Chapter Globalization 1-1 Introduction In the world economy today, we see fewer self-contained national economies with high barriers to cross-border trade and investment a more integrated global economic system with lower barriers to trade and investment over $4 trillion in foreign exchange transactions daily over $12 million of goods and $3.3 trillion of services being sold across national borders the establishment of international institutions 1-2 What Is Globalization? Question: What is globalization? Answer: Globalization refers to the trend towards a more integrated global economic system Two key facets of globalization are: the globalization of markets the globalization of production 1-3 The Globalization of Markets Globalization of markets - the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace In many markets today, the tastes and preferences of consumers in different nations are converging upon some global norm Coca Cola, Starbucks, Sony PlayStation, and McDonald’s hamburgers, IKEA furniture 1-4 The Globalization of Production Globalization of production - the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production (labor energy, land, and capital) Goal: lower overall cost structure or improve the quality or functionality of their product and gain competitive advantage Boeing and Vizio 1-5 The Emergence of Global Institutions Global institutions manage, regulate, and police the global market place promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global business system the World Trade Organization (WTO) - polices world trading system and ensures nations adhere to the rules established in WTO treaties In 2010, its 154 members accounted for 97% of world trade the International Monetary Fund (IMF) - maintains order in the international monetary system 1-6 The Emergence of Global Institutions Global institutions manage, regulate, and police the global market place promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global business system 1-7 The Emergence of Global Institutions the World Trade Organization (WTO) - polices world trading system and ensures nations adhere to the rules established in WTO treaties In 2010, its 154 members accounted for 97% of world trade the International Monetary Fund (IMF) - maintains order in the international monetary system the World Bank - promotes economic development the United Nations (UN) - maintains international peace and security, develops friendly relations among nations, cooperates in solving international problems and promotes respect for human rights, and is a center for harmonizing the actions of nations 1-8 Drivers of Globalization Question: What is driving the move toward greater globalization? Answer: declining trade and investment barriers technological change 1-9 Declining Trade and Investment Barriers International trade occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another country Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests resources in business activities outside its home country During the 1920s and 1930s, many nations erected barriers to international trade and FDI to protect domestic industries from foreign competition 1-10 The Changing World Order The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe export and investment opportunities Economic development in China huge opportunities despite continued Communist control Free market reforms and democracy in Latin America new markets and new sources of materials and production 1-23 The Global Economy in the 21st Century A more integrated global economy new opportunities for firms but, political and economic disruptions can throw plans into disarray 1-24 The Globalization Debate Question: Is the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent global economy a good thing? Answer: Many experts believe that globalization is promoting greater prosperity in the global economy, more jobs, and lower prices for goods and services Others feel that globalization is not beneficial 1-25 Antiglobalization Protests Question: What are the concerns of critics of globalization? Answer: Anti-globalization protesters now turn up at almost every major meeting of a global institution Protesters fear that globalization is forever changing the world in a negative way 1-26 Globalization, Jobs, and Income Critics claim jobs in advanced economies are being lost to low-wage nations Supporters claim while some jobs may be lost, the economy as a whole is better off free trade will result in countries specializing in the production of those goods and services that they can produce most efficiently, while importing goods and services that they cannot produce as efficiently, and that in doing so, all countries will gain 1-27 Globalization, Labor Policies, and the Environment Critics argue free trade encourages firms from advanced nations to move manufacturing facilities offshore to less developed countries with lax environmental and labor regulations Supporters claim tougher environmental regulation and stricter labor standards reflect economic progress as countries get richer as a result of globalization, they raise their environmental and labor standards free trade does not lead to more pollution and labor exploitation, it leads to less 1-28 Globalization and National Sovereignty Critics worry economic power is shifting away from national governments and toward supranational organizations such as the WTO, the European Union (EU), and the UN Supporters argue that the power of these organizations is limited to what nation-states collectively agree to grant the organizations must be able to persuade members states to follow certain actions without the support of members, the organizations have no power 1-29 Globalization and the World’s Poor  Critics argue the gap between rich and poor has gotten wider and the benefits of globalization have not been shared equally  Supporters suggest that the actions of governments have made limited economic improvement in many countries many of the world’s poorest nations are under totalitarian regimes, suffer from endemic corruption, have few property rights, are involved in war, and are burdened by high debt 1-30 Managing in the Global Marketplace Question: What does the shift toward a global economy mean for managers within an international business? Answer: Managing an international business (any firm that engages in international trade or investment) differs from managing a domestic business in four key ways 1-31 Managing in the Global Marketplace Countries differences require companies to vary their practices country by country Managers face a greater and more complex range of problems International companies must work within the limits imposed by governmental intervention and the global trading system International transactions require converting funds and being susceptible to exchange rate changes 1-32 Classroom Performance System The trend away from distinct national economic units and toward one huge global market is known as a) Internationalization b) Economic integration c) Globalization d) Privatization 1-33 Classroom Performance System Which of the following is not an example of a global institution? a)The Federal Reserve b)The International Monetary Fund c)The World Bank d)The World Trade Organization 1-34 Classroom Performance System Coca-Cola, Sony Playstations, and McDonald’s hamburgers are all examples of a) American products b) Global products c) Industrial products d) National products 1-35 Classroom Performance System Which organization provides a mechanism for dispute resolution and the enforcement of trade laws? a) The UN b) The IMF c) The WTO d) The World Bank 1-36 Classroom Performance System Which of the following statements is true? a)The U.S has been accounting for an increasing share of world trade in recent years b)The U.S has been accounting for an increasing share of world foreign direct investment in recent years c)The U.S has been accounting for an increasing share of world output in recent years d)The share of world trade accounted for by China has been increasing in recent years 1-37 ... trade and investment since the early 19 80s 1- 12 Declining Trade and Investment Barriers Figure1 .1: Growth in World Merchandise Trade and Production, 19 50 - 20 08 1- 13 The Role of Technological Change... MNEs were U.S firms By 20 08, just 19 of the world’s 10 0 largest nonfinancial MNEs were from the U.S., 13 were from France, 13 from Germany, 14 were from Britain, and 10 were from Japan Small... in the developing regions of the world 1- 18 Changing World Output and World Trade Picture Table 1. 2: The Changing Demographics of World GDP and Trade 1- 19 Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture