In prostate tests PSA what is the difference between total PSA and free PSA? What is the normal range? In addition, how can it be that if there is ANY prostate specific antigen in the blood that there is no prostate cancer? Doesn’t the existence of any PSA means that the body is reacting with antibodies against cancerous cells in the prostate. PSA starts out in the fluid that carries sperm. PSA is a protein normally made in the prostate gland in ductal cells. These cells make some of the semen that comes out of the penis during sexual climax (orgasm). PSA helps to keep the semen liquid. PSA is measured by nanograms per millimeter of blood. Most men have under 4 nanograms. Anything higher can indicate prostate cancer. PSA traveling alone is called free PSA. The free-PSA test measures the percentage of unbound PSA. Rather than subject everyone with an elevated PSA to a biopsy, some urologists measure free PSA in patients with a total PSA level between 4 ng/ml and 10 ng/ml. A PSA level of 4 to 10 ng/ml is considered slightly elevated levels between 10 and 20 ng/ml are considered moderately elevated; and anything above that is considered highly elevated. The presence of PSA does not necessarily mean that the body is reacting against cancer cells Other conditions can affect PSA: * Prostatitis and Lower Urinary Tract symptoms (LUTS) can elevate PSA * BPH (benign hypertrophy or enlargment of the prostate) can elevate PSA * Prostate cancer (PCa) often elevates PSA but not always. Some of the most aggressive types of prostate cancer do NOT make or "leak" high levels of PSA. Prostatitis and BPH are much commoner than prostate cancer. Source(s):http://cancer.about.com/od/prostatecance… http://www.harvardprostateknowledge.org/… http://www.psa-rising.com/med/info/psa.h… PSA is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland. The most frequently used PSA - prostate-specific antigen test - is the total PSA, which measures the sum of the free PSA and the cPSA (complex or bound) in the blood. When a doctor orders a “PSA test,” he is referring to a total PSA. When the prostate gland enlarges, PSA levels in the blood tend to rise. PSA levels can rise due to cancer or benign (non cancerous) conditions. Because PSA is produced by the body and can be used to detect disease, it is sometimes called a biological marker or tumour marker. The PSA level that is considered normal for an average man ranges from 0 to 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml). A PSA level of 4 to 10 ng/ml is considered slightly elevated; levels between 10 and 20 ng/ml are considered moderately elevated; and anything above that is considered highly elevated. The higher a man's PSA level, the more likely it is that cancer is present. But because various factors can cause PSA levels to fluctuate, one abnormal PSA test does not necessarily indicate a need for other diagnostic tests. When PSA levels continue to rise over time, other tests may be indicated. A man should discuss elevated PSA test results with his doctor. There are many possible reasons for an elevated PSA level, including prostate cancer, The difference between courageous and crazy is often The difference between courageous and crazy is often Bởi: Joe Tye “Unless you are willing to take risks, you will suffer paralyzing inhibitions, and you will never what you are capable of doing Mistakes – missteps – are necessary for actualizing your vision, and necessary steps toward success.” Warren Bennis: On Becoming a Leader I had my nose broken twice when I was in high school The first time was when the school bully – who was quite a bit bigger and stronger than me – challenged me to a fight When we got to the alley after school, there was already a crowd waiting for the spectacle – including some of the prettiest girls in the school I had psyched myself up – it was going to be Rocky versus Apollo Creed, the Wild Hogs taking on the outlaw motorcycle gang Of course scenes like that usually only happen in the movies I never saw the hard straight right that connected with the tip of my nose, but was later told that it made a memorable sound Two years later I was working out at the gym of the military base where my Dad was stationed I’d gotten pretty good at working the speed bag If you’re not familiar with how such things work, you hit them but they don’t hit back I’d gotten sufficiently proficient that I thought I was ready for something that would I should have known it was a mistake when the midshipman I entered the ring with was wearing real boxing shorts instead of the high school issue grey gym shorts I had on This time it was a stiff left jab that did the trick on my nose (A left jab! Can you imagine the humiliation of being knocked out by a left jab? It was only later than I learned my “sparring partner” was the base welterweight boxing champ that year.) Before each fight I had people comment on how courageous I was, but in retrospect I was crazy to have accepted either challenge (the word stupid also comes to mind) After graduation from the Stanford business school in 1985, most of my classmates when on to lucrative careers in business, consulting, and banking With no money in the bank and a mountain of debt, I started a nonprofit organization called STAT (Stop Teenage Addiction to Tobacco) to take on the white collar drug pusher of Philip Morris 1/2 The difference between courageous and crazy is often and RJ Reynolds It was a lost cause, and everyone thought I was crazy for doing it (including me) But, as Jimmy Stewart memorably said in the movie Mr Smith Goes to Washington, lost causes are the only ones worth fighting for Over the next ten years, STAT made important contributions to preventing the illegal sale of tobacco to minors and outlawing cigarette vending machines, and to the demise of the Marlboro Man and Camel Joe and to surreptitious paid cigarette advertising in movies made for kids I am now proud to have been one of a small group of men and women who took on a lost cause and brought about one of the most profound societal changes in the history of this country – the eradication of toxic cigarette smoke from public places and outlawing of the tobacco industry’s most egregious efforts to recruit children to be their next generation of addicted customers The Difference between Crazy and Courageous Anyone who has ever quit a day job to start their own business has heard the word “crazy” applied to their decision You often hear the figure that of every 10 new businesses fail within five years Even if that figure were accurate (it’s not), it’s not true Businesses not fail, owners quit The difference between crazy and courageous is often evident only in retrospect Win the fight and you were courageous, lose the fight and you were crazy Close the doors of your new business and you were crazy to have quit the day job Make one more call, work one more late night, whatever it takes to make I through one more day so you can try again tomorrow, endure one more sleepless night worried about how you will survive what marketing guru Seth Godin calls “the dip” in his book of that name, and someday they will remark on your courage Courage isn’t stepping through the ropes into the ring so much as it is getting back up after you’ve been knocked down Courage is working your way through the slump, and finding a way over or through the brick wall if you can’t smash through it 2/2 Genome Biology 2006, 7:203 comment reviews reports deposited research interactions information refereed research Minireview Where is the difference between the genomes of humans and annelids? Alexei Fedorov* † and Larisa Fedorova* Addresses: *Department of Medicine and † Program in Bioinformatics and Proteomics/Genomics, Medical University of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43614, USA. Correspondence: Alexei Fedorov. Email: afedorov@meduohio.edu Abstract The first systematic investigation of an annelid genome has revealed that the genes of the marine worm Platynereis dumerilii are more closely related to those of vertebrates than to those of insects or nematodes. For hundreds of millions of years vertebrates have preserved exon-intron structures descended from their last common ancestor with the annelids. Published: 1 February 2006 Genome Biology 2006, 7:203 (doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-1-203) The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at http://genomebiology.com/2006/7/1/203 © 2006 BioMed Central Ltd Among the millions of invertebrate species, the genomes of insects (particularly fruit flies of the genus Drosophila) and nematodes (from the genus Caenorhabditis) have come under the closest scrutiny. Now it is time for annelids - the segmented worms - to reveal their DNA sequences and gene structures. Last November, Raible and co-authors reported in Science the initial investigation of 30 genes from the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii [1]. And it revealed a big surprise. The sequences of the annelid proteins were found to be more closely related to their human orthologs than to the insect and nematode orthologs. Moreover, among the species compared, the exon-intron structure of P. dumerilii genes was also most similar to that of humans: the human and the marine worm genomes have the highest number of introns per gene (7.8 for annelid and 8.4 for human and other mammalian genes) and more than 60% of annelid introns divide protein-coding sequences at exactly the same positions as human introns. By comparison, insects have 2.4 to 5.4 introns per gene and the plant repre- sentative Arabidopsis thaliana has 4.4, whereas fungi have the broadest spread from 0.0075 to 6.8 [2]. Thus, as far as shared introns are concerned, P. dumerilii is more similar to humans than to any insect or nematode. The similarities in intron numbers and positions between P. dumerilii and humans does not imply that annelids should be combined with the vertebrates into a sister clade and distanced from nematodes and insects. Despite known uncertainties in the exact positioning of the segmented worms on the animal evolution tree (reviewed in [3]), nobody has ever grouped annelids with vertebrates. Molecular evolu- tion is an intricate nonlinear process that can be interpreted in many different ways and it cannot be inferred from a set of equations. Conflicting facts and opposing opinions are common in the field and several alternative phylogenetic trees have been proposed for the animal kingdom. In their short article, Raible et al. [1] present only one animal phy- logeny, whereas a subsequent comment by Kumar and Hedges [4] in Cell points out other well-recognized possible alternative relationships between flies, worms and humans. There has been a long and fierce debate about the phyloge- netic relationships between arthropods, nematodes and ver- tebrates [5]. The ‘Ecdysozoa hypothesis’ groups arthropods and nematodes into a monophyletic clade and distances them from the vertebrates. The alternative ‘Coelomata hypothesis’ considers arthropods to be more closely related to the vertebrates than to the nematodes. We are still very far from resolving this dilemma. Even the whole-genome phylo- genetic analyses of Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans and humans have not brought much clarity because, depending on the algorithms used, support can be found for both the Coelomata hypothesis [6] and the Ecdysozoa hypothesis [7]. Undoubtedly, the THE PRESENTATIO N The difference between Saigon and Hanoi - The presentation has 5 parts: 1 – ROAD 2 – THE WEATHER 3 – FOOD AND DRINK 4 – LEMON TEA AND SIDEWALK COFFE 5 – DAILY ACTIVITIES PART 1. ROAD IN HANOI IN SAIGON Hanoi is famous for old roads , small alleys and the houses cling filled with moss Besides. Ho Chi Minh is the biggest city in VietNam, is famous for a big buildings and giant malls - Traffic in Ho chi minh’s order than in Hanoi. Even during rush hour, or normal, cars and motorcycles are still going on right lane regulations. In HO CHI MINH ,Rarely have cases of cars jostle into the bike and motorcycles’s lane often in Hanoi Hanoi also go on the sidewalk but HCM is very little In HaNoi, the police did not allow you to turn right at the red light Ho Chi Minh you can do it at some cases and police will control at a rush hour In Hanoi, you can stand on a road to make a phonecall and talk freely without fear of anything If you do it in HO Chi Minh city … …… when you are being robbed not only lost phone,money… it is more dangerous to your body Be careful WEATHER PART 2 HA NOI Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level In winter months [...]...cold and dry usually cloudy and foggy and less rain IN SUMMER HOT , HUMID AND RAINY 1,680 millimetres of rainfall SAI GON THE RAINY THE DRY the rainy season Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Average rainfall of about 1,800 mm With an average humidity of 75% THE HEAVY RAIN AND HIGH TIDE In the dry season The average temperature is 28 °C The highest... soup HANOI Street food SAI GON - Ricepaper - Jackfruit and yogurt - Quail eggs , dry cow , dried - Fruit jelly , hột é , coconut milk , shrimp , dried deer , mango , sugar - Another fruit : Strawberry, kiwi, laksa leaves - Salt, chili sauce , lemon, peanut mango, grape… , onion HANOI : Salty and Sour SAIGON: Sweet and Spicy WHERE THEY EAT ??? In HANOI : At the sidewalk SAIGON: Indoor foodstore The fruit... culture of Saigon s own characteristic for a long time A part of the everyday life of Sai Gon’s people Drink sidewalk coffee become one of the habbits of Sai Gon people The biggest sidewalk coffee in Sai Gon : the 30/4 Park Because space was very cool and calm No tables, no chairs, seats are the sidewalk, the walkways under green trees The Saigonese love singing and music Coming here on the weekend... FOOD AND DRINK HA NOI - Wider noodles - More green onion - Garnish include : vinegar , fish sauce… - Youtiao , garlic PHỞ SAI GON - Sweeter , fresh herbs - variety in meat, broth , garnishes : bean sprouts , coriander, basil THE BREAKFAST BÚN CHẢ HANOI CƠM TẤM SAIGON - Grilled fatty pork - Spring rolls - White rice noodle and herbs - Grilled pork (either ribs or shredded) , bì - Cucumber, greens and. .. sidewalk SAIGON: Indoor foodstore The fruit trays for Tet In hanoi In Saigon HANOI SAIGON HANOI Drink SAI GON CAFE HANO I SAI GON AT NIGHT IN THE MORNING ICE CREAM Tofu Sweet tea Lemon Tea Sidewalk Cof fe PART 4 Lemon tea culture of Ha Noi young people Lemon tea habitation in Ha Noi Sitting at sidewalk to drink ,meeting friends Popular in the plastic chairs laying on sidewalk Small shops become characteristic... characteristic culture of Ha Noi Wearing slightly modern but a little bit nostalgic Difference in drinks : hot tea ,iced tea and lemon tea Sitting and drinking between cool air and tranquil views of a coner in ancient Ha Noi On sunny or rainy day , in summer or winter Many people think lemon ADJECTIVES VS ADVERBS Are the words in italics correct? If not, write the correct adjective or adverb Mr Smith is very polite He always opens the doors for ladies Why are you driving so fastly? The police is going to stop you Picasso’s paintings are all beautifully Jim speaks English good He makes few mistakes I cannot run very quickly I’m not very good at sports Janet speaks so loud because her husband can’t hear Sarah’s homework is well All of her answers are correct Tim plays chess badly He always loses James is a very badly boy For example, he pulls the girls’ hair 10 Most people don’t eat very healthy ADJECTIVES VS ADVERBS Are the words in italics correct? If not, write the correct adjective or adverb Mr Smith is very polite He always opens the doors for ladies Why are you driving so fastly? The police is going to stop you Picasso’s paintings are all beautifully Jim speaks English good He makes few mistakes I cannot run very quickly I’m not very good at sports Janet speaks so loud because her husband can’t hear Sarah’s homework is well All of her answers are correct Tim plays chess badly He always loses James is a very badly boy For example, he pulls the girls’ hair 10 Most people don’t eat very healthy In prostate tests PSA what is the difference between total PSA and free PSA? What is the normal range? In addition, how can it be that if there is ANY prostate specific antigen in the blood that there is no prostate cancer? Doesn’t the existence of any PSA means that the body is reacting with antibodies against cancerous cells in the prostate. PSA starts out in the fluid that carries sperm. PSA is a protein normally made in the prostate gland in ductal cells. These cells make some of the semen that comes out of the penis during sexual climax (orgasm). PSA helps to keep the semen liquid. PSA is measured by nanograms per millimeter of blood. Most men have under 4 nanograms. Anything higher can indicate prostate cancer. PSA traveling alone is called free PSA. The free-PSA test measures the percentage of unbound PSA. Rather than subject everyone with an elevated PSA to a biopsy, some urologists measure free PSA in patients with a total PSA level between 4 ng/ml and 10 ng/ml. A PSA level of 4 to 10 ng/ml is considered slightly elevated levels between 10 and 20 ng/ml are considered moderately elevated; and anything above that is considered highly elevated. The presence of PSA does not necessarily mean that the body is reacting against cancer cells Other conditions can affect PSA: * Prostatitis and Lower Urinary Tract symptoms (LUTS) can elevate PSA * BPH (benign hypertrophy or enlargment of the prostate) can elevate PSA * Prostate cancer (PCa) often elevates PSA but not always. Some of the most aggressive types of prostate cancer do NOT make or "leak" high levels of PSA. Prostatitis and BPH are much commoner than prostate cancer. Source(s):http://cancer.about.com/od/prostatecance… http://www.harvardprostateknowledge.org/… http://www.psa-rising.com/med/info/psa.h… PSA is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland. The most frequently used PSA - prostate-specific antigen test - is the total PSA, which measures the sum of the free PSA and the cPSA (complex or bound) in the blood. When a doctor orders a “PSA test,” he is referring to a total PSA. When the prostate gland enlarges, PSA levels in the blood tend to rise. PSA levels can rise due to cancer or benign (non cancerous) conditions. Because PSA is produced by the body and can be used to detect disease, it is sometimes called a biological marker or tumour marker. The PSA level that is considered normal for an average man ranges from 0 to 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml). A PSA level of 4 to 10 ng/ml is considered slightly elevated; levels between 10 and 20 ng/ml are considered moderately elevated; and anything above that is considered highly elevated. The higher a man's PSA level, the more likely it is that cancer is present. But because various factors can cause PSA levels to fluctuate, one abnormal PSA test does not necessarily indicate a need for other diagnostic tests. When PSA levels continue to rise over time, other tests may be indicated. A man should discuss elevated PSA test results with his doctor. There are many possible reasons for an elevated PSA level, including prostate cancer, The Difference Between Sex and Gender The Difference Between Sex and Gender Bởi: OpenStaxCollege While the biological differences between males and females are fairly straightforward, the social and cultural aspects of being a man or woman can be complicated (Photo courtesy of FaceMePLS/flickr) When filling out a document such as a job application or school registration form you are often asked to provide your name, ... The difference between crazy and courageous is often evident only in retrospect Win the fight and you were courageous, lose the fight and you were crazy Close the doors of your new business and. . .The difference between courageous and crazy is often and RJ Reynolds It was a lost cause, and everyone thought I was crazy for doing it (including me) But,... men and women who took on a lost cause and brought about one of the most profound societal changes in the history of this country – the eradication of toxic cigarette smoke from public places and