Social Theory in Contemporary Asia Philosophical debates around reflexivity, intimacy and identity have preoccupied Western social and cultural theorists since the 1990s In fact, late modernity has become conspicuously engaged with issues of intimacy, reflexivity and identity Ann Brooks analyses the relevance of these debates in the context of contemporary Asia and combines an analysis of significant social theorists including Beck, Giddens, Bourdieu, McNay, Adkins and Ong with an application of these debates to social, political and cultural contexts in Asia The author examines to what extent contemporary Asia is experiencing the same transformation in or 'democratization' of traditional heterosexual relationships, as theorists maintain is occurring in the West The book examines changes in patterns of intimacy, reflexivity and identity across the countries of Southeast Asia and more widely Drawing on empirical research, case studies, global reports, media and academic literature, the book provides a relevant, wide-ranging and contemporary analysis of the debates in the context of Asian culture and society In the foreword to the book Bryan S Turner comments: ‘Professor Brooks shows consequently that the intimate and emotional cultures that have been described by Anthony Giddens and Ulrich Beck with respect to the West have not arrived in Asia or at least that they have not become visible and permanent aspects of the social landscape.’ Ann Brooks is Professor of Sociology and Cultural Studies at the University of Adelaide She is author of Academic Women (Open University Press 1997); Postfeminism: Feminism, Cultural Theory and Cultural Forms (Routledge 1997); Gendered Work in Asian Cities: The New Economy and Changing Labour Markets (Ashgate 2006); Gender and the Restructured University: Changing Management and Culture in Higher Education (Open University Press 2001) (with Alison Mackinnon) Her forthcoming books are: Gender, Emotions and Labour Markets (Routledge 2010) and Emotions in Transmigration (Palgrave 2011) (with Ruth Simpson) Routledge Studies in Social and Political Thought Hayek and After Hayekian liberalism as a research programme Jeremy Shearmur Conflicts in Social Science Edited by Anton van Harskamp Political Thought of André Gorz Adrian Little Corruption, Capitalism and Democracy John Girling Freedom and Culture in Western Society Hans Blokland Freedom in Economics New perspectives in normative analysis Edited by Jean-Francois Laslier, Marc Fleurbaey, Nicolas Gravel and Alain Trannoy Against Politics On government, anarchy and order Anthony de Jasay Max Weber and Michel Foucault Parallel life works Arpad Szakolczai The Political Economy of Civil Society and Human Rights G.B Madison 10 On Durkheim’s Elementary Forms of Religious Life Edited by W S F Pickering, W Watts Miller and N J Allen 11 Classical Individualism The supreme importance of each human being Tibor R Machan 12 The Age of Reasons Quixotism, sentimentalism and political economy in eighteenth-century Britain Wendy Motooka 13 Individualism in Modern Thought From Adam Smith to Hayek Lorenzo Infantino 14 Property and Power in Social Theory A study in intellectual rivalry Dick Pels 15 Wittgenstein and the Idea of a Critical Social Theory A critique of Giddens, Habermas and Bhaskar Nigel Pleasants 16 Marxism and Human Nature Sean Sayers 17 Goffman and Social Organization Studies in a sociological legacy Edited by Greg Smith 18 Situating Hayek Phenomenology and the neo-liberal project Mark J Smith 19 The Reading of Theoretical Texts Peter Ekegren 20 The Nature of Capital Marx after Foucault Richard Marsden 21 The Age of Chance Gambling in western culture Gerda Reith 22 Reflexive Historical Sociology Arpad Szakolczai 23 Durkheim and Representations Edited by W S F Pickering 24 The Social and Political Thought of Noam Chomsky Alison Edgley 25 Hayek’s Liberalism and Its Origins His idea of spontaneous order and the Scottish Enlightenment Christina Petsoulas 26 Metaphor and the Dynamics of Knowledge Sabine Maasen and Peter Weingart 27 Living with Markets Jeremy Shearmur 28 Durkheim’s Suicide A century of research and debate Edited by W.S.F Pickering and Geoffrey Walford 29 Post-Marxism An intellectual history Stuart Sim 30 The Intellectual as Stranger Studies in spokespersonship Dick Pels 31 Hermeneutic Dialogue and Social Science A critique of Gadamer and Habermas Austin Harrington 32 Methodological Individualism Background, history and meaning Lars Udehn 33 John Stuart Mill and Freedom of Expression The genesis of a theory K.C O’Rourke 34 The Politics of Atrocity and Reconciliation From terror to trauma Michael Humphrey 35 Marx and Wittgenstein Knowledge, morality, politics Edited by Gavin Kitching and Nigel Pleasants 36 The Genesis of Modernity Arpad Szakolczai 37 Ignorance and Liberty Lorenzo Infantino 38 Deleuze, Marx and Politics Nicholas Thoburn 39 The Structure of Social Theory Anthony King 40 Adorno, Habermas and the Search for a Rational Society Deborah Cook 41 Tocqueville’s Moral and Political Thought New Liberalism M.R.R Ossewaarde 42 Adam Smith’s Political Philosophy The invisible hand and spontaneous order Craig Smith 43 Social and Political Ideas of Mahatma Gandhi Bidyut Chakrabarty 44 Counter-Enlightenments From the eighteenth century to the present Graeme Garrard 45 The Social and Political Thought of George Orwell A reassessment Stephen Ingle 46 Habermas Rescuing the public sphere Pauline Johnson 47 The Politics and Philosophy of Michael Oakeshott Stuart Isaacs 48 Pareto and Political Theory Joseph Femia 49 German Political Philosophy The metaphysics of law Chris Thornhill 50 The Sociology of Elites Michael Hartmann 51 Deconstructing Habermas Lasse Thomassen 52 Young Citizens and New Media Learning for democratic participation Edited by Peter Dahlgren 53 Gambling, Freedom and Democracy Peter J Adams 54 The Quest for Jewish Assimilation in Modern Social Science Amos Morris-Reich 55 Frankfurt School Perspectives on Globalization, Democracy, and the Law William E Scheuerman 56 Hegemony Studies in consensus and coercion Edited by Richard Howson and Kylie Smith 57 Governmentality, Biopower, and Everyday Life Majia Holmer Nadesan 58 Sustainability and Security within Liberal Societies Learning to live with the future Edited by Stephen Gough and Andrew Stables 59 The Mythological State and its Empire David Grant 60 Globalizing Dissent Essays on Arundhati Roy Edited by Ranjan Ghosh & Antonia Navarro-Tejero 61 The Political Philosophy of Michel Foucault Mark G.E Kelly 62 Democratic Legitimacy Fabienne Peter 63 Edward Said and the Literary, Social, and Political World Edited by Ranjan Ghosh 64 Perspectives on Gramsci Politics, culture and social theory Edited by Joseph Francese 65 Enlightenment Political Thought and Non-Western Societies Sultans and savages Frederick G Whelan 66 Liberalism, Neoliberalism, Social Democracy Thin communitarian perspectives on political philosophy and education Mark Olssen 67 Oppositional Discourses and Democracies Edited by Michael Huspek 68 The Contemporary Goffman Edited by Michael Hviid Jacobsen 69 Hemingway on Politics and Rebellion Edited by Lauretta Conklin Frederking 70 Social Theory in Contemporary Asia Ann Brooks Social Theory in Contemporary Asia Ann Brooks With a foreword by Bryan S Turner Bibliography 123 Mitton, R (2007) ‘Sex and the single Vietnamese girl’, The Sunday Times, May 20, 31, Singapore: Singapore Press Holdings Morris-Suzuki, T (1998) ‘Invisible countries: Japan and the Asian dream’, Asian Studies Review, 22 (1):1–22 Moser, C and Clark, F (eds) (2001) Victims, Perpetrators, or Actors? 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of human rights 9, 59, 60–3, 108; sexual 21–22, 31, 61; workplace 58–9, 60, 61, 62, 113 n.3 Achmad, S I 80 Adams, M 39 Adkins, L 1, 8–9, 11, 13, 15–16, 17–18, 19, 38–39, 42, 47, 50, 98–99, 105–106 affluence 4, 6, 34, 107 age 10, 91, 94; of marriage 28, 104 agency 15–16, 18, 39, 42, 73–5, 88–89, 92, 94, 100, 107, 110–11 Agnihorti, S B 72 Ahmed, S 93 Al Arqam 55 Andaya, B xv anorexia nervosa 21 Appadurai, A 45 Asian family 9, 20, 24, 30–3, 34, 36, 52– 54, 67, 107 Asian Federation of Sexology 26 Asian values 8, 9, 20, 24, 30–2, 33, 36, 52–55, 63, 67, 107 Asian Wall Street Journal (AWSJ) 6, 26, 27 AsiaWeek 74 Associated Union of Japanese Women's Groups 101 Association of Malay Professionals 32 Association of Women for Action and Research (AWARE) 41, 45–7, 51; see also Singapore Australia: labour force partcipation 66; single parent families 66; Thai brides 98 autonomy, sexual 2, 11, 12, 14, 23, 106 Basu, A M 72 Bauman, Z 1, 9, 11, 15, 37, 105, 107 Beck-Gernsheim, E 1, 2, 5, 7–8, 11, 13– 16, 18, 38, 95, 105 Beck, U xv, 1, 2, 5, 7–9, 11, 13–17, 18– 19, 37–38, 44, 66, 95, 105 Becker, H 22 Bélanger, D 29, 31, 34, 65, 67, 70–1, 72– 3, 77, 80, 81–2, 83–84, 85–6, 89–90 Belgium 66 Beresford, M 31 Berfield, S 74 Bhat, M 72 ‘biopolitical otherness’ 9, 52, 56, 59–60, 62 birthrates, see fertility bisexuality 21 Blair-Loy, M 16–17, 48, 51 Bonham, J 40, 42–4, 50, 107, 108 Bourdieu, P 8, 9, 15, 17, 19, 38, 39–40, 41–43, 50–51, 107–8 Brave New World of Work (Beck) 18 Brennen, J 12, 16, 106 Britain xv; domestic division of labour 6; economic participation 4–5; educational attainment 4; gender equality 4–5; Indian/Pakistani communities 3; labour force participation 66; political empowerment 5; sexual activity Brooks, A xv, xvi, 4–5, 8–9, 18–19, 27– 28, 30, 35, 38, 41, 44, 48–49, 52–54, 56, 58, 63, 74, 83 Bumpass, L L 74, 82 Butler, J 105 Bain, L 100 Bangkok 65, 67–69, 71 Barbalet, J M xiii Calhoun, C 42 Cambodia 80 Canada 74 Index Cancian, F M 13 capitalism, see global capitalism careers 5, 6, 10, 17, 34, 45, 47, 49–40, 73–4, 74–75 caring 2, 28, 83–4, 85 Casper, L M 66 celebrities xiv celibacy 65, 79 Chan, A 41, 74 Chan, J xv, 40, 45, 46 Chang, K 99 Chang, L xvi Chen, D 74, 82 childcare 2, 3, 12, 17, 18, 28, 35, 58 childlessness xv, 29–30, 65, 66, 85, 88, 89 Chin, C 35, 62 China 107; female factory workers xvi; female infanticide 72; femininity in 34; marriage 67; sexual problems 26; sexually transmitted disease xv Chinese populations 62; diasporic 4, 9, 25, 30, 53, 65, 68 Chow Yun Fat xv Christianity xiii, xiv citizenship 35 class 5, 8, 14, 20, 24–25, 34, 36, 53–54, 106–107, 110 Clifford, J 94 cloning 22 cohabitation 6, 10, 27, 30, 64, 66, 79, 82, 109 Cohen, R 45 Collins, J 42 commercialization: of intimacy 9, 52; of sex 22 commodification: of transnational mothering 35; of women's bodies 34 Communist Party, Vietnam 69 communitarian collectivism 53 companionship confessional culture xiv-xv confluent love 12 Confucianism xiii, 9, 25, 32, 53; neo-56, 67, 106–107; patriarchal 4, 27, 52, 64; postmodern 4, 9, 27, 52, 53 Connell, R W 14, 19 Constable, N 59, 86, 95, 97–8, 99 consumption 8, 10, 34, 89, 91–92, 94, 100, 102, 107, 110 contested intimacies 11, 20–3 contraception 73 Cook, N 74 cosmetic surgery 34, 100 129 cosmopolitan Asia 9, 25, 32–3, 37, 91, 107–108 cosmopolitization, reflexive 44 Craib, I 39, 44 critical reflexivity 38–40, 41–5 Croll, E 72 Cruz, G T 80 cultural identity 1, 10, 91, 92–3, 104, 110 cultural logics: of global capitalism 10, 24, 91–94, 104, 110; of love and desire 95 cultural policies, Singapore 9, 107 cultural production 10, 33, 91–104, 110 Cunningham, S 98 cyborg 22 Dales, L 101, 102 Das Gupta, M 72 dating services 26, 29, 57, 69 de-traditionalization 19 Delanty, G 47 democratization of relationships 1, 2, 4, 7, 11–12, 14, 25, 64, 109 demographic change 7, 65–83, 109 desire(s) 91–92; cultural logic of 95; second-order 40–41, 42–3, 51 Devan, J 31 Devasahayam, T 58, 74 Diana, Princess of Wales xiv diasporic communities 4, 9, 25, 30, 52– 53, 65, 68 discrimination 17 dissonance, sense of 38–39, 47 divorce 10, 64, 69, 75, 89, 103–104, 106, 109; no-fault xv; rates xv, xvi, 3, 57, 64, 66 doi moi 31, 78, 84–5, 89, 109 domestic abuse 31, 103 domestic labour 12, 27; gender division of 2–3, 6; see also female migrant domestic labour Donald, C 71 dress codes 55–6, 93–94 Drummond, L 69, 89, 102 Duncombe, J 13, 16, 106 Dunne, G Eastern Europe, sexual activity economic participation 4–5, 28 education 4, 16, 28–29, 30; and singlehood 10, 68–69; women and xvi, 4, 10, 16, 28–30, 68–69 Edwards, J 76 effeminacy xv 130 Index Ehrenreich, B 35 Elizabeth II xiv embodiment xiii-xiv, 9, 21–2, 22–3, 25, 91–92, 106–107 emotional labour 2–3, 28, 52, 74 emotions xiii-xv entertainment 10, 91, 94, 98–100, 104 equality: gender 4–5; in heterosexual relationships 2–3, 7, 11–12, 14; and intimacy 12; in same-sex relationships 3, 13 eroticization of sex 14 ethnic identity ethnic movements 23 ethnicity 4–5, 8, 14, 20, 23–25, 36, 52–53, 59, 91, 94, 96–7, 106, 110 eugenics policies, Singapore 9, 25, 54, 107 Evans, M xiii everyday practices, reflexivity and 39 exclusion of women 15 exploitation of women xv, xvi, 58–9, 61 extramarital relationships, Vietnam 85–6, 89–90 factory workers, women xv, xvi Fahey, S 67 family xiii, 7–8; Asian 9, 20, 24, 30–3, 34, 36, 52–54, 67, 107; career impact on 5; extended 4, 9, 27; identity 8, 24; obligations to (filial piety) xiii, 2, 4, 7, 9, 18, 30, 53, 91; post-Confucian 25 family-friendly workplaces 29, 74 family life 22 Family Planning Association, Hong Kong 26, 27 family policies: Malaysia 28, 58; Singapore 9, 25, 28–29, 31–32, 54, 58, 71; Vietnam 71–2, 72–3 family values 8, 20, 24, 29 family-work balance 47–9 Featherstone, M 15 female migrant domestic labour 5, 28, 29, 34–5, 52, 58–63, 74, 93–4, 108–9; biopolitical othering of 9, 52, 59–60, 62; exploitation of xvi, 58–9, 61; human rights abuses 9, 59, 60–3, 108; and moral economies 9, 93–4, 108 femininity/femininities 19, 20, 22, 33–4, 89, 91 feminism 92, 93; Singapore 45–7 feminist groups 94, 100, 102–4 feminist theorists 1, 11, 14–18, 23, 38, 98, 105–6 feminization: of labour 58–98, 99; of love 13 fertility xv, xvi, 5, 10, 28, 64, 71–3, 88– 89, 101, 106–107, 109 fetus sex identification 72 field 38–39, 47, 51, 112 n.1; see also habitus Fields, J 66 filial piety, see family, obligations to Filipinas xvi, 31–2, 59–60, 96–99 France 66 Frankfurt, H 40, 42–44, 51, 108 Fraser, N 16 frigidity 13 Gammeltoft, T 34, 80–1 Garey, A 48, 51 gays, see homosexual relationships; lesbians gender xv, 8, 19, 23–25, 33, 36, 53, 92, 94, 106, 110 gender convergence 3, 12–13 gender equality 4–5, 48, 80; in heterosexual relationships 2–3, 7, 11 gender hierarchy xv gender identity xiv, 1, 10, 20, 67, 91; transformation of 9, 17, 18–19, 37–51, 107 gender inequality 2–3, 12, 15, 18; in labour market xv, xvi, 18 gender relations xiv, 53, 105; democratization of 1–2, 4, 7, 12; negative connotations 20–1 gender theorists 1, 11, 14–18, 23, 105–6 gender wars 21 Gershuny, J 6, 66 Giddens, A xv, 3–15, 18–19, 22–3, 37, 45, 95, 105–106, 109; Modernity and Self-Identity 21; The Transformation of Intimacy 1–2, 12, 21 global capitalism 56; cultural logics of 10, 24, 91–94, 104, 110 The Global Gender Gap Report 4–5 global ramifications globalization xv, 1, 9, 20, 27, 44, 44–5, 52, 56, 58, 64–65, 66, 83, 91–92 Glodiva, M 96 Goh Chok Tong 32, 35, 40 Goodwin, D Graham, E 28 Graham, M J 72 Groves, J 99 Guerrero, S 31 Index Guest, P 68 Guttiano, S 68 habitus 19, 39–40, 41–42, 47, 50–1, 107– 8; and field 38–39, 51, 112 n.1; gendered 38 Hacking, I 49 Hakim, C 74 Hanerz, U 51 Hanks, W F 47 healing xiv Heaphy, B 13, 14 Heng, G 31 heterosexual relationships 4, 13; complexity of 16; democratization of 1–2, 4, 7, 11, 14; equality within 2–3, 7, 12, 14; fragility of 3; hegemonic models and conventions 13–14; power in 12; transformation of intimacy within 2, 7, 11–15, 23, 105, 109 hijab, see veiling Hill, M 45 Hilsdon, A 98–100 HIV/AIDS 74, 80 Ho, L C 72 Hochschild, A 2–3 35, 66, 99 Holland, D 39 homosexual relationships xv, 2–3, 11–12, 14, 23, 80, 106 Hong Kong 25, 28–29, 94; abortion 72; arranged marriages 75; career identities 5; domestic workers 27, 34– 5, 58, 59, 61, 74; family obligations 30; Family Planning Association 26, 27; fertility rates xv, 71; professional women xv, 5, 28, 30, 35; sexual problems 6, 26; singlehood 6, 30, 65, 67, 94 Hooper, B 34 hours of work xvi Huang, S 41, 48–49, 58, 63 Huen, Y W P 71, 74 Hull, T H 76 human rights abuses 9, 59, 60–3, 108 Hung, C T 87–8 identity 1–2, 8, 24; cultural 1, 10, 91, 92– 3, 104; ethnic 1; family 8, 24; gender, see gender identity; gender-neutral perspectives on 5; media framing of 91; modernist conceptualization of 91; national 8, 20, 24, 33, 36; personal 21, 33; postmodernisation of 33–4; self-1; of singlehood 76–7, 89; social 15, 21; 131 stories of 42; transformation 9, 18–19, 37–51, 91, 105 imagined Asia 53–54, 63 incarceration, technologies of 9, 52, 61, 108 incest 31 incomes 14; marriage partners 29; professional women 30 India 26, 58, 60, 72; Indian communities individualism xiii, xiv, 4, 5, 54, 64, 67, 73, 89, 109; emotive xiv-xv; Protestant xiii, xiv; reflexive 74 individualization 1, 8, 17–18, 20, 25, 107, 109; and labour market 18; reflexive 19 individualization thesis 11, 105, 106 Indonesia 25, 53, 58, 61; education xvi; marriage 67; singlehood 67, 68, 76; theatre 100; veiling 94 Indonesian maids 59, 60 industrialization xv inequality, gender 2, 3, 12, 15, 17, 18; in labour market xv, xvi, 17, 18 infanticide, female 72 infertility inheritance 83, 103 International Labour Organisation 61, 66 intersubjectivity, situated 15, 16, 17 intimacy xiv, xv, xvi, 1–2, 4, 8, 10, 11, 24, 91; commercialization of 9, 52; contested 11, 20–3; equality and 12; modern 20; postmodern 20; sex and 13–14, 25–7; sexuality and 12, 91; sociology of 15, 20, 22, 23; traditional 20; transformation of 2, 7, 11–15, 23, 105, 109; typology of 22 intimate troubles 22 Islam 56, 67, 76, 107, 110 Islamic modernity 32, 54, 55–6 Islamic orthodoxy 91–92, 103, 104 Islamic revivalism 4, 53, 54–5, 106 Islamization 9, 25, 54–55, 110 Italy 66, 74 Jackson, S 2, 3, 13 Jacobs, S 16 Jakarta 67, 68, 76 Jamieson, L 2–4, 12, 13, 66, 106 Japan 74–76; cohabitation 82; fertility 71, 101; Filipina brides in 96, 97; nonmarriage 67–68; parasite singles 94, 100, 101–2, 104 Java 75 Johnson, M 49 Jolly, M 95 132 Index Jones, G 29, 65, 67–69, 71, 74, 76, 79, 80, 83 Jones, M Junhong, C 72 Kahn, J S 24, 33 Kandiyoti, D 51 Kelsky, K 97 Kennedy, P 37 Khuat, T H 65, 77, 81–2, 83–84, 86 Kimmel, M S 12–13 Knodel, J 80 Korea 67–8 Kraince, R G xvi Krais, B 38 Kuala Lumpur 67–68, 71, 73 labour: emotional 2–3, 28, 52, 74; feminization of 58–98, 99; migrant 31–32, 52; see also female migrant domestic labour labour force: participation (LFP) 27, 31, 38, 53, 65–66, 75; and social engineering 57–8 labour market: individualization and 18; inequality xv, xvi, 17–18; women and xv, xvi, 16,-19, 91–92, 107 Lai, A E 41, 45, 48–49 Lakoff, G 49 Langford, W 13 Lash, S 1, 11, 13–17, 21–2, 42, 105 late modernity 1, 10–11, 21–24, 38–39, 49, 91, 104, 106–107 Latif, 6, 55 Law, L 35 Law on Marriage and the Family (1959) , Vietnam 69, 86 Lawler, S 42 Le Blanc, M E 34 Lee, B xv Lee, J 41 Lee Kuan Yew 40–1 Lee, S 28 Leete, R 65 Leonard, P 94 lesbians xv, 3, 23 Li, N 94 Lian, K F 45 lifestyle issues 34, 102 Lim, W S 33 Limanonda, B 76 linguistic policies, Singapore 9, 54, 107 Long, S 71 love 3; confluent 12; cultural logic of 95; feminization of 13; and lust 13; and sex 13; sexualization of 14 Lovell, T 38 Luong, H V 34 McCall, L 38 McHale, S 67 Mackie, V 99 Mackinnon, A McNay, L 1, 8–9, 11, 15–17, 18–19, 19, 38, 39, 50, 107–8, 110–11 McRae, S Maffesoli, M 15 Mahathir, M 32, 55 ‘mail order brides’ 86–8, 95–8, see migration, and marriage; and transmigrant marriages Malaysia xv, 25, 31, 33, 53, 56, 64, 106, 110; domestic workers 35, 58, 61, 63, 74; education xvi; family policies 28, 58; Islam 32, 54–5, 55–6, 92–3, 107, 110; labour market 92, 107; middleclass 54; narratives of crisis 30; neoliberalism 107; New Muslim Feminists 100, 102–4, 110; polygamy 93, 103, 107; second wives 93; sexual activity 6; singlehood 65, 68, 75, 93– 94; veiling 55–6, 93–94 male heirs 71–72 Manderson, L 95 Manila 65, 68, 71, 83 Marchand, M H 47, 51 marriage xv, 4, 7–8, 10, 22, 25, 29, 36, 38, 49, 64, 88, 95, 106, 109; age of 28, 104; arranged 75; as an arrangement 3; companionate xv; consummation of 6, 26; informal 6, 29; Islam and 9, 103; late/delayed xv, xvi, 10, 28, 64, 73, 74, 109; love and 3; migration and 10, 76, 86–8, 91, 94, 95–8, 99, 104, 107; non-, see singles/singlehood; romantic 4, 27, 34; as situated intersubjectivity 16; temporary xv; universal 65, 67 Marsden, D 13, 16, 106 Marshall, B L 19, 38 masculinity/masculinities 19, 20, 22, 89, 91; crisis of xv; hegemonic notions of 14 masseuse 99–100 Massey, D 41 material agency 39, 42 material power relations 16, 17 materialism 64 Index Mathi, B 46 matriarchalism 64 Mauzy, D K media 10, 30, 33, 67, 74, 91, 102 medical technologies 22, 72 men: and childcare 12; and domestic labour 12; labour force participation 66; marriage migrants 87; new 22; power in relationships 12; singlehood 28, 30, 66, 68–9, 73, 75–6 Methodism, Wesleyan xiii middle-class 34, 35, 54 migrant labour 31–32, 52; see also female migrant domestic labour migration 5, 8, 10, 92, 93–4, 110; and marriage 10, 76, 86–8, 91, 94, 95–8, 99, 104; population growth through 28 mistresses 74, 79–80 Mitton, R 6, 7, 77 modern intimacies 20 modernity 4, 7, 9, 19–20, 23, 24, 30–2, 37, 52, 67, 91, 107–108, 110; first and second 18, 44; high 21; Islamic 32, 54, 55–6; late 1, 10–11, 21–22, 24, 38, 39, 49, 91, 104, 106, 107; liquid or fluid 37 Modernity and Self-Identity (Giddens) 21 modernization xvi monarchy xiv monogamy 4, 27 Moore, S 13 moral economies 7, 9, 52, 56, 93–4, 108 Morocco 104 Morris-Suzuki, T 54 Moss, P 12, 16, 106 motherhood xv, 22, 31, 33, 34; commoditization of 35; single 9, 25, 29, 54, 66, 86; surrogate 22, 83, 86, 89; work and 31, 33 mui-jai 62 multiculturalism 8, 20, 24 muslim 3, 54–55, 63, 68, 92–3, 100,102– 3; Malay 63, 92; muslim revivalists 106; women xvi, 68, 92–3; see also New Muslim Feminists; and Malaysia Myanmar 68, 75 Nagata, J A 54 Nakamatsu, T 96–7, 99 narratives of crisis 30–1, 53 nation-building 8, 20, 24, 94 national identity 8, 20, 24, 33, 36 nationalism 93 nationalist agendas 10, 27, 91, 106 nationality 5, 8, 23–25, 94, 110 133 Neale, B 13, 16, 106 negotiation 2, neo-Confucianism 56, 67, 106, 107 neoliberalism 24, 33, 52, 56, 92, 104, 107–108, 110; neo-liberal exceptions 92 New Asia 33 New Islam, Malaysia 4, 56 new men 22 New Muslim Feminists 94, 100, 102–4, 110; see also Malaysia Ng, C 30 Nghiem, L H xvi Ngo, T N B 67 Nguyen-Vo, T 34 Nonini, D M 52–3, 94 OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) 66 Ong, A 8–10, 24, 28, 51, 54–5, 56, 58, 59–60, 61–3, 91, 92–3, 93–4, 95–6, 102–3, 104, 108, 110–111 Onizuka, R 96 oppression 15, 18 Oprahfication xiv The Oprah Winfrey Show xiv otherness, biopolitical 9, 52, 56, 59–60, 62 Oudin, X 29, 31, 34 Pakistani communities paradigms of resistance 10, 91, 94, 100– 4, 110–11 ‘parasite-single’ women 101–2; see also Japan parenting 3, 22, 29, 33, 74 Parker, L 98 Passeron, J.-C 42 Passion Commune 26 patriarchal Confucianism 4, 27, 52, 64 patriarchy xv, 20, 40, 95, 102; Islamic 92, 93 patrilinealism 69 pay xvi, 17, 18 pedophilia 22 Peletz, M xv personal identity 21, 33 Philippines 58; cohabitation 82; domestic abuse 31; domestic workers xvi, 59–60, 61; fertility rates xv; migrant labour from xvi, 31, 32, 59–60, 61; motherhood 31; singlehood 68; see also Filipinas Phinney, H 29, 86 pietism xiii; filial, see family, obligations to 134 Index Piper, N 35, 98 plastic sexuality 2, 3, 6, 12 Plummer, K 1, 8, 11, 15, 19, 20–1, 22, 23, 105 Pocock, B 74 political activism 67 political candidacy 10, 29 political economy 95 political empowerment politicians xiv polyamory 21 polygamy 4, 9, 10, 25, 55, 64, 69–70, 79, 85, 93–94, 103–104, 106–107 population growth 24–5 population policy, Singapore 5, 25, 28, 57, 71 Portugal 66 post-Asian values 52, 58, 63 post-colonial movements 23 postmodern Confucianism 4, 9, 27, 52– 53 postmodern intimacies 20 postmodernisation of identities 33–4 postmodernity 21; see also late modernity power relations: heterosexual 12; material 16, 17; same-sex couples 14; symbolic 16, 17 Pringle, R 38 Pro-natalist policy 25, 28 ; see eugenics policy, Singapore procreation 10, 25, 29, 31, 91 production 8, 10, 89, 91, 92, 110 professional women 16–17; Hong Kong xv, 5, 28, 30, 35; Singapore xv, xvi, 5, 28, 30, 35, 49–50 property rights 69, 104 prostitution 55, 80, 97, 99 Protestant Ethic thesis xiii public sphere, Islamic 92 public/private dualism 33 ‘pure relationship’ (Giddens) 2–4, 6, 12– 13; PuruShotam, N 4, 27, 29–30, 31, 33–35, 46, 48 Quah, S R 68, 74 quality of life Quran 103 race 23, 24 rape 31 rationality xiii Raymundo, C M 80 reflexive cosmopolitization 44 reflexive modernization thesis/theorists 1, 7–8, 11, 13–15, 18–19, 23–25, 38, 105– 106, 109 reflexivity xiv, xv, 1, 2, 7, 8, 15, 21, 22–3, 24, 73–5, 89, 91, 105–6; embodiment and 22–3; and everyday practices 39; gender-neutral perspectives on 5; individualism and 74; as masculinist 15; and transformation of gender identity 18–19, 37–51, 107; as uneven in its application religion 4, 5, 8, 20, 24, 25, 36, 53, 54, 93, 106; see also Islam religious practice 9, 25; see also veiling Renovation Period, Vietnam xvi, 31; see also Vietnam reproductive crisis, narrative of 31 reproductive technologies 22, 72, 91 resistance, paradigms of 10, 91, 94, 100– 4, 110–11 Retherford, R D 75 Robinson, K 95, 96 Roces, M 98 romance 4; romantic marriage 4, 27, 34 Runyan, A S 47, 51 Rydstrom, H 69, 89 sadomasochism 22 Sakai, J 101 Salazar-Parrenas, R 35, 58, 59 same-sex relationships: equality in 3, 13; power relations in 14; see also homosexual relationships; lesbians Sarada, T 102 Schön, D 49 Scott, S 2, second wives 64, 70–1, 72, 79, 85, 93 secularism 64 securitization, technologies of 9, 52, 61, 108 Seidman, S 14 self 91; self-authenticity xiv; selfexploration 2; self-fulfilment 64, 89, 109; self-identity 1;self-reliance xiv Sen, K 24 Seoul 67, 68 separation 66 sequencing 48 servitude 62 sex therapy 26 sex-work 10, 34, 91, 94, 98, 99–100, 104, 107; see also prostitution sex/sexual activity 3, 25, 31, 65, 79–83, 107, 109; commercial xv; see also Index sex-work; commercialization of 22; ejaculation 26; eroticization of 14; frequency of 6; and intimacy 13, 14, 25–7; and living conditions 26–7; and love 13; pre-marital 80–2; young people 80–2 sexual autonomy 2, 11, 12, 14, 23, 106 sexual dissatisfaction xvi, 13, 27 sexual health, Vietnam 77 sexual mores, western xv sexual orientation 22 sexual pleasure 2, 13 sexual preference 22 sexual problems 6, 26, 27 sexual violence 21, 22, 31, 61 sexuality xv, 2, 4, 6, 10, 22, 25, 33, 97; and intimacy 12, 91; plastic 2, 3, 6, 12 sexually transmitted diseases xv, 80 Shilling, C 22–3 Shintaro, I 32 Silva, E 6, 105 Sinclair, J 98 Singapore 4, 25, 33, 53, 67, 74, 76, 106, 110; Association of Women for Action and Research (AWARE) 41, 45–7, 51; career identities 5; cohabitation 27, 82; Confucianism 9, 25, 54, 56, 107; cultural policies 9, 107; dating services 26, 29, 57, 69; divorce 57, 89, 109; domestic workers xvi, 34–5, 58, 59–60, 61, 74; economic participation 5; educational attainment 4; eugenics policies 9, 25, 54, 107; expatriate population 57–8; family obligations 30; family policy 9, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 54, 58, 71; family-work balance 47–9; feminism 45–7; fertility rates xv, 5, 28, 71, 89, 109; gender equality 4, 5; gender identity transformation 40–2, 45–51; as global city 44, 57; linguistic policies 9, 54, 107; marriage 25, 27, 109; migrant labour xvi, 34–5, 57–8; narratives of crisis 30; patriarchy 40; pro-natalist population policy 5, 25, 28, 57, 71; professional women xv, xvi, 5, 28, 30, 35, 49–50; sexual activity 6, 26–7; sexual problems 6, 26; singles/ singlehood 6, 9, 25, 27, 28–9, 41, 49– 50, 54, 67–69, 73, 74–5, 89, 94, 102, 109; Social Development Unit 69; social engineering 57–8; veiling 55 single fathers 28 single mothers 9, 25, 29, 54, 66, 86 135 singles/singlehood xv, xvi, 6, 7, 10, 28– 30, 41, 64, 65, 66, 67–9, 73–9, 83–6, 88, 89, 91, 93, 94; education and 10, 68, 69; identity 76–7; male 28, 30, 66, 68–9, 73, 75–6; parasite 94, 100, 101– 2, 104; social ostracism and 9, 25, 54 Sisters of Islam, see New Muslim Feminists situated intersubjectivity 15–17 Situmorang, A 80 Skalli, N 104 Skeggs, B 11, 38, 42, 49, 50, 105 skin-colour 97 Smart, C 13, 16, 106 Sobritchea, C 31, 35 social change 1, 2, 19, 65–83 social engineering 57–8 social identity 15, 21 social justice 1, 35 social space 94 social stability xiii sociology of intimacy 15, 20, 22, 23 Soin, K 10, 27, 28, 29 son preference 72, 73 Sri Lanka 58, 59, 60, 61 state 10; interventionist policies 5, 25, 27–9, 31, 54, 58, 71, 106 status 14 sterility, technologies of 9, 52, 61, 63, 108 Stivens, M 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 32–3, 52, 53–4, 55–6, 63, 67, 106 stories of identity 42 suffering xiv surrogate mothers 22, 83, 86, 89 Suzuki, N 96 Sweden 5, Sweetman, P 49 symbolic power relations 16, 17 Taipei 71 Taiwan 65 Tan, J E 68, 75, 83 Teo, P 28 Thai brides 98 Thailand xv, 25, 67, 75, 76, 80, 107; migrant labour 58, 60; singlehood 65, 67, 68, 75 theatre 100 technologies of incarceration 9, 52, 60–1, 92, 108; technologies of securitization 9, 52, 92; technologies of sterility 9, 52, 60–1, 92, 108 therapy, culture of xiv 136 Index Total Fertility Rate (TFR) 71 tourist industry 98, 99 traditional intimacies 20 traditional society 21 trafficking of women 34 The Global Gender Gap Report 4–5 The Oprah Winfrey Show xiv The Straits Times 60, 113 n.3 The Transformation of Intimacy (Giddens) 1–2, 12, 21 transmigrant marriages 10, 76, 86–8, 91, 94, 95–8, 99, 104, 107; see also ‘mailorder brides’ Tsuya, N 74, 82 tudung 55 Turner, B S xiii-xvii underclass 15 United Kingdom, see Britain United States (US): confessional culture xiv; divorce rates 66; domestic workers 74; mail order brides 96–7; sexual activity 3, 6; singlehood 66 Urry, J 21–2 Utomo, I D 80 values: Asian 8, 9, 20, 24, 33, 36, 52, 53, 54, 55, 63, 67, 107; family 8, 20, 24; post-Asian 52, 58, 63 veiling 55–6, 93–94 ‘Venutian temperament’ 13 Viagra 22, 26 Vietnam xvi, 25, 34, 64, 83, 89, 107, 109; abortion 72; commodification of women 34; Communist Party 69; consumption practices 94, 100, 102; doi moi 31, 78, 84–5, 89, 109; family policy 71–2, 72–3; informal marriage 6–7, 29; labour force participation 31; matriarchalism 64; motherhood 31; polygamy 69, 70, 79, 85; pre-marital sex 80–2; Renovation Period xvi, 31; residential living patterns 75; second wives 70–1, 72, 79, 85; sexual health 77; single motherhood 86; singlehood 76–7, 83–6, 89; war, impact of 67, 73, 76–7; women's magazines 102; women's rights 69; Women's Union (WU) 69 violence xiv; domestic 31, 103; sexual 21, 22, 31 virginity 80–81 Walby, S war 67, 73, 76–7 war spinsters 77 Webb, J 44 Weber, M xiii, xiv Weeks, J Wei Siang Yu 26, 27 Wellings, K Werner, J 65, 80, 86 Wesleyan methodism xiii westoxification 54 whiteness 96 WHO (World Health Organization) 80 Willis, K 44, 99 Winfrey, Oprah xiv Witz, A 19 Wolff, J women: abuse of, see abuse; agency of 15–16, 73–5, 88, 89, 91, 94, 100–4, 104, 110; and careers 5, 6, 10, 17, 34, 45, 47, 49–40, 73–4, 74, 75; as carers 2, 28, 83–4, 85; domestic workers, see female migrant domestic labour; economic participation 4–5; and education 4, 10, 16, 28–30, 68–69; exclusion of 15; exploitation of xv, xvi, 58–9, 61; factory workers xv, xvi; as heads of households 66, 83; independence 83, 84; and individualization 17–18; labour force participation 27, 31, 38, 53, 66, 75; and labour market xv, xvi, 16, 17, 18, 19, 91, 92, 107; marriage migrants 10, 76, 86–8, 91, 94, 95–8, 99, 104, 107; and married men 85–6, 89–90; and material power relations 16, 17; and motherhood, see motherhood; oppression of 15, 18; political candidacy 10, 29; political empowerment 5; pre-marital sex 80–2; professional, see professional women; rights of 69, 92, 104; sexual autonomy 2, 11, 12, 14, 23, 106; sexual dissatisfaction 13, 27; sexual pleasure 2, 13; singlehood, see singles/ singlehood; and symbolic power relations 16, 17; trafficking of 34; as an underclass 15; veiling 55–6, 93, 94 women's movement 23 Women's Union (WU), Vietnam 69 Wong, O 30 Wong, S E 72 Wong, T 28 work-family balance 47–9 workplaces: abuse in 58–9, 60–62, 113 n.3; family-friendly 29, 74 Index World Economic Forum World Value Survey 74 Xenos, P 68 Yamada, M 101 Yeoh, B 28, 44, 58, 63, 74, 99 yong-yan 62 young people, sexual activity 80–2 137 ... Hviid Jacobsen 69 Hemingway on Politics and Rebellion Edited by Lauretta Conklin Frederking 70 Social Theory in Contemporary Asia Ann Brooks Social Theory in Contemporary Asia Ann Brooks With... Acknowledgements Introduction: understanding intimacy, reflexivity and identity in contemporary Asia xiii xix Contesting intimacy, reflexivity and identity in contemporary social theory 11 Intimacy, reflexivity... debates within the context of contemporary Asia drawing on a range of social and cultural contexts to understand the nature of gender relationships in Asia Social theory in contemporary Asia: intimacy,