In prostate tests PSA what is the difference between total PSA and free PSA? What is the normal range? In addition, how can it be that if there is ANY prostate specific antigen in the blood that there is no prostate cancer? Doesn’t the existence of any PSA means that the body is reacting with antibodies against cancerous cells in the prostate. PSA starts out in the fluid that carries sperm. PSA is a protein normally made in the prostate gland in ductal cells. These cells make some of the semen that comes out of the penis during sexual climax (orgasm). PSA helps to keep the semen liquid. PSA is measured by nanograms per millimeter of blood. Most men have under 4 nanograms. Anything higher can indicate prostate cancer. PSA traveling alone is called free PSA. The free-PSA test measures the percentage of unbound PSA. Rather than subject everyone with an elevated PSA to a biopsy, some urologists measure free PSA in patients with a total PSA level between 4 ng/ml and 10 ng/ml. A PSA level of 4 to 10 ng/ml is considered slightly elevated levels between 10 and 20 ng/ml are considered moderately elevated; and anything above that is considered highly elevated. The presence of PSA does not necessarily mean that the body is reacting against cancer cells Other conditions can affect PSA: * Prostatitis and Lower Urinary Tract symptoms (LUTS) can elevate PSA * BPH (benign hypertrophy or enlargment of the prostate) can elevate PSA * Prostate cancer (PCa) often elevates PSA but not always. Some of the most aggressive types of prostate cancer do NOT make or "leak" high levels of PSA. Prostatitis and BPH are much commoner than prostate cancer. Source(s):http://cancer.about.com/od/prostatecance… http://www.harvardprostateknowledge.org/… http://www.psa-rising.com/med/info/psa.h… PSA is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland. The most frequently used PSA - prostate-specific antigen test - is the total PSA, which measures the sum of the free PSA and the cPSA (complex or bound) in the blood. When a doctor orders a “PSA test,” he is referring to a total PSA. When the prostate gland enlarges, PSA levels in the blood tend to rise. PSA levels can rise due to cancer or benign (non cancerous) conditions. Because PSA is produced by the body and can be used to detect disease, it is sometimes called a biological marker or tumour marker. The PSA level that is considered normal for an average man ranges from 0 to 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml). A PSA level of 4 to 10 ng/ml is considered slightly elevated; levels between 10 and 20 ng/ml are considered moderately elevated; and anything above that is considered highly elevated. The higher a man's PSA level, the more likely it is that cancer is present. But because various factors can cause PSA levels to fluctuate, one abnormal PSA test does not necessarily indicate a need for other diagnostic tests. When PSA levels continue to rise over time, other tests may be indicated. A man should discuss elevated PSA test results with his doctor. There are many possible reasons for an elevated PSA level, including prostate cancer, The Difference Between Sex and Gender The Difference Between Sex and Gender Bởi: OpenStaxCollege While the biological differences between males and females are fairly straightforward, the social and cultural aspects of being a man or woman can be complicated (Photo courtesy of FaceMePLS/flickr) When filling out a document such as a job application or school registration form you are often asked to provide your name, address, phone number, birth date, and sex or gender But have you ever been asked to provide your sex and your gender? As with most people, it may not have occurred to you that sex and gender are not the same However, sociologists and most other social scientists view sex and gender as conceptually distinct Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, including both primary sex characteristics (the reproductive system) and secondary characteristics such as height and muscularity Gender is a term that refers to social or cultural distinctions associated with being male or female Gender identity is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine (Diamond 2002) A person’s sex, as determined by his or her biology, does not always correspond with his or her gender Therefore, the terms sex and gender are not interchangeable A baby boy who is born with male genitalia will be identified as male As he grows, however, he may identify with the feminine aspects of his culture Since the term sex refers to biological or physical distinctions, characteristics of sex will not vary significantly 1/10 The Difference Between Sex and Gender between different human societies For example, all persons of the female sex, in general, regardless of culture, will eventually menstruate and develop breasts that can lactate Characteristics of gender, on the other hand, may vary greatly between different societies For example, in American culture, it is considered feminine (or a trait of the female gender) to wear a dress or skirt However, in many Middle Eastern, Asian, and African cultures, dresses or skirts (often referred to as sarongs, robes, or gowns) can be considered masculine The kilt worn by a Scottish male does not make him appear feminine in his culture The dichotomous view of gender (the notion that one is either male or female) is specific to certain cultures and is not universal In some cultures gender is viewed as fluid In the past, some anthropologists used the term berdache to refer to individuals who occasionally or permanently dressed and lived as the opposite gender The practice has been noted among certain Native American tribes (Jacobs, Thomas, and Lang 1997) Samoan culture accepts what they refer to as a “third gender.” Fa’afafine, which translates as “the way of the woman,” is a term used to describe individuals who are born biologically male but embody both masculine and feminine traits Fa’afafines are considered an important part of Samoan culture Individuals from other cultures may mislabel them as homosexuals because fa’afafines have a varied sexual life that may include men or women (Poasa 1992) The Legalese of Sex and Gender The terms sex and gender have not always been differentiated in the English language It was not until the 1950s that American and British psychologists and other professionals working with intersex and transsexual patients formally began distinguishing between sex and gender Since then, psychological and physiological professionals have increasingly used the term gender (Moi 2005) By the end of the 21st century, expanding the proper usage of the term gender to everyday language became more challenging—particularly where legal language is concerned In an effort to clarify usage of the terms sex and gender, U.S Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in a 1994 briefing, “The word gender has acquired the new and useful connotation of cultural or attitudinal characteristics (as opposed to physical characteristics) distinctive to the sexes That is to say, gender is to sex as feminine is to female and masculine is to male” (J.E.B v Alabama, 144 S Ct 1436 [1994]) Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg had a different take, however Viewing the words as synonymous, she freely swapped them in her briefings so as to avoid having the word “sex” pop up too often It is thought that her secretary supported this practice by suggestions to Ginsberg that “those nine men” (the other Supreme Court justices), “hear that word and their first association is not the way you want them to be thinking” (Case 1995) This anecdote reveals that even human experience that is assumed to be biological and personal (such as our self-perception and behavior) is actually a socially defined variable by culture 2/10 The Difference Between Sex and Gender Sexual Orientation A person’s sexual orientation is their emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female) Sexual orientation is typically divided into four categories: ...Genome Biology 2007, 8:R209 Open Access 2007Hakeset al.Volume 8, Issue 10, Article R209 Research All duplicates are not equal: the difference between small-scale and genome duplication Luke Hakes ¤ , John W Pinney ¤ , Simon C Lovell, Stephen G Oliver and David L Robertson Address: Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK. ¤ These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence: David L Robertson. Email: david.robertson@manchester.ac.uk © 2007 Hakes et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Differences between large and small duplications<p>The comparison of pairs of gene duplications generated by small-scale duplications with those created by large-scale duplications shows that they differ in quantifiable ways. It is suggested that this is directly due to biases on the paths to gene retention rather than asso-ciation with different functional categories.</p> Abstract Background: Genes in populations are in constant flux, being gained through duplication and occasionally retained or, more frequently, lost from the genome. In this study we compare pairs of identifiable gene duplicates generated by small-scale (predominantly single-gene) duplications with those created by a large-scale gene duplication event (whole-genome duplication) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Results: We find a number of quantifiable differences between these data sets. Whole-genome duplicates tend to exhibit less profound phenotypic effects when deleted, are functionally less divergent, and are associated with a different set of functions than their small-scale duplicate counterparts. At first sight, either of these latter two features could provide a plausible mechanism by which the difference in dispensability might arise. However, we uncover no evidence suggesting that this is the case. We find that the difference in dispensability observed between the two duplicate types is limited to gene products found within protein complexes, and probably results from differences in the relative strength of the evolutionary pressures present following each type of duplication event. Conclusion: Genes, and the proteins they specify, originating from small-scale and whole-genome duplication events differ in quantifiable ways. We infer that this is not due to their association with different functional categories; rather, it is a direct result of biases in gene retention. Background The importance of gene duplication in molecular evolution is well established [1,2]. In a given genome, the collection of genes commonly referred to as 'duplicates' do not represent a homogeneous set. This is because duplicate genes can be gen- erated through one of two main mechanisms, namely small- scale or large-scale duplication events, with the most extreme large-scale event being duplication of the entire genome. Genes resulting from these processes are thus distinct subsets of gene duplicates. However, with few exceptions [3,4], Published: 4 October 2007 Genome Biology 2007, 8:R209 (doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r209) Received: 12 June 2007 Revised: 3 October 2007 Accepted: 4 October 2007 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/10/R209 Genome Biology 2007, 8:R209 http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/10/R209 Genome Biology 2007, Volume 8, Issue 10, Article R209 Hakes et al. R209.2 previous studies investigating the functional fate and evolu- tion of these genes have always treated them as a single homogeneous population (for instance [5,6]). Certain types of gene are more likely than others to be retained within the genome following a duplication event. These Genome Biology 2006, 7:203 comment reviews reports deposited research interactions information refereed research Minireview Where is the difference between the genomes of humans and annelids? Alexei Fedorov* † and Larisa Fedorova* Addresses: *Department of Medicine and † Program in Bioinformatics and Proteomics/Genomics, Medical University of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43614, USA. Correspondence: Alexei Fedorov. Email: afedorov@meduohio.edu Abstract The first systematic investigation of an annelid genome has revealed that the genes of the marine worm Platynereis dumerilii are more closely related to those of vertebrates than to those of insects or nematodes. For hundreds of millions of years vertebrates have preserved exon-intron structures descended from their last common ancestor with the annelids. Published: 1 February 2006 Genome Biology 2006, 7:203 (doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-1-203) The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at http://genomebiology.com/2006/7/1/203 © 2006 BioMed Central Ltd Among the millions of invertebrate species, the genomes of insects (particularly fruit flies of the genus Drosophila) and nematodes (from the genus Caenorhabditis) have come under the closest scrutiny. Now it is time for annelids - the segmented worms - to reveal their DNA sequences and gene structures. Last November, Raible and co-authors reported in Science the initial investigation of 30 genes from the marine annelid Platynereis dumerilii [1]. And it revealed a big surprise. The sequences of the annelid proteins were found to be more closely related to their human orthologs than to the insect and nematode orthologs. Moreover, among the species compared, the exon-intron structure of P. dumerilii genes was also most similar to that of humans: the human and the marine worm genomes have the highest number of introns per gene (7.8 for annelid and 8.4 for human and other mammalian genes) and more than 60% of annelid introns divide protein-coding sequences at exactly the same positions as human introns. By comparison, insects have 2.4 to 5.4 introns per gene and the plant repre- sentative Arabidopsis thaliana has 4.4, whereas fungi have the broadest spread from 0.0075 to 6.8 [2]. Thus, as far as shared introns are concerned, P. dumerilii is more similar to humans than to any insect or nematode. The similarities in intron numbers and positions between P. dumerilii and humans does not imply that annelids should be combined with the vertebrates into a sister clade and distanced from nematodes and insects. Despite known uncertainties in the exact positioning of the segmented worms on the animal evolution tree (reviewed in [3]), nobody has ever grouped annelids with vertebrates. Molecular evolu- tion is an intricate nonlinear process that can be interpreted in many different ways and it cannot be inferred from a set of equations. Conflicting facts and opposing opinions are common in the field and several alternative phylogenetic trees have been proposed for the animal kingdom. In their short article, Raible et al. [1] present only one animal phy- logeny, whereas a subsequent comment by Kumar and Hedges [4] in Cell points out other well-recognized possible alternative relationships between flies, worms and humans. There has been a long and fierce debate about the phyloge- netic relationships between arthropods, nematodes and ver- tebrates [5]. The ‘Ecdysozoa hypothesis’ groups arthropods and nematodes into a monophyletic clade and distances them from the vertebrates. The alternative ‘Coelomata hypothesis’ considers arthropods to be more closely related to the vertebrates than to the nematodes. We are still very far from resolving this dilemma. Even the whole-genome phylo- genetic analyses of Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans and humans have not brought much clarity because, depending on the algorithms used, support can be found for both the Coelomata hypothesis [6] and the Ecdysozoa hypothesis [7]. Undoubtedly, the THE PRESENTATIO N The difference between Saigon and Hanoi - The presentation has 5 parts: 1 – ROAD 2 – THE WEATHER 3 – FOOD AND DRINK 4 – LEMON TEA AND SIDEWALK COFFE 5 – DAILY ACTIVITIES PART 1. ROAD IN HANOI IN SAIGON Hanoi is famous for old roads , small alleys and the houses cling filled with moss Besides. Ho Chi Minh is the biggest city in VietNam, is famous for a big buildings and giant malls - Traffic in Ho chi minh’s order than in Hanoi. Even during rush hour, or normal, cars and motorcycles are still going on right lane regulations. In HO CHI MINH ,Rarely have cases of cars jostle into the bike and motorcycles’s lane often in Hanoi Hanoi also go on the sidewalk but HCM is very little In HaNoi, the police did not allow you to turn right at the red light Ho Chi Minh you can do it at some cases and police will control at a rush hour In Hanoi, you can stand on a road to make a phonecall and talk freely without fear of anything If you do it in HO Chi Minh city … …… when you are being robbed not only lost phone,money… it is more dangerous to your body Be careful WEATHER PART 2 HA NOI Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level In winter months [...]...cold and dry usually cloudy and foggy and less rain IN SUMMER HOT , HUMID AND RAINY 1,680 millimetres of rainfall SAI GON THE RAINY THE DRY the rainy season Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Average rainfall of about 1,800 mm With an average humidity of 75% THE HEAVY RAIN AND HIGH TIDE In the dry season The average temperature is 28 °C The highest... soup HANOI Street food SAI GON - Ricepaper - Jackfruit and yogurt - Quail eggs , dry cow , dried - Fruit jelly , hột é , coconut milk , shrimp , dried deer , mango , sugar - Another fruit : Strawberry, kiwi, laksa leaves - Salt, chili sauce , lemon, peanut mango, grape… , onion HANOI : Salty and Sour SAIGON: Sweet and Spicy WHERE THEY EAT ??? In HANOI : At the sidewalk SAIGON: Indoor foodstore The fruit... culture of Saigon s own characteristic for a long time A part of the everyday life of Sai Gon’s people Drink sidewalk coffee become one of the habbits of Sai Gon people The biggest sidewalk coffee in Sai Gon : the 30/4 Park Because space was very cool and calm No tables, no chairs, seats are the sidewalk, the walkways under green trees The Saigonese love singing and music Coming here on the weekend... FOOD AND DRINK HA NOI - Wider noodles - More green onion - Garnish include : vinegar , fish sauce… - Youtiao , garlic PHỞ SAI GON - Sweeter , fresh herbs - variety in meat, broth , garnishes : bean sprouts , coriander, basil THE BREAKFAST BÚN CHẢ HANOI CƠM TẤM SAIGON - Grilled fatty pork - Spring rolls - White rice noodle and herbs - Grilled pork (either ribs or shredded) , bì - Cucumber, greens and. .. sidewalk SAIGON: Indoor foodstore The fruit trays for Tet In hanoi In Saigon HANOI SAIGON HANOI Drink SAI GON CAFE HANO I SAI GON AT NIGHT IN THE MORNING ICE CREAM Tofu Sweet tea Lemon Tea Sidewalk Cof fe PART 4 Lemon tea culture of Ha Noi young people Lemon tea habitation in Ha Noi Sitting at sidewalk to drink ,meeting friends Popular in the plastic chairs laying on sidewalk Small shops become characteristic... characteristic culture of Ha Noi Wearing slightly modern but a little bit nostalgic Difference in drinks : hot tea ,iced tea and lemon tea Sitting and drinking between cool air and tranquil views of a coner in ancient Ha Noi On sunny or rainy day , in summer or winter Many people think lemon ADJECTIVES VS ADVERBS Are the words in italics correct? If not, write the correct adjective or adverb Mr Smith is very polite He always opens the doors for ladies Why are you driving so fastly? The police is going to stop you Picasso’s paintings are all beautifully Jim speaks English good He makes few mistakes I cannot run very quickly I’m not very good at sports Janet speaks so loud because her husband can’t hear Sarah’s homework is well All of her answers are correct Tim plays chess badly He always loses James is a very badly boy For example, he pulls the girls’ hair 10 Most people don’t eat very healthy ADJECTIVES VS ADVERBS Are the words in italics correct? If not, write the correct adjective or adverb Mr Smith is very polite He always opens the doors for ladies Why are you driving so fastly? The police is going to stop you Picasso’s paintings are all beautifully Jim speaks English good He makes few mistakes I cannot run very quickly I’m not very good at sports Janet speaks so loud because her husband can’t hear Sarah’s homework is well All of her answers are correct Tim plays chess badly He always loses James is a very badly boy For example, he pulls the girls’ hair 10 Most people don’t eat very healthy  ... opposite sex; homosexuality, the attraction to individuals of one’s own sex; bisexuality, the attraction to individuals of either sex; and asexuality, no attraction to either sex Heterosexuals and. .. 1992) The Legalese of Sex and Gender The terms sex and gender have not always been differentiated in the English language It was not until the 1950s that American and British psychologists and other... Hernandez/flickr) 7/10 The Difference Between Sex and Gender Summary The terms sex and gender refer to two different identifiers Sex denotes biological characteristics differentiating males and