Cách dùng Although, Though, Even though, Despite In Spite of Despite In spite of giới từ thể tương phản Ví dụ: Mary went to the carnival despite the rain Mary went to the carnival in spite of the rain ( Mary đến lễ hội bất chấp trời mưa.) Despite coi thay đổi chút In spite of dùng phổ biến văn viết tiếng Anh Despite In spite of từ trái nghĩa because of Ví dụ: Julie loved Tom in spite of his football obsession (Julie yêu Tom bất chấp nỗi ám ảnh bóng đá anh ấy.) Julie loved Tom because of his football obsession (Julie yêu Tom nỗi ám ảnh bóng đá anh ta.) Despite in spite of đứng trước danh từ, đại từ (this, that, what…) V-ing Ví dụ: despite in spite of đứng trước danh từ - I woke up feeling refreshed despite Dave calling at midnight I woke up feeling refreshed in spite of Dave calling at midnight (Tôi đánh thức cảm giác gợi lại dù Dave gọi lúc nửa đêm.) Ví dụ: despite in spite of đứng trước đại từ - I want to go for a run despite this rain I want to go for a run in spite of this rain (Tôi muốn bay mặc cho trời mưa.) Ví dụ: despite in spite of đứng trước V-ing - Despite eating McDonalds regularly Mary remained slim In spite of eating McDonalds regularly Mary remained slim (Mặc dù thường xuyên ăn McDonalds Mary thon thả.) Cả despite in spite of thường đứng trước the fact Sử dụng in spite of despite với với mệnh đề bao gồm chủ ngữ vị ngữ đứng trước “the fact that” Ví dụ: Mary bought a new pair of shoes despite the fact that she already had 97 pairs Mary went to the cinema in spite of the fact that she was exhausted (Mary mua đôi giầy thực tế có 97 đôi rồi.) Cả despite in spite of dùng mệnh đề đầu mệnh đề thứ hai Ví dụ: She liked ice cream despite having sensitive teeth Despite having sensitive teeth, she went liked ice cream (Cơ thích ăn kem dễ bị hỏng.) Sự khác hai câu chỗ, câu đầu nhấn mạnh thông tin việc thích kem, câu hai nhấn mạnh vào thông tin dễ hỏng Although, Though Even though Although, though even though dùng để thay cho despite in spite of mặt cấu trúc ngữ pháp có khác biệt Although / though / even though đứng đầu câu hai mệnh đề Ví dụ: Although / Though /Even thoughher job is hard, her salary is low (Mặc dù công việc vất vả lương cô lại thấp) Although / though / even though có nghĩa though đứng đầu câu giúp câu nói trang trọng so với đứng hai mệnh đề even though mang nghĩa nhấn mạnh hơn.) Ví dụ: Her salary is low, although / though / even though her job is hard (Lương cô thấpmặc dù công việc vất vả) Although: Sau although sử dụng mệnh đề gồm chủ ngữ động từ Ví dụ: We enjoyed our camping holiday although it rained every day (Chúng vui vẻ cắm trại cho dù ngày trời mưa.) Although he worked very hard, he didn’t manage to pass the exam (Cho dù học chăm cậu qua kỳ thi,) The holiday was great although the hotel wasn’t very nice (Kỳ nghỉ tuyệt cho dù khách sạn không tốt lắm) Even though: Giống although, even though theo sau mềnh đề gồm chủ ngữ động từ Even though có sắc thái ý nghĩa mạnh although Ví dụ: We decided to buy the house even though we didn’t really have enough money (Chúng mua nhà cho dù chúng tơi thực khơng có đủ tiền.) You keep making that stupid noise even though I’ve asked you to stop three times (Cậu tiếp tục tạo âm ngu ngốc cho dù nhắc nhở cậu ba lần rồi.) Though Đôi dùng THOUGH thay cho although, cấu trúc câu khơng thay đổi Ví dụ: ex:I didn't get a job though I had all the necessary qualifications ( Tôi khơng nhận cơng việc tơi có tất cấp cần thiết) Phân biệt As, Because, Since For As, Because, Since For dùng để nguyên nhân hành động việc Tuy nhiên khơng phải chúng mang nghĩa giống mà có khác biệt định As đặc biệt thông dụng người nghe người đọc biết lý việc điều khơng phải phần quan trọng câu • As he wasn’t ready, we went without him Mệnh đề As thường đứng đầu câu, dùng văn phong tương đối trang trọng Trong tình suồng sã thân mật người ta thường dùng So • He wasn’t ready, so we went without him • She wanted to pass, so she decided to study well As since Cả As Since lý cho việc hành động đó, với cách dùng tương tự • As he wasn’t ready, we went without him • Since she wanted to pass her exam, she decided to study well Lưu ý: Mệnh đề Since As đứng riêng lẻ câu Because Because thường dùng để đưa thông tin mà người đọc/người nghe chưa biết, nhấn mạnh vào lý Khi lý phần quan trọng câu, mệnh đề because thường đứng cuối câu • We had dinner after ten o’ clock because dad arrived late • He bought a new home because he won a lottery • I read because I like reading Mệnh đề Because đứng • Why are you crying? Because John hit me For Ta thường sử dụng mệnh đề Forkhi muốn đưa thông tin Mệnh đề For thường diễn đạt ngun nhân mang tính suy diễn( việc xảy việc kia) Nó khơng thể đứng đầu câu đứng • I decided to consult a doctor for I was feeling bad • Something certainly fell ill; for I heard a splash • All precautions must have been neglected, for the epidemic spread rapidly BÀI TẬP Choose A, B, C or D that best completes each unfinished sentence Mai worked hard , she passed her exam a so b although c because d though _ she was very tired , she helped her brother with his homework a Because b whether c Although c so It’s raining hard , _ we can’t go to the beach a or b but c so d though Nam was absent from class yesterday he felt sick a so b because c although d but Tom has a computer , _ he doesn’t use it a or b as because d but The boy can’t reach the shelf he’s not tall enough a because b although c even though d and The film was boring we went home a so b when c but c if The girl bought the shoes _ they are very expensive a but b if c so d although He used to smoke a lot now he doesn’t smoke any more a still b therefore c but d as 10 She couldn’t unlock it she had the wrong key a while b but c though d because 11 it rained , the boys played football a Even b Even though c However d In spite of 12 It was still painful , I went to see a doctor a so b however c but d or 13 Lan likes oranges _ her sister doesn’t a but b as c so because 14 Nam failed the final exam _ he was lazy a while b though c.because d but 15 He’s tired _ he stayed up late watching TV a and b or c if d since 16 Jim can speak English _ French fluently a also b but also c and d so 17 _ the traffic , I arrived on time a Though b Although b Even though d In spite of 18 they live near us , we can see them very often a So b As c Though d Even 19 I was really tired , I couldn’t sleep a If b Although c While D However 20 We watched TV the whole evening we had nothing better to a because b though c so d but 21 It’s cheap _ I don’t like it a and b because c so d however 22 it was late , I decided to phone Brian a Despite b However c In spite of d Though 23 The little boy was hungry he ate nothing a although b so c but d and 24 the car was cheap , it was in good condition a Although b Because c As d If 25 tomorow is a public holiday , all the shops will be shut a As b Just as c Although d When 26 She came in _ turned on the radio a so b and c or d but 27 We didn’t go for a walk _ it was very cold a though b because c but d so 28 I tried to persuade her , I didn’t succeed a Because b So c Although d However 29 Lan woke up late _ she didn’t have time for breakfast a so b since c as d though 30 I like fish I don’t like catching them myself a or b but c so d and 31 He had an accident he was careful a even though b because c so d since 32 _ it was raining , I went swimming a So b Because c However d Although 33 Ann felt ill , she insisted on going to work a though b so c and d but 34 _ I felt tired , I went to bed early a Although b So c As d However 35 _ he’s got an English name , he is German a Although b However c Because d Since 36 They decided not to go out for a meal _ they were too tired a so b because c but d if 37 We were the better team we lost the match a so b and c but d because 38 Keith decided to give up his job I advised him not to a because b however c although d since 39 we were in town , we often met him a For b Although C So d When 40 She didn’t get the job she had all the necessary qualifications a because b although c so d but 41 I could not eat I was very hungry a even though b in spite c despite d in spite the fact that 42 In pite _ , the baseball game was not cancelled a the rain b of the rain c it was raining d there was a rain 43 he had enough money , he refused to buy a new car a In spite b In spite of c Despite d Although 44 , he walked to the station a Despite being tired b Although to be tired c In spite being tired d Despite tired 45 The children slept well , despite _ a it was noise b the noise c of the noise d noisy 46 She left him she still loved him a even if b even though c in spite of d despite 47 _ her lack of hard work , she was promoted a In spite b Even though c in spite of d despite of 48 _ they are brothers, they not look like a Although b Even c Despite d In spite of 49 We are concerned with the problem of energy resouces we must also think of our environment a despite b though c as though d but 50 some Japanese women are successful in business , the majority of Japanese companies are run by men a But b Even if c If d As though 51 The team played on in spite of the rain a even if b if c in case d despite 52 ………… the storm, the ship couldn’t reach its destination on time A In case of B In spite ofC Because of D But for 52 He was offered the job ……… he had no experience A even though B despiteC while D however 53 We postponed the picnic ……………………… A because it is raining heavily B because of the raining heavily heavily rain it was D because it was raining heavily C because the 54 ……… her severe pain, she tried to walk to the auditorium to attend the lecture A Although B Despite C though D In spite 55 She went to bed early ……… she felt tired A although B despite C because D because of 56 I couldn’t read the letter ……… the darkness A despite B in spite of C because of D because 57 The boys were punished he made many mistakes A in spite of B because C even though D as if 58 the liberation of women, women can take part in social activities A Because B Thanks to C While D As 59 Despite feeling cold, we kept walking A Although we felt cold, but we kept walking B Although we felt cold, we kept walking C However cold we felt, but we kept walking D However we felt cold, we kept walking 60 She decided to leave her job in the company she could earn a lot of money there A because B although C despite D since 61 The children laughed a lot because of the funny story A The children laughed because the story is funny B The children laughed because of the story funny C The children laughed because it was funny D The children laughed because the story was funny 62 Although he took a taxi, Bill still arrived late for the concert A Bill arrived late for the concert because he takes a taxi B Bill arrived late for the concert because of the taxi C In spite of taking a taxi, Bill arrived late for the concert D Although Bill took a taxi he can’t come to the concert on time 63 The flight was delayed the fog A in spite of B because of C though D since 64 Hong didn’t participate in the contest her lack of confidence A because B because of C since D despite 65 He hid that letter in a draw no one could read it A so that B because C although D in spite of 66 Tom was unable to see anything, he knew some one was in his room A Because B In case C If D Even though 67 other workers’ constant objection, the director dismissed the worker A Because B Because of C Although D In spite of 68 The mother got angry because A her son behaved badly B her son's bad behavior C her son will behave badly D her son bad behaving 69 He lost his job his laziness A due to B in spite of C despite D because 70 She is looking for a new job she is tired of doing a routine job day after day A since B as C because D all are correct Câu tường thuật - tập Các thay đổi nội dung 1)Thay đổi người: Trong sách văn phạm người ta thường nói : ngơi thứ đổi thành gì, ngơi thứ hai đổi thành … Thật tình mà nói q trình giảng dạy tơi thấy nhiều em hồn tồn không hiểu khái niệm “ thứ nhất” “ thứ hai” ! Từ “thực tế phủ phàng” thống khơng dùng khái niệm “ngơi” ngiếc hết, mà em cần nhớ “câu thần chú” đủ: TÔI đổi thành NGƯỜI NĨI BẠN đổi thành NGƯỜI NGHE TƠI em phải hiểu bao gồm tất đại từ mà dịch tiếng việt có chữ TƠI ,bao gồm : I : tơi (chủ từ), my : tôi, me : (túc từ) Tương tự chữ BẠN vậy, bao gồm : you : bạn (chủ từ), your : bạn, you : bạn (túc từ) Lưu ý đổi thành người nghe hay người nói em phải dùng đại từ không lặp lại tên hay danh từ Ví dụ: My mother said to me “ I will give you a present.” I : => người nói : my mother khơng để mà phải đổi thành đại từ, mẹ tơi phụ nữ - chủ từ nên đổi thành she You : bạn => người nghe : me Cuối ta có : My mother said to me she would give me a present Các em xem bảng đại từ Bảng đại từ Chủ từ Túc từ Của Nghĩa I Me My Tôi You You Your Bạn, bạn She Her Her Cô ấy, He Him His Anh We Us Our Chúng tơi, It It Its Nó They Them Their Họ, chúng Câu tường thuật - tập 2)Thay đổi thời gian: Now => then Tomorrow => the next day / the following day Next => the next Yesterday => the day before / the previous day Ago => before Last + thời điểm => the + thời điểm before 3)Thay đổi nơi chốn: Here => there This => that These => those 4)Thay đổi thì: Nếu động từ tường thuật bên ngồi dấu ngoặc q khứ thuật lại lời nói ngoặc ta phải giảm Thơng thường lớp học sách em dạy thì phải giảm thành gì, ví dụ giảm thành khứ Tuy nhiên cách có hạn chế phải học thuộc cơng thức giảm thành gì, chưa kể gặp câu khơng biết gọi thì em bí ! sau Thầy cho em cách giảm theo cơng thức nhất, khơng cần biết tên Giảm lấy động từ gần chủ từ giảm xuống cột Ví dụ cột giảm thành cột 2, ( động từ bất qui tắc thêm ed), cột giảm thành cột ( riêng cột khơng đứng nên phải thêm had phía trước ) Ví dụ: she is => she was She goes => she went ( cột go went ) She went => she had gone ( gone cột nên phải thêm had vào phía trước gone ) She will be => she would be ( cần lấy động từ gần chủ từ will để giảm khơng lấy be ) F XY Các trường hợp sau khơng giảm thì: - Chân lý, thật - Trong câu có năm xác định - Thì khứ hoàn thành - Câu thuộc cấu trúc giảm ( Sau: as if, as though, if only, wish, it's high time, would rather, câu điều kiện loại 2, ) BÀI câu tường thuật Trong em học cách làm dạng câu tường thuật Khi làm em phân biệt loại thay đổi : - Thay đổi bản: Là thay đổi - Thay đổi cấu trúc: Là thay đổi liên quan đến cấu trúc câu chủ từ, động từ v v Ở mức độ bản, câu tường thuật chia làm loại sau: 1) Câu phát biểu : Là loại câu nói bình thường : “ I am a student” , “She didn’t like dogs” Cách làm: Đối với loại câu ta cần áp dụng Thay đổi mà Ví dụ: Mary said:” I will study in this school next year” => Mary said she would study in that school the following year 2) Câu mệnh lệnh: Là loại câu u cầu người khác làm đó, cách nhận dạng câu mệnh lệnh là: Đầu câu là: - Động từ nguyên mẫu - Don’t - Can you - Could you - Would you - Would you mind Please ( please cuối câu) Cách làm: Áp dụng cơng thức sau: Người nói asked / told + người nghe (not) to inf Nếu có don’t ta dùng not Lưu ý câu mệnh lệnh, thiết phải có người nghe việc tìm người nghe vấn đề mà em cần biết: Các bước tìm người nghe từ dễ đến khó sau: Đối câu mà đề người ta cho sẵn : việc lấy mà sử dụng Ví dụ: Mary said to Tom :”……” Đối với câu người nghe để cuối câu: (phải có dấu phẩy trước người nghe) : ta việc đem lên mà sử dụng: Ví dụ: “Give me the book, Mary “said the man => The man told Mary to give him the book Trong trường hợp chữ : mum , dad phải đổi thành sở hửu + mother / father Các danh từ : boy, girl vv phải thêm the phía trước Ví dụ: “Please give me some money, Mum “said the boy - The boy told his mother to give him some money “Don’t stay here, boys” the man said => The man told the boys not to stay there - Đối với câu khơng có người nghe bên ngồi ngoặc cuối câu khơng nhắc đến ta xem trước người nói có sở hửu khơng, có ta lấy sở hửu làm ngườì nghe Ví dụ: His mother said " " Thấy có sở hửu his ( mẹ anh => người nghe anh : him ) => His mother told him - Trường hợp xem xét cách mà chưa tìm người nghe ta dùng me (tôi) làm người nghe 3) Câu hỏi YES / NO: Là dạng câu hỏi có động từ đặc biệt trợ động từ do, does, did đầu câu Cách làm: - Đổi sang câu thường Nếu câu có động từ đặc biệt đầu câu chuyển sau chủ từ “Can he go?” => he can go Nếu trợ động từ do, does, did đầu câu bỏ ( động từ chia trở lại) - “Does he go?” => he goes Thêm IF/ WHETHER đầu câu Ví dụ: Mary asked Tom: ”Are you a student?” => đổi sang câu thường cách đem are sau chủ từ: "you are a student" => Mary asked Tom if / whether he was a student 4) Câu hỏi WH: Là câu hỏi có chữ hỏi HOW, WHAT, WHEN…… đầu câu Cách làm: - Đổi sang câu thường Giống câu hỏi YES / NO khơng thêm if / whether Ví dụ: She said to me:” what time you go to school?” - She asked me what time I went to school BÀI câu tường thuật Ứng dụng câu tường thuật cấp độ Qua trên, em nắm lý thuyết câu tường thuật cấp độ Để em hiểu rõ học trước làm quen với cấp độ nâng cao, làm số tập sau nhé: 1) Mary said to Tom “ I want to tell you that I don’t like your brother” Mary said to Tom “ I want to tell you that I don’t like your brother” Đây dạng câu phát biểu, em thay đổi cấu trúc mà ý đến thay đổi bản; chữ màu hồng có nghĩa “tơi’ “bạn” nên phải đổi; chữ màu xanh động từ đứng gần chủ từ nên phải giảm thì: I : tơi ( chủ từ) = người nói ( Mary) phụ nữ => đổi thành she You : bạn (túc từ) = người nghe ( Tom) nam => him Your : bạn ( sở hửu ) = người nghe ( Tom) nam => his CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI ,2,3 Type Forms Usage If + S + V(s,es), S+ V(s,es)/câu mệnh lệnh If + S + V(s,es), S + Will/Can/shall + Vo Đk xảy hiẹn ỏ tương lai If + S + V2/ Ved, S +would/ Could/ Should + Vo Đk khơng có thật If + S + Had + V3/Ved, S + would/ could + have + V3/Ved Đk khơng có thật q khứ Đk kết hợp If + S + had + V3/Ved, S + would + Vo Loại câu điều kiện tiếng anh (1) Câu điều kiện loại I Khái niệm câu điều kiện loại • Câu điều kiện loại I gọi câu điều kiện có thực • Điều kiện xảy tương lai Cấu trúc - Công thức câu điều kiện loại If + S + V (hiện tại), S + will + V (nguyên mẫu) IF + Chủ ngữ + Động từ chia đơn + Bổ ngữ, Chủ ngữ + WILL + Động từ nguyên mẫu + Bổ ngữ (nếu có) Nói cách khác, câu điều kiện loại 1, mệnh đề IF dùng đơn, mệnh đề dùng tương lai đơn • Chủ ngữ chủ ngữ trùng Bổ ngữ khơng có, tùy ý nghĩa câu Mệnh đề IF mệnh đề đứng trước hay sau • Trong câu điều kiện loại I, động từ mệnh đề điều kiện chia đơn, động từ mệnh đề chia tương lai đơn Ví dụ: If you come into my garden, my dog will bite you (Nếu anh vào vườn tơi, chó tơi cắn anh đó.) If it is sunny, I will go fishing (Nếu trời nắng tốt, câu cá.) Cách dùng câu điều kiện loại 1: Câu điều kiện loại gọi câu điều kiện có thật Ta sử dụng câu điều kiện loại để đặt điều kiện thực nêu kết xảy ngữ pháp tiếng anh (2) Câu điều kiện loại II Khái niệm câu điều kiện loại 2: • Câu điều kiện loại II gọi câu điều kiện khơng có thực • Điều kiện xảy tương lai, điều kiện giả thiết, ước muốn trái ngược với thực trạng Cấu trúc câu điều kiện loại If + S + V (quá khứ), S + would + V (nguyên mẫu) - Trong câu điều kiện loại II, động từ mệnh đề điều kiện chia bang thái cách (past subjunctive), động từ mệnh đề chia điều kiện (simple conditional) Chú ý: Bàng thái cách (Past subjunctive) hình thức chia động từ giống hệt khư đơn, riêng động từ “to be” dùng “were” cho tất ngơi Ví dụ: • If I were a bird, I would be very happy (Nếu chim, hạnh phúc.) Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 3: Had + S + V3/Ved, S + Would have + V3/Ved • If he had trained hard, he would have won the match => Had he trained hard, he would have won the match If not = Unless - Unless thường dùng câu điều kiện - lúc Unless = If not Ví dụ: • Unless we start at once, we will be late • If we don't start at once we will be late • Unless you study hard, you won't pass the exams • If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exams Một số biến thể câu điều kiện: Sau biến thể có cụm động từ vế câu điều kiện loại I: GIẢ ĐỊNH CÓ THẬT (Real conditions) LOẠI I A Biến thể cụm động từ mệnh đề (main clause) - Đối với trường hợp muốn nhấn mạnh tính xảy việc If + present simple, may/might + V-inf Ex If the weather gets worse, the flight may/might be delayed - Đối với trường hợp thể đồng ý, cho phép, gợi ý If + present simple, may/can + V-inf Ex If it stops raining, we can go out - Đối với câu gợi ý, khuyên răn, đề nghị yêu cầu nhấn mạnh hành động If + present simple, would like to/must/have to/should + V-inf Ex If you go to the library today, I would like to go with you If you want to lose weight, you should some exercise - Đối với trường hợp muốn diễn tả hậu tất yếu điều kiện đặt theo quy luật thói quen If + present simple, present simple Ex If you eat this poisonous fruit, you die at once If you boil water, it turns to vapor - Đối với trường hợp xảy tương lai nhấn mạnh trạng thái diễn ra/hoàn thành việc If + present simple, future continuous/future perfect Ex If we leave Hanoi for Hue today, we shall be staying in Hue tomorrow If you your home work right now, you will have finished it in hours' time - Đối với câu mệnh lệnh (chủ ngữ ẩn mệnh đề chính) If + present simple, (do not) V-inf Ex If you are hungry, go to a restaurant If you feel cold, don't open the door - Đối với câu khuyên răn, trường hợp không thực câu điều kiện "if" mang nghĩa "as, since, because" If + present simple, why (not) + V-inf Ex If you like the movie, why don't you go to the cinema? B Biến thể cụm động từ mệnh đề điều kiện (if-clause) - Đối với trường hợp xảy If + present continuous, simple future Ex If he is working, I won't disturb him If you are doing exercises, I shall wait If I am playing a nice game, don't put me to bed.(tương đương simple future) - Đối với trường hợp không thời gian điều kiện có thật mà nhấn mạnh tính hồn tất If + present perfect, simple future Ex If you have finished your homework, I shall ask for your help - Đối với câu gợi ý nhấn mạnh điều kiện If + would like to + V-inf, will/can/must/nothing + V-inf Ex If you would like to go to the library today, I can/will go with you - Đối với câu đề nghị, gợi ý, bày tỏ ý kiến mang tính lịch If + can/may/must/have to/should/be going to + V-inf, simple future Ex If I can help you, I will If I may get into the room now, I shan't feel cold If I must/have to take the oral test, I shall feel afraid If you are going to go to University, you must study hard before an entrance examination If you should see her tomorrow, please tell her to phone me at once (tương đương probably) Lưu ý: Trong câu "if + subject + should + V-inf.", should đưa lên đầu câu thay "if" Should + V-inf., simple future Ex Should you see him on the way home from work, please tell him to call on me Tương tự vậy, ta có số biến thể phổ biến cụm động từ GIẢ ĐỊNH KHƠNG CĨ THỰC (unreal conditions loại II III), tuỳ vào việc muốn nhấn mạnh trạng thái diễn tiến hay hoàn thành việc mệnh đề điều kiện việc mệnh đề LOẠI II A Mệnh đề (main clause) - If + past simple, would/should/could/might/had to/ought to + be V-ing Ex If we left Hanoi for Hue this morning, we would be staying in Hue tomorrow - If + past simple, past simple (việc xảy ra) Ex If the goalkeeper didn't catch the ball, they lost - If + past simple, would be + V-ing Ex If I were on holiday with him, I would/might be touring Italy now - If dùng "as, since, because" kết hợp với động từ nhiều khác mệnh đề khơng thực câu điều kiện Ex If you knew her troubles, why didn't you tell me? B Mệnh đề phụ (if-clause) - If + past continuous, would/could + V-inf Ex If we were studying English in London now, we could speak English much better - If + past perfect, would/could + V-inf Ex If you had taken my advice, you would be a millionaire now LOẠI III A Mệnh đề (main clause) - If + past perfect, could/might + present perfect Ex If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life - If + past perfect, present perfect continuous Ex If you had left Hanoi for Haiphong last Saturday, you would have been swimming in Doson last Sunday - If + past perfect, would + V-inf Ex If she had followedmy advice, she would be richer now If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would be better now B Mệnh đề phụ (if-clause) - If + past perfect continuous, would + present perfect Ex If it hadn't been raining the whole week, I would have finished the laundry Các trường hợp dùng "wish" tương tự, chia làm loại, cách dùng bạn NHH nói có số biến thể tương tự Đối với trường hợp "if" sử dụng liên từ dùng để bắt đầu mệnh đề phụ trạng ngữ điều kiện thời gian, lúc "if = when" Vậy "if" "when" khác nào? - WHEN: dùng diễn tả điều chắn xảy Ex I am going to some shopping today When I go shopping, I'll buy you some coffee - IF: dùng diễn tả điều khơng chắn (có thể không thể) xảy tương lai Ex I may go shopping today If I go shopping, I'll buy you some coffee Lưu ý: Động từ mệnh đề phụ trạng ngữ bắt đầu "when" "if" present simple hành động xảy tương lai Ex When/If he arrives tomorrow, I'll tell him about it Bài tập thực hành Câu Điều Kiện REVISION OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES I- Choose the most suitable tense 1- I can’t understand what he sees in her! If anyone treats / will treat / treated me like that, I am / will be / would be extremely angry 2- If you help / helped me with this exercise, I will / would the same for you one day 3- According to the timetable, if the train leaves / left on time, we will / would arrive at 5.30 4- If it is / will be fine tomorrow, we go / will go to the coast 5- If we find / found a taxi, we will get / would get there before the play starts 6- It’s quite simple really If you take / will take / took these tablets every day, then you lose / will lose / lost / would lose weight 7- I don’t like this flat I think I will be / I am / I’d be happier if I lived / live / will live /would live in a house in the country 8- I can’t play football, but I’m sure that if I will / / did, I play / will play / would play a lot better than anyone in this awful team 9- I phone / will phone / phone you tonight, are you / will you be / would you be in? 10- Why didn’t you tell me? – If you told / had told me, I had / would have helped you 11- If Bill didn’t stea l/ hadn’t stolen the car, he weren’t / wouldn’t be / hadn’t been in prison now 12- If Ann weren’t driving / didn’t drive / hadn’t driven so fast, her car didn’t crash /wouldn’t crash / wouldn’t have crashed into a tree 13- Let me give some advice If you smoked / would smoke / had smoked less, you didn’t feel / wouldn’t feel / wouldn’t have felt tired 14- What bad luck! If Alan didn’t fall / hadn’t fallen / wouldn’t fall over, he won / would win / would have won the race 15- If you invited/had invited me last week, I was able/had been able/would have been able to come 16- I’m sure your letter hasn’t arrived yet If it came/had come, I’m sure I noticed/hadnoticed/would have noticed it 17- We have a suggestion to make How you feel/would you feel if we offered/would offer/had offered you the job of assistant manager 18- If you lent/had lent us the money, we paid/would pay/had paid you back next week 19- I wish Peter doesn’t live/didn’t live/wouldn’t live so far away from the town center We’ll have to take a taxi 20- I feel rather cold I wish I brought/had brought my pullover with me 21- I wish you tell/had told/told me about the test I haven’t done my revision 22- I’m sorry I missed your birthday party I really wish I come/came/had come/wouldcome 23- I like my new boss but I wish she gave/would give/could give me some more responsibility 24- Having a lovely time in Brighton, I wish you are/were/had been here Love, Mary 25- A cheque is all right, but I’d rather you pay/paid me cash 26- If only I have/had/would have a screwdriver with me 27- If you want to catch the last train, it’s time you leave/left 28- I’d rather you don’t tell/didn’t tell anyone about our conversation 29- It’s high time you learn/learned to look after yourself 30- Jean thinks that everyone likes her If only she knows/knew what people say behind her back II- Put each verb in bracket into a suitable tense 1- It’s a pity you missed the party If you (come)…….you (meet)………… my friend from Hungary 2- If we (have)…… some tools, we (be)……….able to repair the car, but we haven’t had any with us 3- Thank you for your help If you (not help)………me, I (not pass)……….the examination 4- It’s a beautiful house, and I (buy)……….it if I (have)………the money, but I can’t afford it 5- I can’t imagine what I (do)……… with the money if I (win) ……….the football pools or a lottery 6- Mark isn’t a serious athlete If he (train)…………harder, he (be)…….quite a good runner 7- If Claire (listen)………to her mother, she (not marry)……….David in the first place 8- It rained every day in our holiday If we (not take)……… the TV with us, we (not have) anything to 9- Jim is so untidy! If he (buy)………some new clothes, he (not look) so bad 10- I wish I(have)…… the money to buy some new clothes, but I can’t afford it at the moment 11- I wish the government (do)………something about the air pollution in this city 12- I’m getting really soaked! I wish I (not forget)……… my umbrella 13- That was a lovely meal, but I wish I (not eat) ……….so much 14- Come on children! It’s time you (be)……… in bed 15- Actually, I’d rather you (not smoke)……… in here 16- Suppose you (see)……… a ghost, what would you do? 17- I’m so annoyed about my car accident If only I (be)………… more careful! 18- I’d rather you (not put)………your coffee on the top of the book V- Choose the best option 1- It would have been a much more serious accident……… fast at the time A- had she been driving B- was she driving C- she had driven D- she drove 2- Can I borrow your car for this evening? – Sure, but Nora’s using it right now If she … it back, you are welcome to borrow it A- brought B- would bring C- will bring D- brings 3- I didn’t get home until well after midnight last night Otherwise, I…… your call A- returned B- had returned C- would return D- would have returned 4- If energy………inexpensive and unlimited, many things in the world would be different A- is B- will be C- were D- would be 5- We……… the game if we’d had a few more minutes A_ might have won B- won C- had won D- will win 6- I………Alan with me if I had known you and he didn’t get along with each other A_ hadn’t brought C- wouldn’t have brought B- didn’t bring D- won’t bring 7- The lecturer last night didn’t know what he was talking about, but if Dr Mason………, I would have listened carefully A- had been lecturing B- was lecturing C- would lecture D- lectured 8- If you………to my advice in the first place, you wouldn’t be in this mess right now A- listen B- will listen C- had listened D- listened 9- ………… interested in that subject, I would try to learn more about it A- Were I B- Should I C- I was D- If I am 10- If I………the same problems you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have A- have B- would have C- had had D- should have 11- I…………you sooner had someone told me you were in hospital A- would have visited B- visited C- had visited D- visit C- I have needed D- I should 12- ……….more help, I could call my neighbor A- Needed need B- Should I need 13- ……… then what I know today, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years A- Had I known know B- Did I know C- If I know D- If I would 14- I didn’t know you were asleep Otherwise, I………… so much noise when I came in A- didn’t make B- wouldn’t have made c- won’t make D- don’t make 15- When I stopped talking, Sam finished my sentence for me as though he………… my mind A- would read D- had read C- reads D- can read 16- If you………., I would have brought my friends over to your house this evening to watch TV, but I didn’t want to bother you A- had studied B- studied C- hadn’t been studying D- didn’t study 17- I wish I……… you some money for your rent, but I’m broke myself A- can lend B- could lend C- would lend D- will lend 18- “Are you lost?” – “I think so I wish we……… the map with us today.” A- were bringing B- brought C- had brought D- would bring 19- If I weren’t working for an accounting firm, I………… in a bank A- work working B- will work C- have worked D- would be 20- What……… today if you hadn’t come here this weekend?” – “I guess I’d be putting on extra hours at my office.” A- did you - can you C- will you be doing D- would you be doing ... played on in spite of the rain a even if b if c in case d despite 52 ………… the storm, the ship couldn’t reach its destination on time A In case of B In spite ofC Because of D But for 52 He was offered... fog A in spite of B because of C though D since 64 Hong didn’t participate in the contest her lack of confidence A because B because of C since D despite 65 He hid that letter in a draw... though B despiteC while D however 53 We postponed the picnic ……………………… A because it is raining heavily B because of the raining heavily heavily rain it was D because it was raining heavily C because