MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG TRẦN THỊ MINH GIANG A STUDY OF COGNITIVE NON-FACTIVE VERB AND EPISTEMIC ADVERB COLLOCATIONS IN ENGLISH DOCTORAL THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Danang, 2018 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG TRẦN THỊ MINH GIANG A STUDY OF COGNITIVE NON-FACTIVE VERB AND EPISTEMIC ADVERB COLLOCATIONS IN ENGLISH Major: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Code: 62.22.02.01 DOCTORAL THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES SUPERVISOR: Assoc.Prof.Dr LƯU QUÝ KHƯƠNG Danang, 2018 i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgements in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution Danang, January 2018 Tran Thi Minh Giang ii ABSTRACT The dissertation is an attempt to describe linguistic features of the structure that consists of the singular first person subject pronoun I and cognitive non-factive verb and epistemic adverb collocations in English in terms of epistemic modality framework Based on the descriptive method and the collected data of 1000 English samples randomly gathered from different sources such as novels, short stories and online materials, the study presented a detailed description of the structure I + cognitive non-factive verb and epistemic adverb collocations in three linguistic aspects: syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics More importantly, a linguistic portray of the interplay of these three linguistic dimensions was depicted to serve the main aim of the research It is hoped that the findings from the research will not only make a great contribution to further understanding of modality in linguistics, but also become very useful to language users in the use of the English structure I + cognitive non-factive verb and epistemic adverb collocations in communication Noticeably, the study provides learners of English and even native speakers of English with a practical knowledge of using the structure Especially, since the study presented detailed and overall view of the structure I + cognitive non-factive verb and epistemic adverb collocations, it is really a good source of reference for teachers of English to apply the English structure in teaching English more effectively In addition, the study of the structure I + cognitive non-factive verb and epistemic adverb collocations in English also opens the paths for interesting questions relative to epistemic modality in particular, and linguistics in general iii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS x LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiv CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study 1.2.1 Aims of the Study 1.2.2 Objectives of the Study 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Object of the Study .4 1.5 Scope of the Study .4 1.6 Significance of the Study .5 1.6.1 Theoretical Significance .5 1.6.2 Practical Significance 1.7 Organization of the Study CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .7 2.1 Review of Previous Researches Related to the Study 2.1.1 Syntactics 2.1.2 Semantics 11 2.1.3 Pragmatics 16 2.1.4 A Combination of Three Aspects .20 2.2 Theoretical Background .24 2.2.1 Modality and Epistemic Modality 24 iv 2.2.1.1 Traditional Logic Modality 24 2.2.1.2 Linguistic Modality .26 2.2.1.3 The Distinction between Modality and Proposition 27 2.2.1.4 The Distinction between Deontic and Epistemic Modality 28 2.2.1.5 Types of Epistemic Modality 29 2.2.2 Collocations of Cognitive Non- Factive Verb and Epistemic Adverbs .31 2.2.2.1 Modal Lexical Verbs 31 a Mental Space Theory 31 b Cognitive Non-Factive Verbs .32 c Characteristics of Cognitive Non-Factive Verbs 34 2.2.2.2 Modal Adverbs 35 a Epistemic Adverbs 35 b Types of Epistemic Adverbs in English .36 c Characteristics of Epistemic Adverbs .38 2.2.2.3 Cognitive Non- Factive Verb and Epistemic Adverb Collocations 43 a The Definition of the Term collocation 43 b Modally Harmonic Combinations of a Modal Verb and a Modal Adverb .44 2.2.3 Linguistic Features of CNFV and EA Collocations 46 2.2.3.1 Syntactics .46 a Mobility of Modality Collocations in the Same Clause .46 b Moved Negation and Epistemic Modality 47 2.2.3.2 Semantics .48 a Epistemic Scale 48 b Epistemic Modality Based on Deduction 51 c Speech-Act Related Modality .52 2.2.3.3 Pragmatics 55 a Pragmaticalization and Pragmatic Markers 55 v b Factors Affecting the Mobility of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations .56 c The ‘Conversational Maxim’ View in Communicative Strategies 57 d The ‘Face-Saving’ View in Politeness Theory 58 2.3 Summary 63 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 64 3.1 Research Design 64 3.2 Research Methods 64 3.3 Data Collection 65 3.3.1 Description of Samples .65 3.3.1.1 Authenticity 66 3.3.1.2 Accessibility 66 3.3.1.3 Variation 66 3.3.1.4 Reputation 67 3.3.2 Data Collection Procedure 67 3.3.3 Data Analysis Procedure .68 3.4 Procedures of the Study .69 3.5 Analytical Framework of the Study 70 3.6 Reliability and Validity 72 3.7 Summary 72 CHAPTER SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE I + CNFV AND EA COLLOCATIONS 74 4.1 Analysis of the Structure I + Cognitive Non-Factive Verb and Epistemic Adverb Collocations 74 4.2 Harmony of Cognitive Non-Factive Verbs and Epistemic Adverbs in the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations 76 4.2.1 The Structure I think + EAs 76 4.2.2 The Structure I believe + EAs 80 4.2.3 The Structure I hope + EAs 83 vi 4.2.4 The Structure I guess + EAs .86 4.2.5 The Structure I suppose + EAs 86 4.2.6 The Structure I assume + EAs 87 4.3 Frequency of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations .89 4.4 Mobility of Epistemic Adverbs in the Matrix Clause 90 4.5 Syntactic Positions of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations in the Superordinate Clause 92 4.5.1 Initial 92 4.5.2 Medial 93 4.5.3 Final 94 4.5.4 Frequency of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations in Initial, Medial, and Final Positions .95 4.6 Complementizer “that” in a Superordinate Clause 96 4.6.1 Complementizer “that” with Epistemic Adverbs in the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations 97 4.6.2 Omission of Complementizer “that” in the Superordinate Clause .98 4.7 Raising of Negative Form in Sentences with the Structure I + Cognitive Non-Factive Verb and Epistemic Adverb Collocations 100 4.8 Summary 104 CHAPTER SEMANTIC FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE I + CNFV AND EA COLLOCATIONS 105 5.1 Deduction-Based Semantic Features .105 5.1.1 The Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations Expressing Belief 105 5.1.2 The Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations Expressing Inference 108 5.1.3 The Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations Expressing Prediction 111 5.1.4 Frequency of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations Showing in Belief, Inference and Prediction 114 5.2 Modal Meanings of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations 114 5.2.1 Tentativeness 115 vii 5.2.2 Assertion 116 5.2.3 Negation 117 5.3 Scale of Certainty- Based Semantic Features 118 5.3.1 High Certainty 119 5.3.2 Mid Certainty 121 5.3.3 Low Certainty 123 5.4 Semantic Features of the Structure I think + EAs Based on the Scale of Negation 126 5.5 Summary 128 CHAPTER PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE I + CNFV AND EA COLLOCATIONS 130 6.1 The Structure I + Cognitive Non-Factive Verb and Epistemic Adverb Collocations Used in Politeness Strategies .130 6.1.1 Negative Politeness Strategy 131 6.1.1.1 Mitigating the Reproach 131 6.1.1.2 Avoiding the Imposition of Knowledge 132 6.1.1.3 Revealing the Speaker’s Unflattering Things 133 6.1.2 Positive Politeness Strategy 134 6.1.2.1 Mitigating Illocutionary Force to Downgrade the Positive Face of the Speaker 135 6.1.2.2 Enhancing the Hearer’s Good Virtues to Respect His Positive Face 136 6.1.2.3 Mitigating the Illocutionary Force of Claims of Knowledge by Negating the Speaker’s Knowledge 137 6.2 The Communicative Strategies Using the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations 139 6.2.1 Hedges 139 6.2.2 Mitigation in the Mobility of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations 141 viii 6.3 Pragmatic Meanings in Negation of the Structure I + Cognitive Non-Factive Verb and Epistemic Adverb Collocations .143 6.3.1 Hearer-Oriented Pragmatic Meanings of Moved Negation of the Structure I + Cognitive Non-Factive Verb and Epistemic Adverb Collocations 143 6.3.2 Mitigating the Illocutionary Force of Claims of Knowledge by Using Moved Negation of the structure I + Cognitive Non-Factive Verb and Epistemic Adverb Collocations 144 6.4 Speech Act – Based Pragmatic Features Expressed by the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations 147 6.4.1 Complaining or Admonishing 147 6.4.2 Counselling .149 6.4.3 Reducing Boasting 150 6.5 Summary 152 CHAPTER INTERPLAY OF SYNTACTICS, SEMANTICS, AND PRAGMATICS IN THE STRUCTURE I + CNFV AND EA COLLOCATIONS 154 7.1 Mobility of Epistemic Adverbs in the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocation 154 7.2 Interplay of Three Linguistic Dimensions in the Combination of Just and Other EAs in the Matrix Clause 157 7.3 Interplay of Three Linguistic Aspects in Mobility of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations in a Superordinate Clause .160 7.4 Interplay of Three Linguistic Aspects in the Emphasis by Using Auxiliary Verbs Do in the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations 162 7.5 Interplay of Three Linguistic Aspects in Application of the Relevance Theory by Sperber in the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations .164 7.6 Interaction of Three Linguistic Aspects in Negative Move of the Structure I + CNFV and EA Collocations 166 242 “Hơm trước, tơi có dịp nói với bé ngốc nghếch gia đình ta có hồn cảnh mà phải nói đến, chí theo tơi nhiệm vụ phải nói với ơng, bảo nói với ơng, hóa cầu xin ân huệ, ông người nhân từ muốn cầu xin được, từ chối” (20) 70 “She has borne the mark ever since, as you see, and she’ll bear it to her grave, if she ever rests in one; though I can hardly believe she will ever rest anywhere” (p.279) “Từ hơm đó, bà mang dấu vết cậu thấy bà mang xuống mồ bà chịu nằm mồ Mình khó lòng tin bà nằm nghỉ nơi nào” (20) 71 “His manner to me, alone, would have won her But through all these causes combined, I sincerely believe she had a kind of admiration for him before he left the house that night” (p.293) “Chỉ riêng cử cậu đôi với chị đủ để chinh phục chị, hồ lại thêm tất mặt phối hợp, tin chị khâm phục trọng vọng cậu trước cậu rời khỏi nhà vào tối hôm ấy” (20) 72 “His ascendancy over papa is very great He professes humility and gratitudewith truth, perhaps I hope so , but his position is really one of power, and I fear he makes a hard use of his power” (p.349) “Hắn có uy lực lớn, lớn ba Ngoài mặt, làm vẻ hèn chịu ơn huệ (có lẽ thực, nghĩ thế) Nhưng địa vị địa vị nắm quyền lực sợ dùng quyền lực thẳng tay” (20) 73 “My own appetite came back miraculously I am ashamed to record it, but I really believe I forgot Dora for a little while I am satisfied that Mr ans Mrs Micawber could not have enjoyed the feast more, if they had sold a bed to provide it” (p.392) “Tôi cảm thấy ngon miệng Nói điều tơi xấu hổ, thật chốc lát quên Đôra Tôi n trí ơng bà Micơbơ khơng thể chén bữa ngon họ phải bán giường để đánh chén” (20) 243 74 “Miss Dartle, how I shall tell you, so that you will believe me, that I know of nothing in Steerforth different from what there was when I first came here? I can think of nothing I firmly believe there is nothing I hardly understand even what you mean” (p.409) “Cô Đác tơn, tơi biết nói tin theo ý tơi, tơi khơng thấy Xtiếcphóoc thay đổi hết từ lần dầu tiên đến Tôi khơng thấy hết Quả thực tơi khơng hiểu muốn nói gì” (20) 75 “You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear Well, I don’t know about that I rather think you may, if you begin early in life” (p.417) “Không thể bắt mèo cày Tơi khơng tin Tơi cho có thể, miễn bắt đầu sớm” (20) 76 “ She made a great point of being so near the river, in case of a conflagration; I suppose really did find some satisfaction in that circumstance” (p.475) “ Cô ý đến việc nhà gần sông Temxơ, trường hợp cháy nhà giả thiết vị trí thực làm cho tơi hài lòng” (20) 77 “ My dear aunt, no one can form the least idea what she is!” “Ah! And not silly?” “Silly, aunt! I seriously believe it had never once entered my head for a single moment, to consider whether she was or not.” (p.477) “Cô ơi, khơng hình dung đẹp nào!” “À, khơng ngốc chứ?" « Ngốc ư, thưa cô ? thú thưc chưa tự hỏi, dù phút xem nàng có ngốc hay khơng » (20) 78 «I am well aware, Master Copperfield, that Miss Trotwood though an excellent lady, has a quick temper Indeed I think I had the pleasure of knowing her, when I was an umble clerk, before you did, Master copperfield” (p.491) “Cậu Copơphin Tôi biết, cô Trô tút người tốt, tính tình hay nóng nảy Thực tơi nghĩ tơi có dịp biết trước cậu, cậu Trơ tút ạ, tơi nhân viên hèn kém” (20) 244 79 “I know not how, she was too modest and gentle to advise me in many wordsthe wandering ardour and unsettled purpose within me, that all the little good I have done, and all the harm I have forborne, I solemnly believe I may refer to her” (p.492) “Tơi khơng hiểu nàng khiêm tốn dịu dàng nên không khuyên nhiều lời Cái nhiệt tình lơng bơng nghị lực vơ mục đích tơi nói nhờ nàng tơi làm phần tốt ỏi làm, tránh tất điều xấu xa” (20) 80 “I merely say, with quite another view, you are probably aware I have some property to beneath to my child?” “I certainly supposed so” (p.524) “Tơi muốn nói với ơng với ý định hồn tồn khác hẳn ơng thừa biết tơi có tài sản để lại cho tơi” (20) “Cố nhiên nghĩ thế” 81 “He was so peaceful and resigned- clearly had his affairs in such perfect train, and so systematically wound up-that he was a man to feel touched in the contemplation of I really think I saw tears rise to his eyes, from the depth of his own feeling of all this” (p.525) “Ông bình thản nhẫn nhục Cơng việc ơng rõ rệt trật tự ngăn nắp giải phương pháp nhìn ơng người ta mủi lòng Thậm chí tơi có cảm tưởng nước mắt ơng rưng rưng ơng cảm thấy tất điều sâu sắc” (20) 82 “I don’t know how it is, Agnes; I seem to want some faculty of mind that I ought to have You were so much in the habit of thinking for me, in the happy old days here, and I came so naturally to you for counsel and support, that I really think I have missed acquiring it” (p.538) “Mình khơng biết điều xảy nào, Acnet ạ! Mình có cảm tưởng thiếu khiếu mà cần phải có Cậu thường nghĩ đến mình, nghĩ đến thời thơ ấu sung sướng đây, đến cách tự 245 nhiên để nhờ cậu khuyên bảo an ủi, thật nghĩ bỏ hội ấy” (20) 83 “I rather think that neither the blow, nor the allusion, would have escaped me, but for the assurance I had had from Agnes that night It is no matter” (p.590) “Tôi nghĩ Ácnét tối hơm khơng hứa với tơi tơi khơng tát khơng nhắc nhở Nhưng điều không quan trọng” (20) 84 “I can hardly believe, writing now long afterwards, but that I was actually present in these scenes; they are impressed upon me with such as astonishing air of fidelity” (p.690-691) “Lúc viết lại, sau thời gian dài, tơi khó lòng tin khơng nhìn tận mắt cảnh tượng khắc sâu vào trí não tơi rõ rệt lạ thường” (20) 85 “You and your aunt will excuse me, Cooperfield, if I touch upon a painful theme, as I greatly fear I shall, but I think it necessary to bring it to you recollection On the day of Mr Micawber’s memorable denunciation, a threatening allusion was made by Uriah Heep to your aunt’s husband” (p.744) “Xin cô Copơphin tha lỗi cho tơi tơi nói đến vấn đề khó nói, tơi ngại., tơi nhận thấy cần phải nhắc cho cô Copơphin biết ngày xảy việc ông Mi cô bơ tố cáo, Uria Híp dã nói bóng gió đến điều người chồng cô” (20) 86 “Will you laugh at my cherishing such fancies, Agnes?” “No” “Or at my saying that I really believe I felt, even then, that you could be faithfully affectionate against all discouragement and never cease to be so, until you ceased to live ” (p.806) “Em có cười ý nghĩ ngơng cuồng anh khơng?” “Khơng” “Em có cười em bảo anh lúc anh thành thực cảm thấy em trung thành tình cảm bất chấp thất vọng không 246 chết ” (20) 87 “Tention! In future you shall send up Wiggins alone to report, and the rest of you must wait in the street Have you found it, Wiggins?” “No, sir, we haven’t” “I hardly expected you would You must keep on untill you Here are your wages” (p.26) (21) “Nghiêm! Lần sau cháu đợi phố nhé, để Uy-ghin lên báo cáo thơi Uy-ghin có tìm thấy khơng?” “Khơng ạ, chúng cháu chưa tìm ra” “Kém thế! Tiếp tục tìm Tiền thù lao đây.” (20) 88 “This last statement appeared to me to be so startling, that I could hardly believe that he was in his sober senses” (p.32) (21) “Lời khẳng định q đỗi kỳ dị khiến tơi khó mà tin bạn tơi đầy đủ lí trí” 89 “I confess that I not quite follow you” “I hardly expected that you would Let me see if I can make it clearer.” (p.60) “Thú thực chưa hiểu” “Tơi khơng nghĩ bạn hiểu Để tơi nói rõ hơn” 90 “I thought my disguise was pretty good, but I hardly expected that it would stand that test” (p.99) “Tôi nghĩ cải trang tạm được, khơng ngờ lại thành cơng rực rỡ vậy” 91 “Then you may entirely rely on me” “That is excellent I think, perhaps, it is almost time that I prepare for the new role I have to play” (p.129) 247 “Anh hồn tồn tin vào tơi” “Thật tuyệt Tơi nghĩ thời gian chuẩn bị cho vai mà phải diễn” 92 “My sister thinks that I am going mad Sometimes I think that I am myself And now-and now I am myself a branded thief, without ever having touched the wealth for which I sold my character.” (p.209) “Chị gái nghĩ điên Thỉnh thoảng tơi nghĩ tơi tơi Và - tên trộm bị mang án.” 93 “For an instant, I could hardly believe that here was indeed a door which led away from death.” (p.233) “Trong tích tắc, tơi khơng thể tin thật cánh cửa thoát hiểm” 94 “What I can’t understand is why they should have spared you when they found you lying fainting in the garden Perhaps the villain was softened by the woman’s entreaties” “I hardly think that is likely I never saw a more inexorable face in my life” (p 235) “Điều không hiểu nỗi họ lại tha cho anh họ thấy anh bất tỉnh vườn Có lẽ chúng nể lời van xin người phụ nữ đó” “Tơi khơng nghĩ Tơi chưa thấy có mặt khơng chút mủi lòng vậy” 95 “I believe that he is coming here” “Here?” “Yes, I rather think he is coming to consult me professionally I think that I recognise the symptoms.” (p.251) “Ông ta đến đây” “Đến à?” “Phải Ơng ta đến gặp tơi để giải vấn đề khó khăn Nhìn triệu chứng biết ngay.” 248 96.“As regards your hair, it is no doubt a pity, especially as I could not help remarking its beauty during our short interview, but I am afraid that I must remain firm upon this point, and I only hope that the increased salary may recompense you for the loss.” (p.268) “Về tóc, tơi tiếc tơi cương giữ nguyên định Tôi hy vọng rằng, số thù lao tăng lên đền bù mát đó.” 97.“Will you laugh at my cherishing such fancies, Agnes?” “No” “Or at my saying that I really believe I felt, even then, that you could be faithfully affectionate against all discouragement and never cease to be so, until you ceased to live ” (p.806) “Em có cười ý nghĩ ngơng cuồng anh khơng?” “Khơng” “Em có cười em bảo anh lúc anh thành thực cảm thấy em trung thành tình cảm bất chấp thất vọng khơng chết ” (20) 98 “The fact is that I felt as though I were choking, and had a perfect longing for a breath of freh air I really think that I should have fainted if I had not gone out.” (p298) “Đột nhiên em bắt đầu cảm thấy ngột thở Em cần không khí lành Em thật nghĩ em ngất xỉu em khơng ngồi.” (21) 99.“I have some papers here which I really think, Watson, that it would be worth your while to glance over.” (p.317) “Watson, Đây tài liệu thật nghĩ anh nên quan tâm đến nó” 100.“Ah, indeed! Well now, I think that really should give us the last link that we wanted I must congratulate you on coming into the possession, though in rather a tragic manner of a relic which is of great intrinsic value, but of even greater importance as an historical curiosity.” (p.336) 249 “Ồ, thật tơi nghĩ mối quan hệ cuối mà muốn Xin chúc mừng anh, Musgrave ạ! Anh trở thành chủ nhân di vật có giá trị to lớn có ý nghĩa quan trọng hơn, tựa vật hoi, có tính lịch sử” 101 “Excellent, Watson! I really fancy that you are not far from the truth You see that we hold all the card, and we have only to fear some sudden act of violence on their part” (p.380) “Hoan hơ, Watson Anh gần đốn ra, Chúng ta nắm tất quân bài, lo ngại chúng dùng bạo lực.” 102.“ But how about our investigation in London?” “We can that tomorrow I think that just at present I can be of more immediate use here” (p.398) “Nhưng việc điều tra Ln đơn sao?” “Chuyện đợi đến ngày mai Tôi nghĩ có ích hơn” 103.“I can hardly think that you would find many decent citizens to agree with you” (p.431) “Tôi khơng thể nghĩ anh tìm nhiều cơng dân chỉnh tề đồng ý với anh” 104.“I thought so the revolver had an ejector, and here is the third cartridge I really think, Inspector Martin, that our case is almost complete” (p.452) “Tôi nghĩ súng lục bắn viên đạn thứ ba Ngài tra Martin thật nghĩ vụ việc xong” 105 “I rather fancy that he is on the stair I think, Watson, that you would well to put that revolver where you can reach it” (p.494) “Dường người đến.Watson, anh cầm súng đi.” 107 “It’s the Napoleon bust business again, you seemed interested last night, Mr Holmes, so I thought perhaps you would be glad to be present now that the affair has taken a very much graver turn” (p.510) “Chuyện tượng Napoleon lại tiếp diễn Ông Holmes, tơi nghĩ ơng vui lòng tham gia việc điều tra.” 107 “I really don’t think he knew much about it, Mr Holmes.” (p.525) 250 “Tôi thật tin anh khơng dính dấp vào vụ này, thưa ơng Holmes 108 “Nothing that would help a thief Family papers, letters from my poor wife, diplomas of Universities which have done me honour You can look for yourself” “No, I hardly think that it would help me” (p.537) “Chẳng có gợi lòng tham kẻ trộm Những giấy tờ gia đình, thư bà vợ… cấp mà nhiều viện Đại học trao tặng cho tơi Ơng tự xem lấy” “Khơng Tơi khơng tin giúp ích cho tơi điều nhiều” 109.“I believe that you arenanwizard, Mr Holmes I really sometimes think that you have powers that are not human Now how on earth could you know that the stolen silver was at the bottom of that pond?” (564) “Ông bậc tiên tri, ơng Holmes Quả thực, có phép lạ mà ơng biết đồ vật bạc bị lại nằm đáy ao.” 110 “I think also that the probability is in favour of his being a country practitioner who does a great deal of his visiting on foot”(p.587) “Là bác sĩ nông thôn, ông thường phải quãng đường xa.” 111“But he went out every evening” “I think it is unlikely that he waited at the moor gate every evening On the contrary, the evidence is that he avoided the moor.” (p.598) “Nhưng dạo tối mà” “Tôi cho đợi cổng bờ dậu tối Ngược lại chứng cho thấy tránh bờ dậu.” 112.“By the way, I suppose there are few people living within driving distance of this whom you not know?” “Hardly any, I think” (p.631-632) “Nhân tiện xin hỏi thêm có lẽ ơng biết hết người khu vực chứ?” “Tôi nghĩ biết tất cả” 113.“It is a lovely evening, my dear Watson, I really think that you will be more comfortable outside than in.” (P 638) 251 “Một buổi chiều thật tuyệt vời, anh Watson! Tại lại ngồi nơi ngột ngạt thế? trời dễ chịu nhiều” 114.“When he went to Devonshire his plans were, I believe, exceedingly hazy, but that he meant mischief from the first is evident from the way in which he took his wife with him in the character of his sister.” (p.655) “Lúc chuyển đến Devonshire, kế hoạch có lẽ mơ hồ Nhưng ý định độc ác từ đầu nhận vợ em gái.” 115.“What are we here for at all? I really think that you might treat us with more frankness” (p.694) “Tất để làm gì? Thật tơi nghĩ ơng nên thành thật với hơn” 116.“I’ve heard of you, Mr holmes I never guessed that I should meet you (p 696) “Tôi có nghe nhiều ơng, ơng Holmes Tơi khơng nghĩ có ngày tơi lại làm quen với ông.” 117.“I rather think that will be helpful.” (p.783) “Tôi tin tơi đóng góp điều ích lợi.” 118.“One moment, Gregson, I rather fancy that this lady may be as anxious to give us information as we can be to get it” (p.783) “Chờ chút, anh grech-sơn! Tôi tin bà nhiệt tình cung cấp tin tức mà cần” 119.“You will tell him exactly how you have left me You will convey the very impression which is in your own mind-a dying man – a dying and delirious man Indeed, I can not think why the whole bed of the ocean is not one solid mass of oysters, so prolific the creatures seem.” (p.807) “Anh cho ơng biết tình trạng tơi Anh mơ tả cho ơng cảm giác xác anh tình trạng chờ chết mê Thực vậy, thắc mắc tồn sàn đại dương khơng khối rắn làm vỏ sò, vỏ sò hà sa số mà” 252 120.“Well, Watson, a very pretty hash you have made of it! I rather think you had better come back with me to London by the night express” (P 817) “Nào, Watson! Anh quậy rối bời, làm ơn quay Luân đôn với chuyến tốc hành đêm nay” 121.“Remarkable – most remarkable! I think perhaps, we had better go down to Tredannick Wartha without further delay I confess that I have seldom known a case which at first sight presented a more singular problem” (p 830) “Quái dị Thực quái dị! Tôi nghĩ ta nên tốc đến Tredannick Wartha Tơi thú thật gặp toán quái dị vậy” 122.“… If the police would desire further information I shall be happy to see any of them at the cottage And now, Watson, I think that perhaps, we shall be better employed elsewhere.” (p.833) “Nếu cảnh sát muốn biết hơn, sẵn sàng gặp người đại diện họ Còn bây giờ, Watson à, tơi nghĩ có lẽ có việc làm ích lợi chỗ khác” 124.“I think you acted very wisely indeed, but are you really anxious to acquire an estate in America?” (p.914) “Tôi cho ông hành động thực khôn khéo, ông có thực muốn có mảnh đất Hoa kì khơng?” 125.“I can only suppose that this American lawyer put it in himself.” (p.915) “Theo tơi tay luật sư Hoa kì mướn đăng, để làm tơi khơng hiểu.” 126.“Well, we have them all laid out at the house if you would care to look them over” “Later, perhaps I think we will walk down together and have a look at the scene of the tragedy.” (p.926) “Ồ, gom tất vào góc Nếu cần ơng vào xem qua” “Để sau Giờ trường.” 253 127.“When I reached the bridge she was waiting for me Never did I realize till that moment how this poor creature hated me She was like a mad woman- indeed I think she was a mad woman, subtly mad with the deep power of deception which insane people may have.” (p.929) “ Khi đến nơi bà có mặt Thú thật, lúc lường mức độ thù hận mà người đàn bà đáng thương dành cho Bà điên tin bà điên thật.” 128.“Sir Robert has never married Just as well, I think, considering his propects He lives with his widowed sister, Lady Beatrice Falder” (p.967) “Ơng có kết đâu! Như tơi biết ơng ta sống nhà chị ruột , phụ, mệnh phụ Pha-đơ” 129.“I hardly expected that so humble an individual as myself, especially after my heavy financial loss, could obtain the complete attention of so famous a man as Mr Sherlock Holmes” (p.978) (21) “Tôi đâu dám hy vọng người tơi ông Sherlock Holmes đích thân giúp.” 130 Kaplan shrugged "She's able." (22) "Able but weak?" "No." Kaplan shook her head "Meredith has ability That's not in question But I'm concerned about her experience She's not as seasoned as she might be She's being put in charge of four major technical units that are expected to grow rapidly I just hope she's up to it." 131 "I just hope you know what the fuck you're doing," Lewyn said angrily "I think I do." 254 APPENDIX D “I really believe that mayors have the political position to really change people's lives.” “I really believe that if you don't challenge yourself and risk failing, that it's not interesting.” “I really believe that God is love, one of deep affection and grace and forgiveness and inspiration.” “I really believe that art changes the landscape of the world.” “Yeah, I guess I'm not a particularly religious person, but I really believe strongly that we all need to believe in something, and that's very personal to each one of us.” “I really believe that my style is informed by the fact that I had such issues with my appearance at various times of my life.” “I think it's fantastic when the young enrage their elders I really believe that if it's too loud, you are indeed too old, and that if it has been standing for too long, it needs a thorough inspection.” “I definitely believe that there is life away from this planet I mean, we've kind of established that with the fact that we found bacteria on meteorites, and we've kind of used that to backtrack and show how this Earth, this planet, could have formed the ability to sustain life in the first place.” “I really hope that the Millennium Summit gives new impetus to the work of the United Nations 10 “I really hope that the people will like 14:59 The critics seem to like it We got a lot of good reviews.” 11 “I work in a very tough area of Britain There is not much hope sociologically where I live and work, they're all sorts of conditions of poverty and deprivation and so on, I really believe that the message of the kingdom of God is for places like this.” 255 12 “Yeah, I guess I'm not a particularly religious person, but I really believe strongly that we all need to believe in something, and that's very personal to each one of us.” 13 “I try to live instinctively And I guess I've always enjoyed living in a fantasy world, daydreaming I really think that dreaming and fantasies are very important to the human psyche and the soul That's why I want to act.” 14 “Certainly I must confess that since my visiting here I have seen people— and if one comes to compare them, person and manners, there is no comparison at all, one is so very handsome and agreeable However, I really think Mr Martin a very amiable young man, and have a great opinion of him; and his being so much attached to me—and his writing such a letter—but as to leaving you, it is what I would not upon any consideration.” (p.80) 15 “Pumblechook, used often to come over of a night for the purpose of discussing my prospects with my sister; and I really believe (to this hour with less penitence than I ought to feel), that if these hands could have taken a linchpin out of his chaise-cart, they would have done it.” (p.169-170) 16 “Methinks thou art right, friend Arthur,” “I verily think that Yon is no such roseleaf and whipped-cream gallant as he would have one take him to be.” (p.153) 17 “Stop! we will fight no more I take my vow, this is an ill day for thee and me, Little John I verily believe that my wrist, and my arm, are palsied by the jar of the blow that this stranger struck me.” (p.159) 18 “I really hope Ryo brings Ryan back home for me to explain our parents’ plan to visit.” (p.23) 19 “Hate to say it Charlie, but I really think they’re gonna to it.” (p.33) 20 “I really think mother might have some consideration for me, Julius.” (p 112) 21 “Thank you for reading ‘Bedtime’, I really hope you enjoyed it.” (p.37) 256 22 “Galvin, I really think the way we live is crazy, how long can we pretend?” (p.39) 23 “I really think the fellow did two men’s duty, the whole time the squall lasted.” (p.83) 24 “Ah, yes, beggars, beggars, they didn’t beg of me for money I really think that there must be something in this dread of the protestant movement.” (p.204) 25 “I believe that you arenanwizard, Mr Holmes I really sometimes think that you have powers that are not human Now how on earth could you know that the stolen silver was at the bottom of that pond?” (p.564) ... and a cognitive non- factive verb and epistemic adverb collocation still remains an unexploited area Therefore, the thesis entitled A study of cognitive non- factive verb and epistemic adverb collocations. ..MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE UNIVERSITY OF DANANG TRẦN THỊ MINH GIANG A STUDY OF COGNITIVE NON- FACTIVE VERB AND EPISTEMIC ADVERB COLLOCATIONS IN ENGLISH Major: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS... understanding of modal meanings in English to improving the quality of teaching and learning English 1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study 1.2.1 Aims of the Study This study aims at examining the linguistic