Digital ImageProcessingSecond EditionRafael C. GonzalezUniversity of TennesseeRichard E. WoodsMedData InteractivePrentice HallUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458GONZFM-i-xxii. 5-10-2001 14:22 Page iii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Pubblication DataGonzalez, Rafael C.Digital Image Processing / Richard E. Woodsp. cm.Includes bibliographical referencesISBN 0-201-18075-81. Digital Imaging. 2. Digital Techniques. I. Title.TA1632.G66 2001621.3—dc21 2001035846CIPVice-President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J. HortonPublisher: Tom RobbinsAssociate Editor: Alice DworkinEditorial Assistant: Jody McDonnellVice President and Director of Production and Manufacturing, ESM: David W. RiccardiExecutive Managing Editor: Vince O’BrienManaging Editor: David A. GeorgeProduction Editor: Rose KernanComposition: Prepare, Inc.Director of Creative Services: Paul BelfantiCreative Director: Carole AnsonArt Director and Cover Designer: Heather ScottArt Editor: Greg DullesManufacturing Manager: Trudy PisciottiManufacturing Buyer: Lisa McDowellSenior Marketing Manager: Jennie Burger© 2002 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means,without permission in writing from the publisher.The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These effortsinclude the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine theireffectiveness. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard tothese programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not be liable inany event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing,performance, or use of these programs.Printed in the United States of America10987654321ISBN: 0-201-18075-8Pearson Education Ltd., LondonPearson Education Australia Pty., Limited, SydneyPearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd.Pearson Education North Asia Ltd., Hong KongPearson Education Canada, Ltd., TorontoPearson Education de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.Pearson Education—Japan, TokyoPearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd.Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New JerseyGONZFM-i-xxii. 5-10-2001 14:22 Page iv ContentsPreface xvAcknowledgements xviiiAbout the Authors xix1Introduction 151.1 What Is Digital Image Processing? 151.2 The Origins of Digital Image Processing 171.3 Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing 211.3.1 Gamma-Ray Imaging 221.3.2 X-ray Imaging 231.3.3 Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band 251.3.4 Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands 261.3.5 Imaging in the Microwave Band 321.3.6 Imaging in the Radio Band 341.3.7 Examples in which Other Imaging Modalities Are Used 341.4 Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing 391.5 Components of an Image Processing System 42Summary 44References and Further Reading 452Digital Image Fundamentals 342.1 Elements of Visual Perception 342.1.1 Structure of the Human Eye 352.1.2 Image Formation in the Eye 372.1.3 Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination 382.2 Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 422.3 Image Sensing and Acquisition 452.3.1 Image Acquisition Using a Single Sensor 472.3.2 Image Acquisition Using Sensor Strips 482.3.3 Image Acquisition Using Sensor Arrays 492.3.4 A Simple Image Formation Model 502.4 Image Sampling and Quantization 522.4.1 Basic Concepts in Sampling and Quantization 522.4.2 Representing Digital Images 542.4.3 Spatial and Gray-Level Resolution 572.4.4 Aliasing and Moiré Patterns 622.4.5 Zooming and Shrinking Digital Images 64viiGONZFM-i-xxii. 5-10-2001 14:22 Page vii 2.5 Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels 662.5.1 Neighbors of a Pixel 662.5.2 Adjacency, Connectivity, Regions, and Boundaries 662.5.3 Distance Measures 682.5.4 Image Operations on a Pixel Basis 692.6 Linear and Nonlinear Operations 70Summary 70References and Further Reading 70Problems 713Image Enhancement in NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT ENGLISH SUPPLEMENTARY RESOURCES STAGE: T-3 (For students) READING COMPREHENSION INTERNAL CIRCULATION Hanoi – 2014 PREFACE English Supplementary Resources - Stage T3 is for intermediate level learners who want to improve their knowledge of English and need to have more preparation for the TOEIC The book is designed to assist students to consolidate the basic knowledge they have studied and at the same time to improve their test-taking skills There are four reviews, a checkpoint, a pre-actual test, some practice exercises on reading comprehension skill, and two TOIEC actual tests in the book Each review contains a number of practice exercises We wish to express our sincere thanks to our colleagues who have helped us create these practice materials from so many sources Above all, we owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to all those who are willing to share their valuable experience, remarks and comments We wish all of you every happiness and success T3-group - NUCE CONTENTS Pages Review 1: Present simple tense, present continuous tense, present passive Revision 2: Past tense: Past simple and continuous, Past simple and past perfect, Past passive Review 3: Modal verbs: Obligation and permission Review 4: Future forms: Going to, Will and Present continuous Checkpoint 11 Pre-Actual test 15 Reading comprehension practice 35 Actual Tests 49 Actual Test 49 Actual Test 68 References References (2012) New Real TOEIC Pearson Education Korea, Ltd Michael Vince (2010) Intermediate Language Practice Macmillian Education: Macmillian Publishers Limited Young-Sook Sohn & Brian J Stuart (2011) Easy TOEIC Darakwon, Inc T3 READING Grammatical Review REVIEW Present simple tense, present continuous tense, present passive ********* Underline the correct phrase in each sentence What time you go / you go to bed on Saturdays? Why are you waiting / you waiting outside the door? Don’t ask Tim He doesn’t know / not knows the answer I having / I’m having my lunch at the moment When you leave / you leave the house in the morning? I don’t understand What is happening / is happen? Excuse me, does you know / you know the time? This is a great party I’m having / Am I having a lovely time Read the answers and then complete the questions Where does Sue live Sue? She lives at the end of Axwell Road Do……………………………………………………………………………………………… Jim? No, I don’t know him What…………………………………………………………………………………………… At the moment? I’m doing my homework Are ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Here? No, I’m sitting over there Do…………………………………………………………………………… ……………… Here? No, we change trains at the next station Why …………………………………………………………………………………………… I’m wearing two pullovers because I feel cold! Rewrite each sentence so that the verb in italics is a negative contraction Naomi and Bill are watching television Naomi and Bill aren’t watching television Peter likes chocolate cake ………………………………………………………………………………………………… I’m using this pencil at the moment ………………………………………………………………………………………………… The children are having lunch in the kitchen ………………………………………………………………………………………………… I get up early on Saturday ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Elena is writing a novel ………………………………………………………………………………………………… T3 READING Grammatical Review Complete each sentence with a present simple or present continuous form of the words in bold Do you like cheese sandwiches? you like What time…………………………………………………………………………………? the sun rise What………………………………………………………………………at the moment? you read I’ll talk to you later…………………………………………………………………a bath I have We……………………………………………………………………………at school not use computers Look out of the window! it snow This is an examination! Why………………………………………………………………? you talk Ann………………………………………………………to school by bus every day go …………………………………………………………a uniform at your school? you wear 10 Pat has got an interesting hobby ………………………………………………………a boat she build Choose the correct spelling from each pair of words writing / writting using / useing diging / digging 10 waiting / waitting takeing / taking 11 washeing / washing deciding / decideing 12 riding / rideing swiming / swimming 13 flyeing / flying having / haveing 14 studing / studying lying / lieing 15 going / goeing readding / reading Complete each sentence with a passive verb Millions of people watch this programme This programme………………………………………………………by millions of people Students write most of this magazine Most of this magazine…………………………………………………………by students They’re rebuilding the damaged stadium The damaged stadium……………………………………………………………………… They usually finish their project on time Their project……………………………………………………………………………… Somebody is meeting you at the bus station You…………………………………………………………………….at the bus station T3 READING Grammatical Review REVIEW Past tense: Past simple and continuous Past simple and past perfect Past passive ********* Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence While I washed / ...Digital ImageProcessingSecond EditionRafael C. GonzalezUniversity of TennesseeRichard E. WoodsMedData InteractivePrentice HallUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458GONZFM-i-xxii. 5-10-2001 14:22 Page iii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Pubblication DataGonzalez, Rafael C.Digital Image Processing / Richard E. Woodsp. cm.Includes bibliographical referencesISBN 0-201-18075-81. Digital Imaging. 2. Digital Techniques. I. Title.TA1632.G66 2001621.3—dc21 2001035846CIPVice-President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J. HortonPublisher: Tom RobbinsAssociate Editor: Alice DworkinEditorial Assistant: Jody McDonnellVice President and Director of Production and Manufacturing, ESM: David W. RiccardiExecutive Managing Editor: Vince O’BrienManaging Editor: David A. GeorgeProduction Editor: Rose KernanComposition: Prepare, Inc.Director of Creative Services: Paul BelfantiCreative Director: Carole AnsonArt Director and Cover Designer: Heather ScottArt Editor: Greg DullesManufacturing Manager: Trudy PisciottiManufacturing Buyer: Lisa McDowellSenior Marketing Manager: Jennie Burger© 2002 by Prentice-Hall, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means,without permission in writing from the publisher.The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These effortsinclude the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine theireffectiveness. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard tothese programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not be liable inany event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing,performance, or use of these programs.Printed in the United States of America10987654321ISBN: 0-201-18075-8Pearson Education Ltd., LondonPearson Education Australia Pty., Limited, SydneyPearson Education Singapore, Pte. Ltd.Pearson Education North Asia Ltd., Hong KongPearson Education Canada, Ltd., TorontoPearson Education de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.Pearson Education—Japan, TokyoPearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd.Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New JerseyGONZFM-i-xxii. 5-10-2001 14:22 Page iv PrefaceWhen something can be read without effort,great effort has gone into its writing.Enrique Jardiel PoncelaThis edition is the most comprehensive revision of Digital Image Processingsince the book first appeared in 1977.As the 1977 and 1987 editions by Gonzalezand Wintz, and the 1992 edition by Gonzalez and Woods, the present edition wasprepared with students and instructors in mind.Thus, the principal objectives ofthe book continue to be to provide an introduction to basic concepts andmethodologies for digital image processing, and to develop a foundation that canbe used as the basis for further study and research in this field.To achieve theseobjectives, we again focused on material that we believe is fundamental andhas a scope of application that is not limited to the solution of specialized prob-lems. The mathematical complexity of the book remains at a level well withinthe grasp of college seniors and first-year graduate students who have intro-ductory preparation in mathematical analysis, vectors, matrices, probability, sta-tistics, and rudimentary computer programming.The present edition was influenced significantly by a recent market surveyconducted by Prentice Hall. The major findings of this survey were:1. A need for more motivation in the introductory chapter regarding the spec-trum of applications of digital image processing.2. A simplification and shortening of material in the early chapters in orderto “get to the subject matter” as quickly as possible.3. A more intuitive presentation in some areas, such as image transforms andimage restoration.4. Individual chapter coverage of color image processing, wavelets, and imagemorphology.5. An increase in VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY- HANOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POST- GRADUATE DEPARTMENT GIAP THI YEN AN EVALUATION OF THE MATERIAL “BASIC ENGLISH III” FOR THE SECOND YEAR NON- ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS AT BAC GIANG TEACHERS’ TRAINING COLLEGE (Đánh giá giáo trình “Tiếng Anh Cơ Bản III” dành cho sinh viên không chuyên năm thứ hai Trường Cao Đẳng Sư Phạm Bắc Giang) MINOR PROGRAM THESIS FIELD : MOTHODOLOGY CODE : 601410 HA NOI- 2008 i VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY- HANOI COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES POST- GRADUATE DEPARTMENT GIÁP THỊ YẾN AN EVALUATION OF THE MATERIAL “BASIC ENGLISH III” FOR THE SECOND YEAR NON- ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS AT BAC GIANG TEACHERS’ TRAINING COLLEGE (Đánh giá giáo trình “Tiếng Anh Cơ Bản III” dành cho sinh viên không chuyên năm thứ hai Trường Cao Đẳng Sư Phạm Bắc Giang) MINOR PROGRAM THESIS FIELD : METHODOLOGY CODE : 601410 SUPERVISOR: ĐINH HẢI YẾN, M.A ha noi - 2008 ii i CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify my authorship of the minor thesis submitted today entitled “An evaluation of the material Basic English III for the second year non-English major students at Bac Giang Teachers’ Training College” in terms of the statement of requirements for the thesdis and the field study reports in Masters’ programs is the result of my own work, except where otherwise acknowledged and that this minor thesis or any part of the same had not been submitted for a higher degree to any other universities or institution. Signature Date: August 29 th , 2008 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS On the completion of the thesis, I would like to thank the following people: I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Ms. Dinh Hai Yen, for her patient guidance, helpful suggestions, encouragement and constructive supervision in the course of writing this research. Without her help, this work would have been impossible. I would like to acknowledge my gratitude to Mr. Le Hung Tien, Head of the Department of Post- Graduate Studies, and all the professors and lecturers at College of Foreign Language (CFL), Vietnam National University (VNU) for their insightful lectures, invaluable assistance and useful guidance. I am also grateful for the valuable materials provided by Ms. Le Thu Ha- the librarian at the post- graduate studies library of CFL, VNU. I would like to take this opportunity to express my thankfulness to all of my English staff at Bac Giang Teachers’ Training College for their great help and kind cooperation in completing the questionnaires for the thesis. I wish to extend my thanks to all of my friends who have been most helpful and supportive to me during the completion of my research. Last but not least, my sincere thanks go to my parents whose love and encouragement have been equally important to my educational endeavors, especially my little son who has given me so much inspiration, energy, and support in accomplishing this challenging work. ii ABSTRACT It is obvious that materials evaluation is one of the essential aspects of language teaching and learning. Within this regard, the thesis was carried out to evaluate the ...PREFACE English Supplementary Resources - Stage T3 is for intermediate level learners who want to improve their knowledge of English and need to... their valuable experience, remarks and comments We wish all of you every happiness and success T3- group - NUCE CONTENTS Pages Review 1: Present simple tense, present continuous tense, present... Macmillian Publishers Limited Young-Sook Sohn & Brian J Stuart (2011) Easy TOEIC Darakwon, Inc T3 READING Grammatical Review REVIEW Present simple tense, present continuous tense, present passive