 756-9 safety, 752-5 properties, 539-43 risk, 188 risk management, 732-6 risk/hazard assessment, 728-32 COSHH, 729-31 definitions, 728 forms for, 730-1 manual handling, 731 process of, 729 safe systems of work, 760-2 instruction documentation, 760-1 permits to work, 761-2 training, 761 safety information, 727-8 safety monitoring, 735 safety records, 735 safety training, 735 storage, 746-50 drum compounds, 746-9 gas cylinders, 750 storage tanks, 746-9 underground tanks, 749 warehousing, 749-50 tanker off-loading, 749 transport, 750-1 Chlorine, illness from, 390 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and ozone depletion, 770 Chromium, skin problems from, 383 Circadian rhythm, 272-3 Circuit judges, 23 Circulatory system, 354-6 Civil actions: applications, burden of proof for, defences to, 41 for injury, 3-4 time limits for, 41 Civil law, 4-5 Civil liability, 147-61 claim defences, 156-8 the common law, 147 damage assessment, 159-60 employer's liability, 153-5 fatal accidents, 160-1 health and safety at work, 156 no fault liability, 161 occupier's liability, 151-2 supply of goods, 152-3 time limitations, 158-9 tort, law of, 148-51 volenti non fit injuria, 158 Clean air see Air pollution/ sampling/ control Cleanliness of premises and equipment, 58 Clerk to the Justices, 23 Clothing, protective, 439-40 Coal tar, cancer from, 373-4 Cobalt, pneumoconiosis from, 375 Code for Interior Lighting (ClBSE), 506-7 Codes of practice: HSW definition, 53 and trade descriptions, 119 Collective agreements, 82 Colour blindness, 502 Combustion see Fire(s) Comite Europeen de Normalisation Electrotechnique (CENELEC), 70, 71 Committee on Consumer Protection report (Cmnd 1781), 114 Committee on Product Safety Emergencies (EU), 124 Common law, the, 147,319 Communication, face to face/written/visual, 298-300 Compensation: and contracts, 80 and dismissal, 110 for injury, see also Insurance cover and compensation Competent persons, 687-8 Complete Health and Safety Evaluation (CHASE), 215 Complex man, 263-4 Compressed air, on construction sites, 710 Computers, use of: alphanumeric data, 254-5 choosing software, 256 free format text programs, 253-4 hardware and software, 252 numeric data, 256 programs, nature of, 252-3 question/ answer programs, 255 Concept learning, 297-8 Conditional fee agreements, 22 Conditioning, and stimulus response learning, 297 Conjunctivitis, 502 Consideration, and contracts, 78 Constant Attendance Allowance, 135 Constitutional law, 5-7 Construction site safety, 695-723 accident rates, 695 asbestos legislation, 723 cold and wet conditions, 707 compressed air hazards, 710 drinking water, 719 dusty conditions, 708 electrocution dangers, 706 eye protection, 719 fire, 707 fire certificates, 720-1 fire legislation, 720-1 first aid boxes, 718-19 food legislation, 722 fumes, 708 glare problems, 707 head protection, 719-20 hot conditions, 708 813 industrial dermatitis, 708-9 ionising radiations, 709 lasers on, 710 mines, 722-3 non-destructive weld testing, 709 notification of work, 698-9 personal protective equipment (PPE), 719 petroleum spirit legislation, 722 planning supervisors, 696 principal contractor responsibilities, 696, 697-8 quarries, 722-3 sewers, 709 vibration white finger (VWF), 709 washing facilities, 722 Weil's disease, 709 welfare facilities, 718-19 see also Excavation site safety Consumer contracts, 129-30 Consumer credit advertising, 120-1 Consumer protection: consumer redress, 130-1 exclusion clauses, 128-30 fair contract conditions, 114-21 fair quality of goods, 121-2 fair quality of services, 122 misleading advertising, 127-8 product liability, 126-7 product safety, 122-4 Consumer redress, 130-1 Consumer Safety Unit (DTI), 126 Contaminated land, 771 Contracts/contract law, 5, 78-87 consumer contracts, 129-30 contract formation, 78-9 employment, 39-40, 81-4 fair conditions of, 114-21 faults in, 79-80 insurance, 85 law of sale, 84-6 and occupational safety advisers, 86-7 remedies, 80-1 of service and services, 81 unfair contracts, 85 Contributory negligence, 146 defence, 143, 157 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) see Appendix Controlled Waste, 56 Cooper, MD et al., 312 Corporate killing proposals, 22 Corporate liability, 37 Corrected Effective Temperature (CET) index, 492 Cortisone, 361 Cost benefit analysis, risk, 212 Costs, insured/uninsured, 180 Coughing, 352, 364 814 Index Index Courts: of Appeal, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 23 appellate jurisdiction, of Auditors (EU), 27, 69 Civil: England, 7-11 Northern Ireland, 14-16 Scotland, 12-14 County, Court of First Instance (EU), 27 Court of Justice (EU), 26-7 Criminal: England, 8, 9,10,11 Northern Island, 14, 16 Scotland, 13-14 Crown, 10, 11, 20, 23 District, 13 first instance jurisdiction, High Court, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15 High Court of Justiciary, 13, 14 Inferior courts, 7-8 Magistrates Courts, 10, 11, 14, 15 personnel: England, 22-4 Northern Ireland, 24 Scotland, 24 procedures, 18-22 Sheriff Court, 13 Superior courts, 7-8 Supreme Court of Judicature, 11 see also European courts Cramp, from heat, 402 Cranes: access, 634 bare conductors, 633 checklists, 714-16 controls, 633 definition, 629 emergency escape, 633 hand signals, 634, 635 inspection, 632 load indicators, 633, 715 overtravel switches, 633 passengers, 634 safe use, 633-4, 714-16 safe working load, 634 safety catches, 633 see also Lifts/hoists/lifting equipment Credit and hire advertising, truth in, 120-1 Crimes, definition, Criminal cases: burden of proof for, proceedings for, 20 rules of evidence for, where held, Criminal law, 4-7 Crirninalliability, Criminal offences away from work, 106, 107 Criminal proceedings, Crown immunity, 58-9 Crown Notices, 58 Crown premises, legislation for, 58-9 Crown Prosecution Service, Cumulative trauma disorder (CTD), 524 Current Law, abbreviation list, 18 Customs officers, powers of, 51 Cyclones, 489 Damage: from negligence, 150-1 laws of, 144-6 Damage control, 172 reporting/ investigating/ costing, 208-9 Damages: assessment of, 159-60 and contracts, 80 provisional damage, 159 special damage, 159 Danger: action plans, 289 action plans for, 289 assessment of, 288 choice to expose to, 285-6 definition, 167 forseeability of, 287 and personal control, 286 prediction, 278-9,281-3 probability assessment, 288 reactions to, 284-8 reactions to perceived risk, 284-8 responsibility for action, 288-9 see also Hazards Dangerous goods, carriage of, 57 Dangerous occurrences, UK notification requirements, 227-8 de Quervain's disease, 525 Deafness, occupational, 402, 528 Debris, fire danger from, 567 Decibel, 463-4 Decision making and intelligence, 269-70 Defences, to civil action, 41, 156-8 Dehydration, 402 Delegated legislation, 29-30 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 445-6 Dermatitis, non-infective, 371-2 Design: health and safety in, 202-4 influence on behaviour, 300-1 for safety, 278 Development risks defence, 127 Digestive system, 350-1 Directives, European Union (EU), 32-4 Director disqualification, 36 Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), 4, 24 Disabilities: disability discrimination laws, 95-6, 528, 531 and ergonomics, 528-9 Disabled people, fire escape, 590 Disciplinary procedures, 99-101 ACAS Code of Practice, 99 Disciplinary rules, 82, 100 Disclaimers, and false descriptions, 118 Discrimination see Disabilities; Race discrimination; Sex discrimination; Young persons Diseases: de Quervain's disease, 525 Legionnaire's disease, 405 from metals, 380-4 from micro-organisms, 403-7 from pesticides, 384-5 respiratory, 374-80 skin, 371-4, 408 from solvents, 385-9 UK notification requirements, 230 Weil's disease, 709 see also occupational diseases Dismissal, 102-5 and capability of employees, 103 and compensation, 110 and continuing absences, 104 for contravention of an enactment, 109 effective date of termination, 102 fair/unfair reasons, 83, 102-3, 109-10 and ill-health, 103-4 for lack of skill, 104-5 Display screens, 518-19 legal requirements, 530 Diurnal rhythm, 272-3 Domestic premises, HSW definition, 53 Domino theory, 247-50 Domino theory of accidents, 176-7 Doors: for fire escape, 591 and fire prevention, 573 Double vision, 502 Douglas H.M., 217 Draeger tube, 491 Due diligence defence, false trade descriptions, 116 DuPont Safety Training Observation Programme (STOP),314 Dust: air pollution/sampling/control, 412, 419, 420,421-2,434,488-90 airborne dust lamps, 421-2 asbestos dust control, 684-5 fire danger from, 569 flammable, 562, 563 Duty: practicable, 37 standards of, 37-8 Duty of care, 38-9 by employers, 39-40 environmental, 775 and negligence, 149-50 815 Ea~muffs, 436-7,482 Ear-plugs, 436-7, 482 Ears, 359-60 inner ear, 359-60 working of, 471 see also Hearing Eczema, 372 Electricity: accidents, 645-6 in adverse/hazardous environments, 657 alternating current, 641 bums from, 649 cable fires, 573 circuit breakers, 652 circuits, 646-7 competency for working, 652-3 construction site fires, 707 construction site safety, 706 direct current, 641-2 earth leakage circuit breaker, 652, 653 earthing, 650 electric discharge lamps, 504 electric fields, 459-60 electric shock, 356, 647-9 in explosive atmospheres, 657-8 as a fire danger, 565 fires from, 564, 649-50 fittings, 659 flameproof equipment, 660 in flammable atmospheres, 657-8 fuses, 651-2 hazardous areas classification, 658-9 impedance, 647 inspection and test of equipment, 686-7 insulation, 651 intrinsically safe systems, 659 maintenance of equipment, 661-2 Ohm's law, 646 overhead lines, HSE notes, 652 permits to work (P'fW), 650, 654, 655-6 personal protective equipment (PPE), 651 portable tools, 660-1 pressurising, 659 purging, 659 residual current devices (RCDs), 661 static, 654, 657 statutory requirements, 644-5 supply, 642-4 type 'n' and 'e' equipment, 659 underground cables, HSE notes, 652 voltage, 642, 645 work precautions, 650-1 Electrons, 443-4, 537-8 Emissions, control of, 46 Employee, HSW definition, 53 Employee dismissal see Dismissal Employee responsibility for H&S, 74 and legislation, 82 Employee rights, 91-2 Employee suspension, 82-3 816 Index Index Employers: and blatant disregard of H&S proposals, 22 civil liability of, 153-6 for fellow employee selection, 155 for place of work, 154 for plant and equipment, 154-5, 156 for supervision/instruction, 155 for system of work, 153-4 and vicarious liability, 153 duty of care, 39-40, 46 duty legislation, 82, 138 general duties on, 46-8 HSW requirements, 49-50 liability insurance, 136-41 responsibility to observe legislation, 45 Employment: contracts for, 81 documents and agreements, 92 Employment Appeal Tribunal, 25 Employment Medical Advisory Service, 53 law, 90-2 legislation, 81-4 see also Dismissal Encephalopathy, 381 Endothermic reactions, 539 Energy, work and power, 549-50 Enforcement notices, environmental, 774-5 Engines, as a fire danger, 565-6 Environment, change to, 296 Environmental Agency (EA), 778 Environmental issues/legislation, 768-72, 772-9 acid rain, 770 air pollution control (APC), 774 Basle Convention, 772-3 chemicals, protection from, 742-6 clean air legislation, 776-7 contaminated land, 771 controlled waste legislation, 56, 776 duty of care legislation, 775 Environmental Agencies, 56 global warming, 768-9 Inspectorate of Pollution, 56 integrated pollution control (IPC), 774 Montreal Protocol 1987, 772 noise legislation, 777 noise and nuisance, 772 ozone depletion, 769-70 photochemical smog, 770 protection legislation, 773-5 resource depletion, 772 special waste legislation, 777-8 waste classification, 773 waste disposal, 771, 774 waste management legislation, 777-8 water pollution, 771 water resources legislation, 775-6 see also Pollution Environmental management systems, 779-81 BS EN ISO 1400 series of standards, 779-81 objectives, 781 Epicondylitis, 524 Epidemiological analysis: with limited data, 241 purpose of, 240 single/ multi-dimensional, 240-1 techniques for, 240-1 Epidemiology, 370-1 Equal opportunities see Disabilities; Race discrimination; Sex discrimination; Young persons Equal pay legislation, 96 Equipment: food, cleanliness, 58 see also Plant Ergonomics, 514-32 allocation of function, 521 anthropometry,521-2 and back problems, 526-8 by design, 517 controls, 520-1 definition, 514-15 and the disabled, 528-9 displays, 518-19 and error, 522-3 history of, 515-17 human-machine interface, 518 legal requirements, 529-31 text clarity, 519-20 usability,517-18 and work related upper limb disorders (WRULD), 523-6 in the workplace, 523 Errors: causes of, 274-8, 283 and ergonomics, 522-3 quantification of, 283 Erythema, 457 European Agency for Health and Safety at Work, 33, 69 European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation (CENELEC), 658 European courts, 9, 11, 12, 15 European community courts (ECJ), 25-8 European Court of Human Rights, 27-8 European Court of Justice, and judicial precedent, 18 European Union (EU): Court of Auditors, 27, 69 Court of Justice, 69 European Parliament, 33, 68, 69 European standards, 70-1 European Union (EU): Commission, 68 Committee of Permanent Representatives, 68 Council of, 67 Decisions and Recommendations of, 69 Directives, 32-4, 69 Economic and Social Committee (EcoSoc), 68 and employer employee relationships, 71-2 influence on HSW legislation, 36-7 legislation, 31-3, 69-70 applied to individuals, 33 machinery directives, 603-7 and product information exchange, 123-4 Regulations of, 69 Examination of plant and equipment: boilers, 668-71 competent persons, 687-8 cranes and lifting machines, 675-8 defects, latent and patent, 688-9 electrical equipment and installations, 686-7 gas containers, 665-8 history of, 664-5 legislation, 665 lifting and handling equipment, 673-82 operations regulations, 681-2 records of tests regulations, 680-1 lifting tackle, 679-80 lifts and hoists, 673-5 power presses and press brakes, 682-3 pressure systems, 665-73 process of, 689 reporting, statutory requirements, 689-90 steam and air receivers, 671-3 ventilation, 683-5 Excavation site safety, 699-705 battering the sides, 699, 700 benching the sides, 699, 700 flooding risks, 700 guardrails and barriers, 700 mobile machinery on, 701-2, 704, 705 overhead cables, 702 portable tools, 705 pre-planning, 704-5 public access, 701 steel trench sheet runners, 703 underground cables, 702-4 walling poling frames, 702 see also Construction site safety Exchange and barter, 84 Exclusion clauses, 128-30 Excretion, 351 Expert witnesses/evidence, 22 Explosive material, 55 Exposure limits, air contamination see Air pollution/ sampling/ control Extinction, management technique, 307 Extinguishers see Firefighting 817 Extremely low frequency fields (ELF), 459-60 Extrinsic allergic alveolitis, 379-80 Eyes, 358-9 bums of, 359 cataracts, 359 conditions / disorders, 502-3 eye strain, 502 illnesses with causes of, 408 protection, 439 protection on construction sites, 719 Facilities, and false descriptions, 116-17 Factories, early safety legislation, 34-5 Facts, and the law, Failure modes, accidents, 178 Fairbairn, Sir W., 664 False trade descriptions: code of practice for, 119 disclaimers, 118 due diligence defence, 116, 119 list of descriptions, 115-16 penalties, 118, 120 price indications, 120 pricing offences, 118-20 reckless statements, 117-18 services, facilities and accommodation, 116-18 strict liability offence, 116 truth in lending, 120-1 Farmer's lung, 379-80 Fatal accidents, 160-1 fatal accident frequency rates (FAFRs), 201-2 Fatalities, UK notification requirements, 229 Fatigue, muscular and mental, 271-2 Fault tree analysis: accidents, 178 risk, 199-200 Feedback, of discussions, 184 Fibres, sampling for, 419, 421-2 Financial accountability, for risk management, 213 Fire(s) : alarms, 574-5 and building materials, 570-1 chemistry of, 557-61 class A, solid organic materials, 563 class B, liquids and liquifiable solids, 563 class C, gases, 564 class D, flammable metals, 564 combustion process, 561-3 combustion products, 569 on construction sites, 707 construction sites, 720-1 detectors, 575-6 dusts, flammable, 562, 563 electrical, 564, 649-50 818 Index Index Fire(s) - continued extinction methods, 576-80 cooling, 579 fuel starvation, 577-8 with halons, 579-80 smothering, 578-9 extinguishing agents, 564 Fire point temperature, 560 Fire triangle, 558-9 flameproof electrical equipment, 660 flammable substances, 561 flash point temperature, 560 fuel for, 559 ignition/ignition temperature, 559, 560 liquids, flammable, 562 lower flammable (explosive) limit, 560 and oxygen, 559 risk levels, 589 smoke, 562 solids, flammable, 562 spontaneous combustion, 562-3 spread of, 569-70 structural precautions, 572-4 upper flammable (explosive) limit, 560 see also Fire escape; Fire legal requirements; Firefighting; Flammable substances, control and storage; Ignition sources Fire Authority, 55 Fire certificates, 54-6 construction sites, 720-1 improvement and prohibition notices, 55 Fire escape: disabled people, 590 doors, 591-2 emergency plans, 592-3 exits, 590 gangways, 591 instruction and training, 593-4 lighting, 592 maintenance and record keeping, 594 notices, 592 panic bolts and latches, 591-2 passages, 591 principals of, 589-90 signs, 592 stairways, 591 travel distances, 590, 591 Fire legal requirements, 54-6, 594-8 appeals and offences, 596 designated premises, 595 fire authority duties, 594 fire authority powers, 596-7 fire certificates, 595-7 regulations, 50 risk assessments, 597 Fire precautions/prevention, 557-601 loss control, 172-3 Firefighting, 580-9 fixed equipment: automatic sprinklers, 586-9 carbon dioxide systems, 588 drencher systems, 588 dry pipe sprinklers, 587 fixed foam systems, 588 halon systems, 588 hose reels, 585 pre-action sprinklers, 588 rising mains, 585-6 wet pipe sprinklers, 587 liaison with fire brigade, 598 portable extinguishers, 580-5 carbon dioxide type, 582 dry powder type, 583 foam type, 583 operation, 580-4 provision, location and maintenance, 584-5 water type, 581, 582 First aid boxes, 348 construction sites, 718-19 First aid/first aiders at work, 347-8 First instance jurisdiction, Fitness for purpose, 121-2 Fitts, P.M., 521 Flame detectors, 576 Flameproof electrical equipment, 660 Flammable material, 55 Flammable substances, control and storage dusts, 568-9 gases, 567-9 liquids, 568-9 waste, debris and spillage, 567 Fletcher, J.A, 217 Floors, and fire prevention, 573 Fluids: compressible see Gases incompressible see Liquids Fluorescent lights, 505 Fog Index, Gunning, 519-20 Food: building site legislation, 722 safety regulations, 126 Foodstuffs, 349-50 Force, work and power, 549-50 Forfeiture Orders, goods, 125 Forseeability of danger, 287 Frequency rates, 237 Freudian psychology, 292 Friction: as a fire danger, 565 static and sliding, 550-1 Fuel, 559 Fumes, noxious or offensive, 47 Functional safety life cycle management (FSLCM), chemical plants, 759-60 Gamma-rays, 445 Ganglions, 525 Gangways, for fire escape, 591 Gas chromatography, 418 Gas containers: regulations for, 634-6 transportable definition, 636 safe usage, 637-8 Gas cylinders, storage, 750 Gases: compression of, 554 fire danger from, 567-9 flow measurement, 554-5 General Gas Law, 545 physical properties, 545-6 sampling for see Air pollution/ sampling/ control specific gravity, 546 Gassing: accidents from, 389-91 see also named gases Germain, G.L., 172 Gilbreth, EB, 516 Glare, 508-9 glare index, 509 protection from, 509 Glendon, AI., 260, 278 Global warming, 768-9 Gloves: neoprene, 439 polyvinyl alcohol, 440 Goal setting, 66-7 Goods: fair quality, 121-2 forfeiture orders, 125 notices to warn, 125 and product liability, 126-7 Prohibition Notices, 125 Suspension Notices, 125 Gordon, J.E., 178 Grab sampling, 413-16 Green Papers, 31 Greenhouse effect, 769 Greenhow, Dr E.H., 342 Grievance procedure, 82 Gross misconduct, 101 Guards and interlocks, 529 adjustable guards, 614 distance guards, 613 fixed enclosing guards, 614 fixed guards,613 hazard identification, 610-11 interlocked guards: automatic, 622 cam-operated,615-19 captive key, 619 control guards, 623 direct manual, 615 features and choice, 614-15 limit switches, 617-19 magnetic switch, 620 mechanical, 615, 616 mechanical scotches, 620-1 819 time delayed, 620-1 trapped key, 617-19 trip devices, 622 two-hand control, 622 materials for, 623-4 openings, 624 reaching over, 624 risk assessment, 611-12 selection and monitoring, 611-12 tunnel guards, 613 Guilty plea, 21 Gunning Fog Index, 519-20 Hale, AR., 246, 260, 278 Hale, M., 246 Halons, and ozone depletion, 770 Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), 395-6 Hands/arms, illnesses with causes of, 408 Hazards: definition, 166 degrees of, 175-6 hazard analysh, (HAZAN), 201 hazard and operability (HAZOP) studies/techniques, 185, 200, 281-2 chemical plant, 753-4 Hazard and Risk Explained HSE leaflet, 166-7 inspections for, 281 prediction techniques, 281-3 and risk, 166~7 routine detection, 280-1 warnings of, 280-1 see also Danger; Health hazards; Risk Head protection, construction sites, 719-20 Health, dismissal for ill-health, 103-4 Health assessments, 344 Health hazards, classes of, 413 Health promotion, 286-7 Health and safety, in design and planning, 202-4 Health and safety at work legislation, 44-59 administration of 1974 act, 48-9 definitions of 1974 act, 53-4 Employment Medical Advisory Service, 532 enforcement, 50-1 extensions to act, 52 formal risk assessment, 323 framework for, 64-5 general duties on employers and others, 46-8 goal setting for, 66-7 offences, 51-2 post 1974, 45-6 pre 1974, 44-5 regulations and codes of practice, 49-50 see also Construction site safety; Occupational health, hygiene and safety 820 Index Health and Safety Commission (HSC), 46, 63-4 duties of, 48 Health and Safety Executive (HSE) duties of, 48-9 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL), 493 operation of, 63-4 Hearing: audiogram, 401, 471 deafness and noise, 408 ear sensitivity, 399 hearing protectors, 437 mechanism of, 399 noise exposure limits, 400-1 noise induced loss claims, 140-1 occupational deafness, 402, 472 protection for, 401, 436-7, 475 titnnitus, 472 see also Ear Heart, 354-6 Heat, as a form of energy, 549 Heat detectors, 575-6 Heat Stress Index (HSI), 492 Heat stroke, 402 Heated environment see Thermal environment Heating systems, as a fire danger, 565 Heinrich, H.W., 176, 177, 184 Hepatitis A/B/C, 403-4 Herbicides, dangers of, 385 Hire and credit advertising, truth in, 120-1 Hire-purchase agreements, 87 HIV +ve, 404 Hoists see Lifts/hoists/lifting equipment Hooke's Laws, 551 Hormones, 361-2 Houldsworth, H., 664 House of Lords, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14 Human body, structure and functions, 341-66 anatomy and physiology, 348-63 cancer, 363-4 central nervous system, 358 circulatory system, 354-6 defence mechanisms, 364-5 digestion, 350-1 ear, 359-60 excretion, 351 eye, 358-9 heart, 356 history, 341-3 hormones, 361-2 muscles, 357 poisons, effects of, 365-6 respiratory system, 351-4 skin, 362-3 smell and taste, 360-1 special senses, 358 Human factor and health and safety, 258-304 Index behaviour modification, 306-14 human being as a system, 260-1 and performance management, 307-12 Human function and behaviour aptitude tests, 269 attitude, 294-5, 305 behaviour intervention process, 311-12 behaviour observation and counselling, 313-14 behavioural analysis, 309 behavioural process, future for, 314-17 and communication, 298-300 complex man, 263-4 decision making and intelligence, 269-70 design, influence of, 300-1 diurnal and circadian rhythm, 272-3 environmental effects, 270-1 error quantification, 283 errors, causes of, 274-8, 283 expectancy, 266-7 fatigue, muscular and mental, 271-2 goals, objectives and motivation, 262-4 human actions, 270 intelligence quotient (IQ), 269 Maslow A.H and Self Actualising Man, 263 Mayo E and Social man, 262-3 memory, short/long-term, 267-8 performance degradation causes, 271-2 routines and skills, 268-9 sense organs, 264-5 stress, 273-4, 361, 407-8, 525 switching/ attention mechanisms, 265-6 Taylor EW and Economic Man, 262 see also Behavioural science; Change; Danger Humidifier fever, 406 Hydraulics, 554-5 hydraulic power transmission, 547-8 Hydrochloric acid, illness from, 390 Hydrogen sulphide, effects of, 391 Hygiene standards, 424-5 see also Air pollution/sampling/control Hygrometry /hygrometers, 423-4, 492 Hypermetropia, 502 Hyperplasia, 363 Ignition sources: electricity, 565 engines, 565 friction, 565 heating systems, 565 hot surfaces, 565 smoking, 565 tools, 565 Ignition/ignition temperature, 559, 560 III health, and dismissal, 103-4 Illuminance, 503 see also Lighting Immune system, body, 364-5 Impairment assessment, 134 Implied terms/conditions in contracts, 83-4 in sales, 84-6 Improvement Notices, 51 fire, 55 Incandescent lamps, 503, 505 Incapacity benefit, 135 Incident, at Hazards Ltd, 3-4, 5, 20 Incident recall technique, and loss control, 172 Incidents, 165-6 and accidents, 165-6 definition, 219 incidence rates, 236 possible legal proceedings from, 18-21 UK notification requirements, 227-31 see also Accidents Independent audits, 184-5 Induction lamp, 504, 505 Industrial dermatitis, on construction sites, 708-9 Industrial Injuries Disablement Benefit, 134 Industrial relations law, 7, 90-112 disciplinary procedures, 99-101 discrimination, 92-9 dismissal, 102-5 and employment law, 90-2 and enactment contravention, 109 misconduct, 105-7 redundancy, 107-9 unfair dismissal, 109-12 Industrial Tribunals, 24-5 and accidents, and Improvement/Prohibition notices, 51 Inevitable accidents, 139 Information exchange on products, EU requirements, 123-4 Infrared radiation, 458 Injuries, UK notification requirements, 227-31 Injury prevention, 172 Inorganic compounds, 540-1 Insecticides, illnesses from, 384-5 Inspection, for hazards, 281 Inspections techniques, for reports, 225 Inspectorate of Pollution, 56 Inspectors, 18 of accidents, powers of, 50-1 Instruction, employer's liability for, 154-5 Insulin, 361 Insurance contracts, 85, 85-6 Insurance cover and compensation, 133-46 Employers liability insurance, 136-41 investigation, negotiation and the quantum of damage, 143-6 Public Liability insurance, 142-3 State insurance scheme, 133-6 821 Workmen's Compensation scheme, 133-6 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC), 56, 774 Intelligence and decision making, 269-70 Intelligence quotient (IQ), 269 Intention, and contracts, 78-9 International Atomic Energy Agency, 456 International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), 447, 448, 456 International Safety Rating System, 331 International Safety Rating System (ISRS), 215 Interviews, for reports, 225, 243-6 Investigation, for insurance, 143-6 lonising radiation see Radiation Jastrzebowski, W., 517 Job safety (hazard) analysis, 185, 310-12, 336-7 analysis chart, 189-90 job breakdown, 191-2 procedure, 188-92 safe systems of work, 193 safety instructions, 192 Joint consultation, 98-9 Joint tortfeasors, 157-8 Judges, 22-3 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 17 Judicial precedent, 17-18, 147 and Europeap Union, 26 Justices of the Peace, 23 Kidneys, toxicity and infection, 409 Kirwan, B., 283 Knowledge-based work, errors during, 277-8 Komaki, J et aI., 307 Krause, T.R et al., 307 Lamps see Lighting Land -fill: legislation for, 778 waste disposal, 745 Landlords, duties of, 47 Laser nephelometer, 422 Laser radiation, 459 Lasers, on construction sites, 710 Law, sources of, 28 Law making, power delegation for, 63-4 Lead, diseases from: biological monitoring, 381 fume or dust hazard, 380, 685 inorganic lead, 380-1 organic lead, 381 Learning, psychological principles, 296-8 Legal aid, targeting proposals, 22 822 Index Index Legal reform proposals, 22 Legge, T., 342-3 Legionnaire's disease, 405 Legislation: Acts of Parliament, 29-30 adopted,31-3 asbestos, 723, 736-46, 779 Crown premises, 58-9 enforcement, 50-1 equal pay, 96 European Union (EU), 31-4 mines, 35, 56, 722-3 noise, 777 petroleum spirit, 58 pollution, 56 quarries, 35, 56 statutory interpretation, 30-1 water, 775-6 White/Green Papers, 31 see also Chemicals, legislation; Environmental issues/legislation; Health and safety at work legislation; Safety legislation; Waste, legislation Lending, truth when, 120-1 Leptospirosis, 405 Liability, 126-7 absolute and strict, 37 corporate, 37 see also Product liability; Public liability; Third party liability Lifts/hoists/lifting equipment, 629-34, 673-82 adequate strength, 689 approved codes of practice, 632 checklists, 716-18 definitions, 629, 674, 675 dock regulations, 675 examinations/ inspections / reports, 632, 674, 676-8, 714 fishing vessel regulations, 675 in-service requirements, 674 load radius indicators, 677 miscellaneous equipment, 679-80 acceptable damage, 680 passenger, safety, 675 patent and latent defects, 688-9 record requirements, 680-1 regulations, 630-1, 673, 681-2, 712-18 reports, 689-90 safe use, 631-3 safe working loads (SWL), 677 sound material, 689 types of, 673 working load limit (SWL), 677 see also Cranes Liftshafts, and fire prevention, 573 Lighting, 501-12 Code for Interior Lighting, by CIBSE, 506-7 colour, 510-11 for fire escape, 592 glare, 508-9 light meters, 511-12 maintenance of, 507 quality, 508 shadow, 509 stroboscopic effect, 509-10 types of, 504, 505-6 Liquids: flammable, 562, 568-9 heats of vaporisation and fusion, 547 in hydraulic power transmission, 547-8, 555 physical properties, 546-8 Liver: hepatitis and cancer, 409 poison damage, 351 Local authorities, powers of for public health,57-8 Local exhaust ventilation (LEV), 433, 487, 494, 683-5 asbestos dust control, 684-5 chemicals, 733 components of, 683-4 examination for need of, 684 purpose, 683 Tyndall (dust) lamp, 685 Local Procurator-Fiscal, 20 Loftus, R.G., 171, 172, 177, 194, 200 Lord Advocate, 4, 24 Lord Chancellor, 23, 24 Lord Justices of Appeal, 23 Los Alfaques Camping Site disaster, 547 Loss control: and business interruption, 174-5 damage control, 172 fire prevention, 172-3 incident recall, 172 injury prevention, 172 management in practice, 175 and occupational health and hygiene, 173-4 and pollution control! environmental protection, 174 principle of, 171-2 and product liability, 174 profiling, 215-16 security, 173 Losses, pecuniary/non-pecuniary, 145-6 Lower flammable (explosive) limit, 560 Lumen, 503 Luminaire,504-5 Luminance, 503 Lungs, 351-4 illnesses of, 408 Maastricht Treaty, 26, 33 McClelland, D., 263 Machinery, safe use of existing machinery, regulations, 607-10 hazard identification, 610-11 hazard reduction, 611 legislative arrangements, 602-3 Machinery Directives, 602-3, 603 new machinery, regulations, 603-7 operator training, 612 residual risk assessment, 611-12 see also Guards and interlocks; Lifts/hoists/lifting equipment; Powered trucks; Pressure systems Magnetic fields, 459-60 Maintenance systems, and risk management, 207-8 Maladaptation, 296 Malt worker's lung, 380 Man-made mineral fibres, pneumoconiosis from, 375 Management control, lack of, 249-50 Management/worker discussions, 184 Manchester Steam Users' Association, 664 Manganese, diseases from, 384 Manometers, 499, 544 Manufacturers, civil liability of, 152 Maslow, A.H., 213 and Self Actualising Man, 263 Mason hygrometer, 424 Materials: failures in, 553 strength of, 551-3 Matter: changes of state, 545 structure, 537-9 Maximum Exposure Limits (MELs), 493, 684 air sampling, 425-6 Trichloroethylene, 388 Maximum potential loss (MPL), 186-7 Mayo, E and Social man, 262-3 Mechanics, 550-1 Medical grounds suspension, 82 Medicines, safety regulations, 126 Memory, short/long-term, 267-8 Mens rea, 37 Merchantable quality, 121 Merchantable/unmerchantable goods, 85 Mercury lamps, 504 Mercury, poisoning and diseases from, 382-3 health surveillance for, 382-3 Mesothelioma, 378 Metal halide lamp, 504, 505 Metals: diseases from, 380-4 metal fume fever, 383 properties,539-40 see also named metals Metaplasia, 363 Micro-organisms: diseases from, 403-7 see also named diseases from 823 Mineral fibres, and pneumoconiosis, 375 Mines: early safety legislation, 35 legislation, 56, 722-3 Misconduct, 105-7 Misrepresentation, and contracts, 79 Mistake, and contracts, 79 Mobile towers, 712, 713 Mobility Allowance, 135 Molecular formulae, 538-9 Monday morning fever, 406 Montreal Protocol 1987, 772 Motivational theory, 213-14 Multiple accident causation theory, 177-8 Munitions factories, 343 Murrell, K.F.H., 517 Muscle cramp, from heat, 402 Muscles, 357 Mutagenesis, 364 Myopia, 502 National Disability Council, 95 National Insurance schemes see State insurance schemes National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), 456, 457 Negative reinforcement, management technique, 307 Negligence, 39, 40 and breach of duty, 150 contributory, 146, 157 and duty of care, 149-50 and resultant damage, 150-1 Negotiation, for insurance, 143-6 Neoplasia, 364 Nerves, illnesses with causes of, 409 Neutrons, 443, 445, 537-8 Nickel and nickel carbonyl, illness and diseases from, 384 Night working, 273 Nitrous fumes, effects of, 391 No fault liability, 76, 161 Noise, 462-83 absorbent materials, 478 absorption coefficients, 478 absorption treatment, 480-1 acoustic enclosures, 478 community noise levels, 473-4 control techniques, 475-83 damping, 480 dosimeter, 473, 474 enclosure protection, 476-8 environmental legislation, 777 equivalent noise level, 472-3 lagging, 480 limits of exposure, 400-1 neighbourhood noise assessment, 474 noise cancelling, 483 noise induced hearing loss claims, 140-1 noise rating curves, 466 824 Index Index Noise - continued Noise and the Worker pamphlet, 140-1 and nuisance, 772 personnel protection, 482 reduction techniques, 482-3 screens, 480 sources/paths/receivers, 475-82 statistical analyser, 473 work area levels, 474-5 see also Hearing; Sound Northern Ireland Judgements Bulletin (NIJB), 18 Northern Ireland Law Reports (NI), 18 Nose, illnesses with causes of, 409 Nova causa, 151 Novus actus interveniens, 151 Nuisance, and civil liability, 148 Nurses, in occupational health departments, 344 Nystagmus, 502 Obiter dicta, 17,28 Occupational diseases, 367-409 cancer, occupational, 393-5 deafness, 402, 528 from heat, 402 from metals, 380-4 from micro-organisms, 403-7 gassing, 389-91 hearing, 399-402, 436-7 oxygen deficiency, 391-3 pesticides, 384-5 physical, 395-6 psycho-social! stress, 407-8 radiation, 396-9 respiratory system, 374-80 skin, 371-4 solvents, 385-9 target organs, 408-9 toxicology, 367-71 work related upper limb disorders (WRULD), 402-3 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL), 493 Occupational Exposure Standards (OESs), 493, 684 air sampling, 425-6, 427 Occupational health departments functions of, 344 overseas developments, 344-5 Occupational health, hygiene and safety, 173-4, 346-7, 412-41 biological agents, 429-30 carcinogens, 429 classes of health hazard, 413 control measures, 432-41 control standards, 436 direct monitoring instruments, 420-2 exposure limits, 425-32 grab sampling, 413-16 hygiene standards, 424-5 hygrometry, 423-4 long-term sampling, 416-20 oxygen analysers, 422-3 personal hygiene, 434 personal protective equipment (PPE), 435-6 physical factors, 428-9 sensitisation, 429 skin absorption, 429 strategy for protection, 440 see also Air pollution/ sampling/ control; Health and safety at work legislation Occupiers: and civil liability, 151-2 liability of, 40, 86-7 and suppliers of articles to, 87 Office of Fair Trading (OFT), 127-8, 130 Offices, early safety legislation, 35 Ohm's law, 646 Orders (subpoenas), 20 Organic compounds, 541, 542 Organic dusts, pneumoconiosis from, 375 Organic vapour analyser, 421 Own branding, 127 Owners, duties of, 47 Oxygen: effects of starvation, 351-2 and fire, 559 normal requirements, 391-2 oxygen analyser, 422-3 response to deficiency, 393 Ozone depletion, 769-70 Pacemakers, 357 Pancreas, 361 Passages, for fire escape, 591 Passive smoking, 40 Pearson Commission, 76 Pecuniary / non-pecuniary losses, 145-6 Per curiam, 18 Per incuriam, 18 Performance evaluation and appraisal, risk,213-15 Performance management, 307-12 structural feedback approach, 312-13 Personal hygiene, 434 Personal injury, HSW definition, 53 Personal protective equipment (PPE), 435-6 chemicals, 733-5 construction sites, 719 for electricity, 651 legal requirements, 530 Personality,291-2 Persuasive decisions, 17 Pesticides, diseases from, 384-5 Peterson, D.C., 178 Petroleum spirit construction sites, 722 legislation for, 58 Phon, 465 Photochemical smog, 770 Photokeratitis, 457 Physical danger, immediate/long-term, 175 Pitch, cancer from, 373-4 Pitot-static tubes, 499 Planned maintenance, and risk management, 207-8 Planning: for health and safety, 202-4 for safety, 278 Plant: employer's liability for, 154-5, 156 fire prevention for, 573 HSW definition, 53 Pleading guilty, 21 Pneumoconiosis, 374-6, 392 Pneumonia, and cancer, 393 Poisons: in body, 351, 365-6 see also Occupational diseases; Toxicology; also named poisons Political influences, 73-4 Pollution: control of chemicals, 742-5 control and environmental protection, 174 legislation for, 56 see also Air pollution/sampling/control; Water Polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) fumes, 383 Pontiac fever, 405 Positive reinforcement, management technique, 307 Powell P.I et aI, 293 Power presses see Presses and press brakes Powered trucks: HSE guidance booklet, 627 operator training, 624-5 safe operating conditions, 625-8 Precedent see Judicial precedent Predicted four hour sweat rate (P4SR), 492 Premises: for food, cleanliness, 58 HSW definition, 53 Prescribed Industrial Diseases/Benefits, 134, 135 claims for, 141 Presses and press brakes, 682-3 examination and testing, 682-3 power press regulations, 682 setting and adjusting, 683 Pressure, 544, 550 Pressure systems: codes of practice and guidance notes, 668 and competent persons, 688 definition, 667 regulations for safe use, 634-7, 665, 666 825 relevant fluids, 667-8 reporting requirements, 667-8 see also Boilers Pricing offences, 118-20 Private nuisance, 148 Privileged/not privileged documents, 20 Problem solving, 298 Procurators-fiscal, Product liability, 126-7 and loss control, 174 Product recall, product safety, 124 Product safety: EU information exchange, 123-4 food and medicines, 126 producer / distributor obligations, 122-3 product recall, 124 regulations for, 126 safe, definition of, 123 Prohibition Notices, 51, 167 environment, 774-5 fire, 55 goods, 125 Project design/ commissioning, for health and safety, 203 Proportionality, principal of, 27 Protective clothing, 439-40 Proteins, 349 Protons,443,537-8 Psycho-social disorders see Stress Psychological danger, immediate/long-term, 176 Psychology, 292 Public expectations, 72-3 Public law, 5-7 Public Liability insurance, 142-3 Public nuisance, 148 Punishment, as a management technique, 307 Purposive interpretations, 30-1 Quality, goods and services, 121-2 Quality culture, 75-6 Quality, environment, safety and health (QUENSH) management systems, 204-6 Quality and safety, 205-6 Quality systems, and BSI EN ISO 9001, 204-5 Quantum of damage, 144 Quantum meruit, and contracts, 80-9 Quarries, 722-3 early safety legislation, 35 legislation for, 56 Quarterly moving means, 232-4 Queen's Bench, 11 Quota hopping, 26 Race discrimination exceptions, 95 laws, 94-5 826 Index Index Radiation, 443-60 absorbed dose, 447 activity of a radionuclide, 447 acute radiation syndrome, 398 approved dosimetry service (ADS), 453 and cancer, 446 contamination meters, 452 control principles, 399 dose limits, 398, 452-5 dose rate meters, 452 effective dose, 447 effects of, 397 equivalent dose, 447 from fires, 562 incidents and emergencies, 456-7 infrared, 458 internal, 398 ionising, 444-5 biological effects, 445-6 lasers, 459 legal requirements, 452-6 long term effects, 398 monitoring, 450-2 National Arrangements for Incidents involving Radioactivity (NAIR), 457 non-ionising, 457-60 optical, 457-9 pregnant women, 452 protection: from internal radiation, 449-50 principles, 448-9 quantities and units, 446-8 Radiation Protection Advisers (RPAs), 453,456 Radiation Protection Supervisor (RPS), 454-5 radioactivity, 444 tissue sensitivity, 397 transport regulations, 455-6 types of, 396-7 ultraviolet, 457-8 Radioactivity, 444 Radiotherapy, 445 Ramazzini" 342 Rasmussen, J., 275, 283 Ratio decidendi, 17,28, 147 Reason, J.T., 275, 283 Reasonableness, test of, 101 Reasonably practicable, meaning of, 319 Redundancy, 107-9 for other substantial reasons, 109 Reflectance factor, 503 Repair, contracts for, 84 Repetitive strain industry (RSI) see Work related upper limb disorders (WRULD) Reports, writing, accidents, 250-1 Representation, Res ipsa loquitur: as a defence, 139 and negligence, 150 Residual current devices (RCDs), 661 Resource depletion, and the environment, 772 Respirators, types of, 437, 438 Respiratory diseases, 374-80 see also named respiratory diseases Respiratory protective equipment (RPE), chemicals, 734 Respiratory system, 351-4 Restraint clauses, contracts, 80 Right to silence, 21 Risk assessment! management by accident costing, 209-11 checklist method, 758 chemical plants, 756-9 control assessment, 188 control strategies for, 169-71 cost benefit analysis, 212 cost effectiveness of, 209-12 and damage control, 208-9 decisions concerning, 284-5 definition, 166-7 Dow-Mond index, 758 failure-mode and effects analysis (FMEA), 759 fault tree analysis, 199-200 fault tree analysis (FfA), 759 by financial accountability, 213-14 fire levels of, 589 legal considerations, 169 by loss control profiling, 215-16 magnitude of, 186 and maintenance systems, 207-8 mechanical, 188 motivational theory, 213-14 performance evaluation and appraisal, 213-15 and planned maintenance, 207-8 probabilistic risk assessment, 200-2 public perception of, 73 pure and speculative, 168 risk assessment, 185-7 risk avoidance, 169 risk evaluation, 169 risk identification, 169, 183-5 risk probability, 187 risk rating, 186, 187 risk reduction/loss control, 170-1 risk retention, 169-70 risk transfer, 170 role and process, 168-9 safe systems of work, 193 for safety management, 323 short/long term, 188 societal, 201 'what-if' method, 758 see also Chemicals; Danger; Hazards; Job safety (hazard) analysis; Loss control Road traffic legislation, 57 Robens Committee/Report, 35-6, 45, 62-3 Roofs, and fire prevention, 573 Routine work, errors during, 275-7 Routines and skills, 267-8 Royal Assent, 30 Rule learning, 297-8 Rule-based work, errors during, 277 Rules, reliance on for safety, 301-2 Safe place approach, 184 Safe working loads (SWLs), lifting equipment, 677 Safety: reliance on rules, 301-2 see also Product safety; Safety legislation; Safety management; System safety Safety advisers, 180, 181, 324, 329-30, 332-3 Safety committees, 47, 329-30, 333-4 Safety culture, 74-5 Safety legislation: before Health and Safety at Work Act, 34-5 ED influence, 36-7 Health and Safety at Work Act, 35-6 standards of duty, 37-8 Safety management: assessment techniques, 327-31 audit questions, 328-9 benchmarking, 332-3 and common law, 319 conflict avoidance, 335-6 culture creation, 334-5 defining responsibility, 320-1 employee involvement, 333-6 good housekeeping for, 326-7 HSE management model, 321-2 International Safety Rating System, 331 legal obligations, 318-21 monitoring implementation of regulations, 324-6 proprietary audit systems, 331-2 regulation implementation, 323-6 safety committees, 333-4 Safety Management Audit Programme, DuPont, 314 safety management systems, 322 and safety policy, 320-1 specialists, role of, 336-7 and statute law, 320 Safety representatives, 98 Sales: by sample, 84 implied terms, 84-6 laws of, 84-6 Sampling see Air pollution/ sampling/ control Scaffolding, 710-12 British Code of Practice, 710 decking, 711 guard rails, 711 827 ladders, 711 Scots Law Times (SLT), 18 Scrotum, cancer of, 372-3 Security, and loss control, 173 Self-employed person, HSW definition, 53 Self-regulation, 65-6 Sense organs, 264-5 Sensitisers, 372 Services: fair quality, 121-2 and false descriptions, 116-17 Sessions Cases (SC), 18 Severe Disablement Allowance, 135 Severity rate, 239 Sewers, safety with, 709 Sex discrimination laws, 92-4 and equal opportunities, 93 occupational exceptions, 93-4 pregnancy and maternity, 94 Sex glands, 362 Shaftesbury, Earl, humanitarian legislation, 342 Shift patterns, 273 Silicosis, 376 Singleton, w.T., 521 Skill-based behaviour, errors with, 275-7 Skill-based behaviour and errors, 275-7 Skills and routines, 267-8 Skin, 362-3 barrier creams, 440-1 illnesses / diseases, 371-4, 408 see also named skin diseases Skinner, B.F.,'306 Sling Psychrometer, 492 Smell, 360-1 Smoke, 562 Smoke control, for fire prevention, 573 Smoke detectors, 575 Smoke tubes, 498 Smoking, 365, 395 as a fire danger, 566-7 Sneezing, 364 Social expectations, 72 Society of Industrial Emergency Services Officers (SIESO), 765 Sodium lamps, 504, 505 Solicitor General, 24 Solicitors, and representation, Solids: expansion, 548 flammable, 562 latent heat of fusion, 548 physical properties, 548-9 Solvents diseases from, 385-9 see also named solvents Sound: amplitude, 463-5 decibel, 467-8 frequency, 465 level meters, 469-70 828 Index Sound - continued loudness, 465-6 octave bounds, 467 power levels, 468-9 pressure levels, 464 transmission, 469 weighting curves, 467-8 see also Hearing; Noise Specialists, role of, 336-7 Specific Performance, and contracts, 81 Spillage, fire danger from, 567 Spontaneous combustion, 562-3 SREDIM principle, 189 Stain detector tubes, 413-18 Stairways: for fire escape, 591 and fire prevention, 573 Stallen, p-J., 286 Standards European, 70-1 harmonisation in Europe, 70-1 Standards of duty, 37 Stare decesis, 17 State of the art, as a defence, 143 State industrial benefit, State insurance schemes, 134-7 Static electricity, 654, 657 Statute law, 320 Statutory accident book, 347 Statutory enactments, contravention of, 109 Statutory examination of plant and equipment see Examination of plant and equipment Statutory interpretation, 30-1 Statutory nuisances, 57 chemicals, 746 Statutory Sick Pay, 134 Steam and air receivers definitions, 671-2 drain plugs, 672 reducing valves, 672 reports on, 672 safe operating limits, 672 safety valves, 672 vessel thinning, 672-3 Steam boilers see Boilers Stimulus response learning, 297 Stipendiary magistrates, 23 Stress, in people, 273-4, 361, 407-8, 525 Stress, tensile, compressive, shear, bending, 551-3 Strict liability offence, 116 Structure of matter, 537-9 Subsidiarity, principal of, 27 Substance, HSW definition, 53 Substances: dangerous, 46 duties on suppliers of, 48 Successful Health and Safety Management (HSE),204 Index Sulphur dioxide, effects of, 391 Supervision, employer's liability for, 154-5 Suspension employee, 82-3 on medical grounds, 82 Suspension Notices, Goods, 125 Suspraspinatus tendinitis, 525 Suzler-Azaroff, B., 307 Svenson, 0., 286 System safety: engineering, 199 management 199 methods of analysis, 195 principles, 193-4 system conceptual phase, 194 system design/engineering phase, 194 system disposal phase, 194 system operational phase, 194 systems diagrams, 196-7 systems theory and design, 196-8 Talc, pneumoconiosis from, 375 Tankers, chemical, off-loading, 749 Taste, 360-1 Taylor, EW., 516 and Economic Man, 262 Teeth, illnesses with causes of, 409 Temperature, 543-4 Tendinitis, 524 Tenosynovitis, 402, 524 Teratogenesis, 364 Testing, plant and machinery, 554 Tetrachloroethylene, toxic effects, 389 Thackrah, Dr C.T., 342 Thermal environment: measurement, 491-2 working in, 402 see also Air pollution/ sampling/ control Third parties on site, duty to, 40 Third party liability, 143 Threshold Limit Values (TLV), 493 air sampling, 425 derivation of, 430-1 Thyroid gland, 361 Time Weighted Average (TWA), air pollution, 427, 488, 493 Toluene, toxic effects, 389 Tools, as a fire danger, 566 Tort: of breach of statutory duty, 39 definition, 5-7 of negligence, 38-9, 40 negligence, 149-51 nuisance, 148 and strict liability, 37 trespass, 148 Toxicology: acute effects tests, 368 carcinogenicity tests, 368-9 chronic effect tests, 368 effects, 369 epidemiology, 370-1 excretion, 369-70 factors affecting, 370 metabolism, 369 no-ad verse-effect level, 370 portals of entry, 369 and solvents, 386 Trade descriptions, false see False trade descriptions Trade Unions, 45 Tragedy, vividness, dreadfulness and severity, 287 Training, psychological principles, 296-8 Transport, chemicals, 750-1 Transportable gas containers see Gas containers Treaty of European Union 1991, 26, 33 Treaty of Rome, 31 Trend analysis: accident/incident data, 231-9 for data comparisons, 237-9 with steady state, 232 with variable conditions, 236-7 Trespass: by children, 142 and civil liability, 148 Trichloroethane, and ozone depletion, 770 Trichloroethylene: harmful effects, 387 Maximum Exposure Limit (MEL), 388 properties and metabolism, 386-8 risk prevention, 388 Tuberculosis, 406 Tungsten halogen lights, 505 Tyndall (dust) lamp, 685 UK exposure limits, air sampling, 425-8 Ultraviolet radiation, 457-8 Unfair terms, 129-30 Unions, and safety representatives, 98-9 Upper flammable (explosive) limit, 560 Vagus nerve, 355 Vanadium, illness and diseases from, 384 Vane anemometer, 497-8 Vapours, sampling for see Air pollution/ sampling/ control Vehicle safety legislation, 57 Ventilation: dilution, 434, 487, 495-6 performance assessment, 496-9 see also Local exhaust ventilation Vibration, 483-5 effects of, 484 machinery isolation, 484-5 vibration white finger (VWF), 396, 484, 709 damage claims for, 141 829 Vicarious liability, 138 Vinyl chloride monomer, 395 Visual display terminals (vdts), 503 Visual display units, 518-19 Visual impairment, 529 Vlek, c., 286 Volenti non fit injuria, 41 as a defence, 139, 158 Volume, 544 Walls, and fire prevention, 573 Warnings, and disciplinary procedures, 101 Warnings of hazards, 280-1 Washing facilities, construction sites, 722 Waste: controlled waste, 774, 776 fire danger from, 567 legislation for, 776 management licensing legislation, 777-8 special wastes, 745, 774 legislation for, 778-9 Waste disposal: chemicals, 745 classification of, 773 and the environment, 771 land -fill, 745 transporters, 745 Water: on fires, 543 in human body, 349 legislation for, 775-6 pollution of, 771 Weekly Law Reports (WLR), 18 Weil's disease, 709 Welfare facilities, construction sites, 718-19 Whirling hygrometer, 424, 492 White Papers, 31 Whitworth, Sir J., 664 Wind chill index, 492 Witnesses, 21-2 Woolf Report on Access to Justice, 22 Work: energy and power, 549-50 first aid at, 347-8 health risks at, 345 HSW definition, 53 Work related upper limb disorders (WRULD), 402-3, 523-6 from display screen equipment, 525-6, 528 physiology of, 524-5 Working environment see Air pollution/ sampling/ control Working Group on the Assessment of Toxic Chemicals (WATCH), 426 Working load limits (WLLs), lifting equipment, 677 Working time of 48 hours, 99 Working Time Directive (EC), 27, 99 Workmen's compensation scheme, 133 830 Index Workplace inspections, 184 Workplace pollution see Air pollution/ sampling/ control Writer's cramp, 402 Written safety policy, 47 Young persons: employment of, 97 and industrial relations law, 96-7 Young's modulus, 551 X-rays, 444 Zero tolerance to accidents, 305-6 Zinc fume fever, 383 ... practices in agriculture, aviation and shipping 1.17 Safety legislation today 1.17.1 Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 1.16 Safety legislation before the Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1.16.1... principle that decisions should be taken at the most suitable level down the hierarchy of power, that is at national rather than EC level where appropriate 1.15.2 Statutory interpretation Inevitably... ER 320 40 Regulation of the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 41 Health and Safety Executive, Legal Series Book No L21, Management of health and safety at work Approved