B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI NGUYN TH THY NGHIấN CU CH TO VT LIU POLYME COMPOZIT THN THIN MễI TRNG TRấN C S POLYLACTIC AXIT, POLYETYLEN MCH THNG T TRNG THP GIA CNG BNG SI NA LUN N TIN S K THUT HểA HC H ni - 2012 B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI NGUYN TH THY NGHIấN CU CH TO VT LIU POLYME COMPOZIT THN THIN MễI TRNG TRấN C S POLYLACTIC AXIT, POLYETYLEN MCH THNG T TRNG THP GIA CNG BNG SI NA Chuyờn ngnh: Cụng Ngh Vt Liu Cao Phõn T v T Hp Mó s: 62.52.94.01 LUN N TIN S K THUT HểA HC NGI HNG DN KHOA HC GS.TS BI CHNG TS NGUYN HUY TNG H ni - 2012 LI CM N! Lun ỏn ny ó c hon hnh vi s hng dn tn tỡnh ca GS.TS Bựi Chng v TS Nguyn Huy Tựng cựng vi s giỳp tn tỡnh ca cỏc ng nghip ti Trung tõm Nghiờn cu Vt liu Polyme, trng i hc Bỏch khoa H Ni Nhõn dp ny tỏc gi xin by t li cm n chõn thnh nht v nhng s giỳp m tỏc gi ó nhn c LI CAM OAN Tụi xin cam oan kt qu nghiờn cu lun ỏn ny l ca tụi v hon ton trung thc, khụng chộp, trựng lp vi ca bt k khỏc Cỏc kt qu nghiờn cu ny cng cha c cụng b bt k cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu no khỏc H ni ngy 10 thỏng nm 2012 Tỏc gi lun ỏn Nguyn Th Thy MC LC Trang DANH MC CC Kí HIU V CH VIT TT i DANH MC BNG ii DANH MC CC HèNH NH, TH iv MC TIấU CA LUN N ix IM MI CA LUN N ix M U 1 TNG QUAN 1.1 Vt liu polyme compozit (PC) 1.1.1 Lch s phỏt trin 1.1.2 Khỏi nim v vt liu PC 1.1.3 Thnh phn ca vt liu PC 1.1.3.1 Nha nn 1.1.3.2 Cht gia cng 1.1.4 c im v tớnh cht ca vt liu PC 1.1.5 Cỏc phng phỏp gia cụng vt liu PC 1.1.6 ng dng ca vt liu PC 1.2 Vt liu polyme compozit thõn thin mụi trng 1.2.1 Si gia cng tre - na 1.2.1.1 Tỡnh hỡnh phõn b tre na trờn th gii v Vit Nam 1.2.1.2 c im v phõn loi tre 1.2.1.3 Cu to ca tre na 1.2.1.4 Thnh phn húa hc ca tre na 11 1.2.1.5 Tớnh cht ca tre-na 14 1.2.1.6 Cỏc phng phỏp ch to si tre 16 1.2.1.7 Cỏc phng phỏp x lý b mt si 16 1.2.1.8 u im ca si thc vt-si tre na 17 1.2.2 Nha nn polyme 18 1.2.2.1 Polylactic axit (PLA) 19 1.2.2.2 Blend ca PLA 23 1.2.2.3 Blend ca PLA vi polyetylen (PE) 24 1.2.2.4 Tr tng hp PE-g-GMA 27 1.3 Phan hy sinh hc ca cht v nha nn polyme compozit 1.3.1 Kh nng phõn hy sinh hc 34 34 1.3.1.1 Kh nng phõn hy sinh hc ca PLA 35 1.3.1.2 Kh nng phõn hy sinh hc ca blend trờn c s polyeste vi cỏc polyme khỏc 36 1.3.1.3 Kh nng phõn hy sinh hc ca PE 37 1.3.2 Mt s phng phỏp tiờu chun ỏnh giỏ kh nng phõn hy sinh hc 37 1.3.2.1 Phỏt trin vi sinh vt 38 1.3.2.2 Phng phỏp ỏnh giỏ lng oxy tiờu th v lng CO2 thoỏt 38 NGUYấN LIU V CC PHNG PHP NGHIấN CU 39 2.1 Nguyờn liu 39 2.2 Cỏc phng phỏp nghiờn cu 39 2.2.1 Si na 39 2.2.1.1 Ch to si 39 2.2.1.2 Xỏc nh tớnh cht ca si 40 2.2.1.3 Xỏc nh thnh phn húa hc ca si 41 2.2.1.4 Cỏc phng phỏp phõn tớch 41 2.2.2 Tr tng hp PE-g- GMA 42 2.2.2.1 Tng hp PE-g- GMA 42 2.2.2.2 Cỏc phng phỏp phõn tớch 42 2.2.3 Blend 44 2.2.3.1 Ch to blend 44 2.2.3.2 Ch to mu o tớnh cht c hc 44 2.2.3.3 Cỏc phng phỏp phõn tớch 44 2.2.3.4 Cỏc phng phỏp xỏc nh tớnh cht ca blend 2.2.4 Compozit gia cng bng si na 45 45 2.2.4.1 To si n hng 45 2.2.4.2 Ch to mu compozit 46 2.2.4.3 Cỏc phng phỏp phõn tớch 46 2.2.4.4 Cỏc phng phỏp xỏc nh tớnh cht ca compozit 46 2.2.4.5 Cỏc phng phỏp ỏnh giỏ mc phõn hy ca nha, blend v nha nn vt liu PC 46 KT QU V THO LUN 3.1 Si na 48 48 3.1.1 nh hng ca quỏ trỡnh x lý n thnh phn húa hc ca na 48 3.1.2 nh hng ca quỏ trỡnh x lý n hm lng tinh th ca si na 48 3.1.3 nh hng ca quỏ trỡnh x lý n gúc tip xỳc ca si 49 3.1.4 c trng b mt si na trc v sau x lý kim 50 3.1.5 nh hng ca quỏ trỡnh x lý n ng kớnh si 52 3.1.6 nh hng ca quỏ trỡnh x lý n bn kộo ca si 53 3.1.7 nh hng ca quỏ trỡnh x lý n bỏm dớnh ca si 55 3.1.7.1 bỏm dớnh ca si vi PLA 55 3.1.7.2 bỏm dớnh ca si vi blend PLA/LLDPE/PE-g-GMA 57 3.1.7.3 bỏm dớnh ca si vi LLDPE 58 3.1.7.4 So sỏnh bỏm dớnh ca si x lý núng vi cỏc loi nha 59 3.1.8 Nhn xột kt qu nghiờn cu phn si na (3.1) 3.2 Cht tr tng hp PE-g- GMA 60 61 3.2.1 Ph hng ngoi ca PE-g-GMA 61 3.2.2 nh hng ca yu t cụng ngh n quỏ trỡnh ghộp 61 3.2.2.1 nh hng ca nhit 61 3.2.2.2 nh hng ca thi gian phn ng 63 3.2.2.3 nh hng ca tc trc quay 64 3.2.3 nh hng ca yu t húa hc n quỏ trỡnh ghộp 66 3.2.3.1 nh hng ca hm lng cht mo 66 3.2.3.2 nh hng ca hm lng GMA a vo phn ng 68 3.2.3.3 nh hng ca monome styren 69 3.2.4 c trng ca sn phm PE-g-GMA 70 3.2.4.1 c trng lý hc 70 3.2.4.2 Tớnh cht nhit ca sn phm 70 3.2.5 Nhn xột kt qu nghiờn cu phn cht tr tng hp (3.2) 3.3 Blend ca PLA 3.3.1 Blend PLA/LLDPE 71 72 72 3.3.1.1 Thnh phn v kớ hiu ca blend 72 3.3.1.2 Tớnh cht c hc 72 3.3.1.3 Phõn tớch cu trỳc hỡnh thỏi 74 3.3.1.4 Tớnh cht nhit ca blend 77 3.3.1.5 hp th dung mụi 78 3.3.2 Blend PLA/LLDPE cú mt tr tng hp PE-g-GMA 81 3.3.2.1 Thnh phn v kớ hiu ca blend 81 3.3.2.2 nh hng ca hm lng LLDPE n tớnh cht ca blend (10% lng PE-g-GMA so vi PLA) 82 3.3.2.3 nh hng ca hm lng PE-g-GMA n tớnh cht ca blend 88 3.3.2.4 nh hng ca hm lng LLDPE n tớnh cht ca blend (8% PE- g-GMA) 94 3.3.2.5 Tớnh cht nhit- tn hao lng ca blend 95 3.3.3 So sỏnh blend PLA/LLDPE v PLA/LLDPE/PE-g-GMA 96 3.3.3.1 Tớnh cht c hc 96 3.3.3.2 Cu trỳc hỡnh thỏi 97 3.3.3.3 hp th dung mụi 98 3.3.3.4 Tớnh cht nhit 98 3.3.3.5 Gúc tip xỳc ca blend 99 3.3.3.6 Phõn tớch NMR 3.3.4 Nhn xột chung kt qu nghiờn cu v blend (3.3) 100 101 3.4 Compozit si na 3.4.1 Nn PLA 102 102 3.4.1.1 nh hng ca loi si n tớnh cht ca vt liu PC nn PLA 102 3.4.1.2 Tớnh cht chu mụi trng ca vt liu PC nn PLA 103 3.4.1.3 Tớnh cht nhit ca nn PLA 107 3.4.2 Nn blend PLA/LLDPE 108 3.4.2.1 Tớnh cht c hc ca vt liu PC nn blend PLA/LLDPE 108 3.4.2.2 Tớnh cht nhit ca vt liu PC nn blend PLA/LLDPE 110 3.4.3 Nn blend PLA/LLDPE/PE-g-GMA 110 3.4.3.1 nh hng ca loi si ti tớnh cht ca vt liu PC nn blend 90/10/8 110 3.4.3.2 nh hng ca hm lng LLDPE n tớnh cht ca vt liu PC si XLN 113 3.4.3.3 nh hng ca hm lng PE-g-GMA n tớnh cht ca vt liu PC si XLN 121 3.4.4 Nn LLDPE 127 3.4.5 nh hng ca loi nha nn n tớnh cht vt liu PC 129 3.4.5.1 Tớnh cht c hc 129 3.4.5.2 Tớnh cht nhit ca vt liu 131 3.4.6 Nhn xột chung kt qu nghiờn cu v compozit si na (3.4) 3.5 Phõn hy sinh hc ca nha nn v vt liu PC 3.5.1 Phõn hy thy phõn 132 133 133 3.5.1.1 Trong mụi trng nc 133 3.5.1.2 Trong mụi trng enzym Proteaza K 135 3.5.2 Ch s BOD v COD 139 3.5.2.1 Ch s BOD 140 3.5.2.2 Ch s COD 142 3.5.3 Nhn xột kt qu nghiờn cu phn phõn hy sinh hc (3.5) 143 KT LUN 145 TI LIU THAM KHO 147 DANH MC CC CH VIT TT DCP : Dicumyl peroxyt GMA : Glycidyl metacrylat [GMA] % : Hm lng GMA ghộp lờn LLDPE PE : Polyetylen HDPE : Polyetylen t trng cao (High Density Polyethylene) LDPE : Polyetylen t trng thp (Low Density Polyethylene) LLDPE : Polyetylen mch thng t trng thp (Linear Low Density Polyethylene) Mn : Khi lng phõn t s Mw : Khi lng phõn t PE-g-GMA : Poly(etylen-co-glycidyl metacrylate) PTL : Phn 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