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How computers work (8th edition) is a musthave for anyone interested in the innerworkings of computers. The fullcolor, detailed illustrations will take you deep inside your PC and show you just how intricate it is.
Games and Multimedia H A p T E R s Ii PHR HOW MULTIMEDIA SOUND WORKS 268 HOW MULTIMEDIA VIDEO WORKS 280 HOW GAMES PUT YOU IN THE ACTION 286 264 GAMES AND MULTIMEDIA If you could whatever you wanted, it wouldn't be agame -Clive Thompson First video game Developed at MIT, Spacewar made its debut in 1962 Here is the classic CBS Opening The ships-one wedge-shaped and the other with a needle-nose-turn slightly away from the I star and fire a short rocket blast (note the needle-ship's exhaust) to get into a comet-type orbit, and then rotate the other way to try shooting torpedoes at the opponent The original IBM PC, compared to today's personal computers, was a poor, introverted little thing It didn't speak, sing, or play the guitar It didn't even display graphics well or show more than four colors at a time Not only is today's multimedia revolution changing the ways we use PCs, it also is changing our use of information itself Where information formerly was defined as columns of numbers or pages of text, we're communicating both to and from our PCs, using our voices, our ears, and our eyes, not simply to read, but to see pure visuals Today the distinctions among computers, movies, television, radio, CD players, DVD players, TiVo, and game consoles have all but disappeared They are losing their individual identities to be co-opted, Borg-like, into one allencompassing, networked system that serves up entertainment, information, and communication throughout the home and the work place Add the cell phone, which is rapidly morphing into an extension of this computer/entertainment/communication personal conglomerate, and the boundaries of the home and office dissolve, too We are headed quickly toward the utopian idea of pervasive computing Expect other devices to join the party Sensors in the walls, in your bed, or in your cereal will be able to monitor your blood pressure, cholesterol, diet, and provide your doctor with a video view of your alimentary canal without you realizing any of it As you play squash- OVERVIEW 265 prescribed because microanalyzers in your vitamin pill radioed back a less than ideal body fat ratio-an ear bud whispers a warning that the stock you're watching shows signs of a collapse Without missing a stroke, you whisper back to se!! If all this turns out to be true, you can thank a bunch of computer hackers-an admirable term back then-who in 1961 had been set loose on a new PDP-1 computer in the laboratory basement at MIT Without someone like them, computers would very likely have remained tools for crunching drab numbers and data, text-only machines that would have been only a glorified combination of typewriter, adding machine, and card catalog But the MIT hackers nudged computing in the right direction to develop, after decades of growth, into talking, breathing, listening, living machines that are a part of our world and that invite us into their virtual worlds After creating from scratch the basic software-compilers, debuggers, and text editors-needed by any computer to write real programs, the hackers plunged into creating a serious piece of software: Spacewar The game began as cute graphics demonstration that allowed three points of light to interact with each other based on parameters entered at the keyboard The three points of light quickly evolved into a star and a couple of spaceships, which soon developed the ability to fire torpedoes in the form of even smaller dots of lights There was a realism to the game that most computer games for the next couple of decades didn't have The objects followed laws of physics The ships had to overcome inertia to get moving and overcome inertia to stop The sun's gravity affected their paths and those of the torpedoes, and Spacewar allowed you to reverse the laws so the sun repelled objects instead of attracting them It wasn't until 1992 that computing took its next big step toward creating virtual worlds, although few back then could have seen where it was headed id Software distributed a free game called Wolfenstein 3D The back story was that you were a soldier on the loose in a Nazi prison You had to fight your way through several levels full of enemy soldiers, vicious dogs, and the Big Boss himself Wolfenstein 3D The graphics were crude in the] 992 game, but the obilily to move freely in a 3D world was exciting and maior step toward virtual reality GAMES AND MULTIMEDIA 266 The graphics were crude But it had a grabber: It was modeled on a 3D environment that enabled you to move in any direction you wanted Most games until then had a predetermined course to follow Wolfenstein 3D let you go and what you wanted The enemy soldiers had a primitive artificial intelligence that enabled them to react to what you did (Fire your gun, for instance, and they might hear you and come running.) Wolfenstein 3D was followed by id/s Doom, which was Wolfenstein 3D on a big budget and with all imaginative shackles cast off The popularity of Doom and all its imitators spurred the development of video cards and sound cards that could more realistically render a 3D environment, which made it possible for software developers and artists to create more and more realistic games until they've reached the point today where each blade of grass and every strand of hair can move in individual reaction to a 3D world Games have brought us to the point that our world and _ ~.J game worlds are separated by only a thin fabric of reality It's easy to become caught up in these games and easy to 1989 HDTV The first experimental highdefinition display in 1989 illustrates the difference between it (on the leftl and the interlace technology used by conventional television Courtesy of Lucent Technologies see how they have already overlapped into television and movies, where some characters exist only as creatures of a computer performing next to f1esh-and-blood actors We're in the next big revolution without knowing it It's a revolution that enables a 3D model to contain an entire virtual world as a collection of software files, a database of objects, and their locations in the virtual world Join in the 3D world through your computer, your TV, and maybe soon through your cell phone, and the database records your movements and your position and those of thousands of others in the same gameworld It gathers information about what you should be seeing, hearing, and feeling and transforms that data into changes you see on the monitor; hear on your 3D, spatialized speakers; and feel in your force feedback joystick If it keeps on like this, soon, very soon, we might stay home for a visit to virtual reality more often than we leave the house to visit real reality OVERVIEW 3D graphics Not the same as 3D movies, in which you have a sense of depth Instead, computer animation, rendered in real time, in which you can infinitely change the viewpoint AVI Acronym for audio/video interleave, one of the most common file formats that combines video and sound bitmaps Graphics designed to look like skin, clothing, brick walls, and other 3D objects in games or virtual reality frame rate Speed of animation, usually expressed in frames per second laser Originally an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, a laser is a device that produces a coherent beam of light That is, the beam contains one or more extremely pure colors and remains parallel for long distances instead of spreading as light normally does MID! Acronym for musical instrument digital interface, MIDI is a protocol for recording and playing back music on digital synthesizers supported by most sound cards Rather than representing musical sound directly, it contains information about how music is produced The resulting sound waves are generated from those already stored in a wavetable in the receiving instrument or sound card MMORPG Acronym for massively multiplayer online roleplaying game, a computer role-playing game that enables thousands of players to play at the same time and interact with each other in an evolving virtual world over the Internet MP3 An audio file compressed so that it's one-tenth the size of the original sound file The compression technique is based on the third layer of MPEG, a scheme devised for compressing video as well as sound rasterizer Gaming software that translates the 3D geometry of 3D obiects to a two-dimensional bitmap that can be displayed on the screen real time strategy Games involving military recreations of large battles Players usually see the entire field and control many characters RPG (Role Playing Game) Long games with elaborate storylines that involve going on a quest and solving problems that increase the player's strength For instance, Final Fantasy, Dungeons and Dragons shader Plug-in code for graphics rendering software that defines the final surface properties of an obiect Originally, shaders computed only surface shading, but the name stuck as new shaders were invented that had nothing to with shading For example, a shader can define the color, reflectivity, and translucency of a surface Game devoted to shooting of many monsters and characters Typically, a first-person shooter, as in Doom shooter streaming Sending video and audio transmission in real time over a network or the Internet vector graphics Images created by mathematically constructing a three-dimensional framework out of poly· gons The sides of the polygons are vectors in the sense that they have a length and a direction The direction is set against some mathematical coordinate system that describes a 3D (or two-dimensional) space Changing the mathematical description of the vectors animates the polygon images Shading provides the polygons with various characteristics such as color, lighting, and texture to create surfaces for the polygons virtual reality The simulation of a real or imagined environment that can be experienced Visually in the three dimensions of width, height, and depth It can include other sensory experiences, including sound, touch, and feedback from "touched" obiects, or other forces and sensations designed to enable a person to work in a computer environment by seeming to manipulate objects by handling them 267 268 ( GAMES AND MULTIMEDIA PTE • I Multi nd or C APTER 21 HOW MULTIMEDIA SOUND WORKS years, DOS and Windows personal computers sounded like cartoon roadrunners They could play loud, high-pitched beeps and low-pitched beeps But they were still only beeps There was no hiding it We owe today's multimedia sound capabilities to game players They saw the advantages of hearing realistic explosions, rocket blasts, gunshots, and mood-setting background music long before developers creating business software realized the practical advantages of sound Now, you can listen to your PC speak instructions as you follow along on the keyboard, dictate a letter by talking into your PC, give your PC spoken commands, attach a voice message to a document, and not have to take your eyes off a hard-copy list while your PC sounds out the numbers as you're typing them into a spreadsheet None of the multimedia that enhances business, personal, and family use of a PC could exist without sound capabilities Multimedia CD-ROMs and DVD bring their subjects to life in ways not possible in books, because you hear the actual sounds of whales, wars, and warblers, of sopranos, space blaster shots, and saxophones Not that sound capabilities must always enlighten you on a topic You should have fun with your PC, too It won't make the work day shorter to replace Windows's error chime with Homer Simpson saying, "D'oh!" You won't be more productive every time a Windows program opens or closes if it makes a sound like those doors in Star Trek And you'll spend more time than you should creating an MP3 song collection from your stockpiles of music CDs But so what? Taking advantage of the sounds in a multimedia PC personalizes a machine that has a rap for being impersonal Sound simply adds to the fun of using your computer And we all spend too much time in front of these things for it not to be fun Lately, multimedia sound has taken a reverse spin As we discussed in Chapter 17, now, instead of us listening to our computers, our computers can listen to us Although a slow, painstaking version of voice recognition has been possible for years, it's only with the faster processing made possible by the Pentium III and processors and their technologies that natural speed recognition has become possible We now can dictate, speaking in a normal voice, instead of typing And although we so much typing that it seems natural, if you think of it, there's hardly a more unnatural way to communicate than tapping little buttons Don't throwaway the keyboard just yet, but very soon expect to be holding complete conversations with that machine on your desk 269 270 GAMES AND MULTIMEDIA How Sound Cards Work The signals go to an cmalog-to-digital converter (ADC) From microphones or other equipment, such as an audio CD player, a sound card receives a sound in its native format, a continuous analog signal of a sound wave that contains frequencies and volumes that are constantly changing The sound card can handle more than one signal at a time, allowing you to record sounds in stereo For clarity, this illustration shows separate inputs and outputs for stereo, but left and right signals often are almost always combined in a single jack, chip The chip changes the continuous analog signal into the Os and 1s of digital data, c ER 21 HOW MULTIMEDIA SOUND WORKS 271 GAMES AND MULTIMEDIA o IDI and FM Synthesis Works MEMORY 439 Ethernet networks, 318 light meters, 260-261 magnetic deflection yokes, 220 peer-Io-peer networks, 313 light sources, 288 magnetic drives, 141 phone line networks, 320 line conditioning, 206 magnetic film, 144 power line networks, 320 line noise, 327 mail See email star topology, 315 lines, 16 mail reflectors, 347 token ring topology, 315 link manager (LM), 339 Mark I, 4, 74-76, 189 links, 310 Mark IV, 74 palm PCs, 252 Linux, 77 markup languages, 338 PC Cards, 250 liquid cooling, 71 Tablet PCs, 252 liquid crystal displays (LCDs), 194, 222-226, 249, 255 massively multi player online roleplaying games (MMORPGs), 267, 302-303 list servers, 347 master file table (MFT), 150 laptops, 247 laser printers, 410 color laser printers, 413, 420 tandem color laser printers, 421 lasers, 139 CD-R drives, 174 defined,267 DVD drives, 176 infrared lasers, 179 loser printers, 410 LM (link manager), 339 masters (Bluetooth), 339 Load/Store Queue Units, 63 Mauchly, John, 39 loading operating systems into memory, 23 Maxis SimCity, 77 local area networks See LANs mechanical mouse, 232 log files, 383 megahertz (MHz), 9, 43, 58 logic gates, 42, 45, 58-59 memory mechanical calculators, logical pixels, 195 addresses, 251 LOGO, 75 layers (network), 342-343 longitudinal recording (Zip drives), 165 EPROM (erasable, programmable, read-only memory), 31 layers tool, 127 loops, 85 extended memory, 98 LCDs (liquid crystal displays), 194, 222-226, 249, 255 lossless compression, 166 low memory, 98 lossy compression, 167, 282 Memory Sticks, 183 Lotus 1-2-3,76,79-80 on board RAM, 295 low frequency effect (LFE), 274 RAM (random access memory) red lasers, 179 latency, 201 LEDs (light emitting diodes), 233, 297 legacy PCI slots, 17 Leibniz, Gottfried, 2, 38, 72 levels (histograms) tool, 126 lexers, 94 lexical analysis, 94 LFE (low frequency effect), 274 libraries, DLLs (dynamic link libraries), 102 low-level formatting, 139 low-level languages, 85-87 low-level programs, 27 low memory, 98 Ludd, Ned, 75 LZ adaptive dictionary-based algorithm, 166-167 Licklider, Joseph, 308 light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation See lasers M light emitting diodes (LEDs), 233, 297 MacKenzie, Kevin, 309 machine language, 87 MacroOps, 63 3101 Schottky bipolar 64-bit static random access memory (SRAM) chip, 41 buffers, 61-63,137-138,358, 408 cache, 42, 54, 62-63, 201, 367 defined, 13 DIMMs (dual in-line memory modules), 14 DMA (direct memory access), 138 flash RAM, 182 440 MEMORY loading operating system into, 23 Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS), memory addresses, 251 micro-operations, 61 microprocessors See processors reading data from, 50 microchips See also memory; processors Microsoft virtual RAM, 100 writing to, 48 registers, 56-57 ROM (read-only memory), slots, 16 upper memory, 98 utilizing, 98 Memory Sticks, 183 memory-resident antivirus software, 389 memory-resident viruses, 385 meshes, 290 message digests, 395 messages chat rooms, 352 email addition operations, 58 address lines, 42 burn-in, 42 capacitors, 42 chip sets, 16-18 of, 5, 76 Sidewinder Force Feedback Pro, 298 Sidewinder Freestyle Pro, 300 Windows operating system CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductors) chip, 25 data lines, 42 defined,43 digital cameras, 255 image sensors, 255 Clipboard, 104 crashes, preventing, 100 DLLs (dynamic link libraries), 102 GDI (graphic device interface), 104 invention of, 38, 41-42 invention of, 76, 83-84 manufacturing process, 68 VM (system virtual machine), pipelines, 62 100 Word,131 semiconductors, 142 microswitches (optical mouse), 233 transistors MIDI (musical instrument digital interface), 267, 272 adders, 42 POP (post office protocol), 351 binary notation, 45 sending, 350 closed transistors, 58 server software, 347 creating chips from, 46 SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol), 347, 350 data manipulation, 45 viruses, 386 full-adders, 42, 45, 59 drains, 42, 46 instant messaging, 354-355 half-adders, 42, 45, 59 message digests, 395 how they work, 46 messaging servers, 354 logic gates, 42, 45, 58-59 metafiles, 104, 358 open transistors, 58 metal oxide, 182 registers, 43 metal-oxide varistor (MOV), 207 silicon, 46 metatext, 371 source, 43, 46 Metcalfe, Bob, 309 switches, 58 MHz (megahertz), 9, 43, 58 history Microsoft Mouse, 191 South Bridge, 19-20 list servers, 347 MFT (master file table), 150 Bookshelf, 76 Tablet PCs, 252 mounting, 15 MIME (multipurpose Internet mail extensions), 347 micrometers, 43 North Bridge, 18-20 clients, 347 mail reflectors, 347 Microdrive, 139 microcontrollers (pointing sticks), 235 MIME (multipurpose Internet mail extensions), 347, 386 minicompilers, 118 miniprocessors, 16 MIP mapping, 290 mirror sites, 365 mirrored drive arrays (RAID 1), 158-159 MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems), MMORPGs (massively multi player online role-playing games), 267, 302-303 MMX technology, 43, 66 mobile computing See portable computers mobile objects (mobs), 303 NETWORKS 441 mobile telephone switch office (MTSO),336 Moore, Gordon, 41 morphing, 128 musical instrument digital interface (MIDI), 267, 272 mobs, 303 motherboards, 9, 14, 17 mutua! capacitance, 234 Model 33 keyboard, 133, 189 Model TC500 Drivette, 136 Motion Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) compression, 282 models (speech recognition), 237 Motorola 68040 processors, 43 modems mounting chips, 15 built-in, 248 mouse, 194 cable modems, 323, 330 mechanical mouse, 232 defined, 13 optical mouse, 233 DSL (digital subscribe line), 323, 328 ports, 13 traditional dial-up modems, 323-324 V90 modems, 323, 326 MOV (metal-oxide varistor), 207 MP3 files, 267, 276 MPEG (Motion Pictures Expert Group) compression, 282 modes (Bluetooth), 339 tv\PEG-2 decoders (TiVo), 285 modulating, 323 See also modems modulator waves, 200 MR (Giant Magnetoresistive) heads, 138 modules, 85 MSDOS.SYS file, monitors MTSO (mobile telephone switch office), 336 Ben Day dots, 219 bitmaps, 219 CRTs (cathode ray tubes), 40, 195,220 DlP (digital light processing), 226 dot pitch, 221 drivers, 131 high color, 220 interlacing, 221 LCD (liquid crystal display), 194, 222,226,249,255 pixels, 219 plasma displays, 224-225 refresh rates, 220 resolution, 220 multicast (IP), 361 multichannel sound, 274-275 mu~media,266,288 Seea~o gaming; graphics; sound; video nanometers, 143 nanoseconds, 190 NAP (network access point), 345 Napier, John, 2, 72 Napier's Bones, 2, 72 NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 307 NCQ (Native Command Queing), 215 net domain name, 364 NetBurst micro-architecture, 62 network layer (networks), 343 networks See also Internet· protocols; security , application layer, 342 backbon~ 309, 316 bandwidth, 309 bridges, 309, 345 invention of, 264-266 cables, 316 PnP (Plug-end-Play), 34 clients, 313-314 polygons, 291 chat clients, 352 streaming, 267 defined, 309 VR (virtual reality) dumb terminals, 314 accelerometers, 300 email clients, 347 data gloves, 301 fat clients, 314 defined, 267 thin clients, 314 VR helmets, 300 multiplexing, 201 super VGA, 195 multipliers, 69 true color, 220 multipurpose Internet mail extensions (MIME), 347, 386 VGA,195 names, domain, 364 defined, 267 SED (surface-conduction electronemission displays), 220, 224 Moore's Law, 41 N-type silicon, 46, 240 music See sound connecting to Internet DSL (digital subscribe line), 323, 328 ISPs (Internet service providers), 327 modems, 323-330 wireless connections, 333-339 442 NETWORKS connectors, 13 peer-to-peer networks, 310, 314 non-player characters (NPCs), 303 data-link layer, 343 physical layer, 343 nonconductive materials, 142 distributed networks, 310 presentation layer, 342 nonvolatile memory, 250 Ethernet, 31 PSTN (public switched telephone network), 327 North Bridge, 16-20 fi rewa lis alerts, 383 defined, 310 packet filtering, 382 proxy servers, 383 rules, 382 security logs, 383 setting up, 382 stateful inspection, 383 gateways, 310,345, 350 hubs, 310, 317, 345 invention of, 304 LANs (local area networks), 310, 13-3 15, 344 bus topology, 15 Ethernet networks, 31 peer-to-peer networks, 313 phone line networks, 320 power line networks, 320 star topology, 15 token ring topology, 315 MIME (multipurpose Internet mail extensions), 347 modems repeaters, 345 NOS (network operating system), 314 routers, 310, 317, 344 NOT logic gate, 58 servers notebook PCs, 248 defined, 311 Noyce, Robert, 40-41 DNS (domain name server), 365 NPCs (non-player characters), 303 NT LoaDeR (NTLDR), 26 file servers, 31 3-314 NTDETECICOM,26 messaging servers, 354 NTFS (NT file system), 146 print servers, 313-314 NTLDR (NT LoaDeR), 26 proxy servers, 383 session layer, 342 switches, 31 transport layer, 342 virtual networks, 315 OAW (Optically Assisted Winchester) drive, 139 WANs (wide area networks), 11, 15, 344 object-oriented graphics, 104 wireless, 316, 333 Bluetooth, 339 cell phones, 336-337 WAP (wireless application protocol), 338 Wi-Fi,334 cable modems, 323, 330 WLANs (wireless local area networks), 335 DSL (digital subscribe line), 323, 328 WML (wireless markup language), 338 traditional dial-up modems, 323-324 V90 modems, 323, 326 NAPs (network access points), 345 network layer, 343 NICs (network interface cards), 310,316,328 nodes, 95, 313-316 NOS (network operating system), 314 NSFNET,310 email server software, 347 Neumann, John von, 4, 73, 76 neutrons, 142 NICs (network interface cards), 310,316,328 Nipkow, 262 NMI pins, 32 nodes, 95, 313-316 noise, 21, 142, 192,206,215 nominal bandwidth (PCI_Express), 21 objects, drawing, 124-125 OCR (optical character recognition), 244 OEM (original equipment manufacturer), 104 offhook(modem~,324 offline UPS (uninterruptible power supply), 204 offset, 92 onboard RAM, 295 online UPS (uninterruptible power supply), 205 OPC (organic photoconducting cartridge), 41 open transistors, 58 opening PC cases, 11 Web sites, 364-366 operating systems, 27-29, 141 CP/M, 76, 83 defined, 9, 23, 77, 85 PERIPHERALS 443 DOS (disk operating system), 29, 82 outline fonts, 406 Pascaline, output See I/O (input/output) passive autofocus, 258-259 invention of, 82-84 output capacitors, 203 passive matrix LCDs, 194, 222 linux, 77 output planes (palm PCs), 253 pasting data onto Clipboard, 104 loading into memory, 23 overclocking, 68-69 PC Cards, 249-250 OS/2,82 overcooling, 70-71 PC-Talk, 80 UNIX, 75 overheating, preventing fans, 13 PCI (peripheral component interconnect), 9, 13, 20, 195 Clipboard, 104 heat sinks, 13 PCI_Express, 17, 20-21 crashes, preventing, 100 liquid cooling, 71 PCM (pulse code modulation), 327 Dlls (dynamic link libraries), 102 overcooling, 70-71 PCs (player characters), 302 traditional cooling, 70 PDAs (personal digital assistants), 252 Windows GDI (graphic device interface), 104 PDL (page description language), 401 invention of, 76, 83-84 PDP-1 computers, 74 VM (system virtual machine), 100 optical character recognition (OCR), 244 optical drives, 171 P-type silicon, 46, 240 PDP-8 computers, packet filtering, 382 peer-to-peer networks, 20, 310, 313-314, 349, 393 page description language (PDL), 401 CD-R (CD-recordable), 174-175 page mode (Bluetooth), 339 CD-ROM, 12, 172-173 page orientation, 131 CD-RW (CD-rewritable), 12, 178 PageRank (Google), 375 DVD, 12, 176 pages, Web See Web sites DVD+RW, 12, 178 palettes, 120 writing to, 178 palm PCs, 252 optical grayscale position sensors (joysticks), 297 PalmPilot, 252 optical mouse, 233 Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), 5,191-193,309 optical storage, 139 pantelegraph, 188 Optically Assisted Winchester (OAW) drive, 139 paper trains, 411 Papert, Seymour, 75 peizo-electric sensors (joysticks), 297 Pentium processors, 43, 54-55, 60, 66 Pentium II processors, 43 Pentium processors, 62 peripheral component interconnect (PCI), 9, 13, 20, 195 peripherals joysticks capacitors, 297 digital joysticks, 297 force-feedback joysticks, 298 parallel ports, 13, 195, 209 optical grayscale position sensors, 297 org domain name, 364 PARC (Palo Alto Research Center), 5,191-193,309 peizo-electric sensors, 297 organic photoconducting cartridge (OPC),411 parity bits, 161, 325 optimizing disk drives, 168-169 optimizers, 95 original equipment manufacturer (OEM) text, 104 potentiometers, 297 top hat, 297 parity, striped drive arrays with, 161 X-axis, 296 park mode (Bluetooth), 339 Y-axis, 296 OS See operating systems parsing, 88, 95 OS/2,82 particle shaders, 293 capacitive keys, 231 Oughtred, William, 2, 72 Pascal, Blaise, hard-contact keys, 231 keyboards 444 PERIPHERALS scan codes, 230 split-board designs, 229 pointing devices pits, 179 CD-ROM drives, 172 DVD drives, 176 ports, 209, 378 AGP (accelerated graphics ports), 17,26,194 mouse, 194, 232-233 pixelation, 290 defined, 195 pointing sticks, 235 pixels, 120, 195,219 drivers, 151 touch pads, 234 pixie dust, 139 infrared, 249 trackballs, 232 PKs (player killers), 303 keyboard ports, 13 PKZip, 167 mouse ports, 13 Plain Old Telephone System (POTS), 310,329 multipliers, 214 plasma displays, 224-225 PS2,233 perpendicular recording (Zip drives), 165 persistence, 221 personal computer interface (PCI) slots, parallel ports, 13, 209 serial ports, 13, 209, 212 personal digital assistants (PDAs), 252 plastic-coated swellable papers, 418 POS cameras, 260 platters, 136, 139, 184 POST (power-on self-test), 24-25 perspective correction, 290 player characters (PCs), 302 post office protocol (POP), 351 PGA (pin grid array), 43 player killers (PKs), 303 PostScript, 406 phase change technology, 178 playing music on iPods, 276-277 pot (potentiometer), 297 phone line networks, 320 plug-ins, 358 potentiometers (joysticks), 297 phonemes, 236 PnP (Plug-and-Play), 27, 34 phosphorous, 240 point-and-shoot (POS) cameras, 260 POTS (Plain Old Telephone System), 310,329 phosphors, 123, 220-221 pointers, 113 Poulsen, Valdemar, 264 photo paper, 418 pointing devices power line networks, 320 photo printers, 418 mouse, 194, 232-233 power-on self-test (POST), 24-25 photo retouching tools, 126 pointing sticks, 235, 248 power supply See electricity photo sites (scanners), 240 touchpads, 234 PrairieTek 220, 137 trackballs, 232 prefetching data, 201 photocells (scanners), 240 photodiodes, 240, 256 points, 401 presentation layer (networks), 342 photons, 225, 241 polarization, 195 pressure plates, 255 photovoltaic cells, 240 polarizing filters, 222 primary keys, 116 physical layer (networks), 343 Polaroid, 267 prime numbers, 394 physical pixels, 195 Polish notation, 118 print heads, 401 picture elements (pixels], 219 polycarbonate plastic (CD-R), 174 print servers, 313-314 piezo controllers, 422 polygons, 291 printing, 403 piezo-electric nozzles, 41 POP (post office protocol), 351 pigment inks, 418 Pope Sylvester II, 38 bitmapped fonts, 404 pin connectors, 15 port 80 display, 17 CMYK,401 pin grid array (PGA), 43 portable computers, 247 color printing, 413-414 Ben Day dots, 401 pins, 43 palm PCs, 252 additive color, 414 pipelines, 43, 55, 62 PC Cards, 250 color ink-jet printers, 416 Tablet PCs, 252 portrait orientation, 131 color laser printers, 413, 420 CMYK,414 RAID (REDUNDANT ARRAY OF INDEPENDENT DRIVES) D2T2 (dye diffusion thermal transfer), 41 BTB (branch target buffer), 61-62 dithering, 415 ClSC (complex instruction set computing), 42 dye-sublimation, 413, 419 defined, 9, 13,43 paper quality, 415 dual-core processors, 64 photo printers, 418 dual-processor systems, 65 solid-ink printers, 413, 422 hyperthreading, 64-65 subtractive color, 414 JEUs (jump execution units), 60 tandem color laser printers, 421 micro-operations, 61 MMX technology, 43, 66 thermal printers, 413 overclocking, 68-69 445 UDP (user database protocol), 359 WAP (wireless application protocol), 338 WML (wireless markup language), 338 protons, 142 proxy servers, 383 PS2 ports, 13, 233 PSTN (public switched telephone network), 327 public address sources for spammers, 390 dithering, 401 Pentium, 43, 54-55, 60 dot matrix printers, 401, 408 Pentium II, 43 fonts Pentium 4, 62 public switched telephone network (PSTN), 327 bitmapped fonts, 401 registers, 87 pulse code modulation (PCM), 327 defined,401 reorder buffer, 61-63 punch cards, 132 outline fonts, 406 RISC (reduced instruction set computing),43 impact printers, 401,408 invention of, 399-400 laser printers, 410 PDL (page description language), 401 SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data), 43 sockets, 16 QIC (quarter-inch cartridge), 186 speculative execution, 61 queries, 109 queues (Googlebot), 374 print heads, 401 program code, sharing, 102 resolution, 401 program counters, 24 write-black printers, 410 program viruses, 384 radial sectors, 164 write-white printers, 410 radiator, 71 printing pins, 409 programming languages See languages Privacy Policies, 380 programs See software private keys, 394 probe requests, 334 processors, 16,53-54,60 projectors (LCD), 226 protocols defined, 357 8088,54 FTP (file transfer protocol), 364 68040,43 IP (Internet Protocol), 310-31 1, 330,335,361,365 80x86processors, 43, 54 AlUs (arithmetic logic units), 42, 54,61 AM386 family, 43 AMD Athlon, 43, 63 BIUs (bus interface units), 61 branching, 61 MIME (multipurpose Internet mail extensions), 347 POP (post office protocol), 351 SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol), 347, 350 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), 31 radio frequency (RF) transmitters, 233 Radio Shack TRS-80 Model computer, radiosity shading, 293 RADSL (rate adaptive DSL), 329 RAID (redundant array of independent drives), 139, 158 mirrored drive arrays (RAID 1), 158-159 RAID controllers, 158 striped drive arrays (RAID 0), 160-161 striped drive arrays with parity (RAID 4), 161 446 RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY) RAM (random access memory), 9, 248, 386 3101 Schottky bipolar 64-bit static random access memory (SRAM) chip, 41 buffers, 358, 408 BTB (branch target buffer), 61-62 defined, 137 DMA (direct memory access), 138 ROB (reorder buffer), 61-63 head crashes, 138 head landing zone, 138 removable drives, 181 See also tape backup drives; Zip drives removable hard drives, 184 defined, 12 print heads, 401 flash RAM, 182 seek times, 139 high write, 185 settle time, 139 platters, 184 tape backup drives, 187 read/write heads, 184 reading spindles, 184 from disk, 139, 144, 150 rendering, 289, 294 from RAM (random access memory),50 reorder buffer (ROB), 61-63 repeaters, 345 real life (RL), 303 replication (viruses), 384 data cache, 63 real-time clock, 13, 25 reports, 109 defined,42 real-time strategy, 267 requests, probe, 334 execution trace cache, 62 reboots, 25 reserved words, 94 instruction cache, 63 records, 108 resistors, 15, 198, 235 cache, 54, 201, 367 defined, 13 finding, 112, 115 resolution, 199,220,401 DIMMs (dual in-line memory modules), 14 fixed-length field records, 12 resource arbitration, 35 modifying, 112 restoring files, 148, 187 flash RAM, 182 pointers, 113 RET (return from interrupt), 33 loading operating system into, 23 storing, 114 rewritable, 139 variable-length field records, 13 reading data from, 50 rectifiers, 203-204 RF (radio frequency) transmitters, 233 virtual RAM, 100 red lasers, 179 ribbon cables, 15 writing to, 48 Red Seal 1O-inch discs, 264 ribs (plasma displays), 224 memory addresses, 251 rich text format (RTF), 104 RAMAC (random access method for accounting and control), 133-135 reduced instruction set computing (RISC), 43, 67 Rand Tablet, 190 RJ-45 connectors, 316 random access memory See RAM redundant array of independent drives See RAID raster scanning, 221 reflectors (mail), 347 RLE (run-length encoding), 122 reducing latency, 201 RISC (reduced instruction set computing), 43, 67 RL (real life), 303 rasterization, 267, 289, 294 refresh rates, 220 ROB (reorder buffer), 61-63 rate adaptive DSL (RADSL), 329 REG_BINARY data type, 37 role playing games (RPGs), 267 ray tracing, 292 REG_DWORD data type, 37 roller transports (scanners), 243 read-only memory (ROM), 9, 31 REG_EXPAND_SZ data type, 37 ROM (read-only memory), 9, 31 read-only, 139 REG_MULTI_SZ data type, 37 root directory, 146 read-out register, 257 REG_SZ data type, 37 root keys (Registry), 36-37 read process, registers, 43, 56-57, 87, 251 routers, 310, 317, 344 read/write heads registration requests, 336 routines, 88 floppy drives, 155 Registry, 26, 36-37 RPGs (role playing games), 267 hard drives, 156 relational databases, 109, 116 RS-232 ports See serial ports SIDEWINDER FREESTYLE PRO RS232-C standard, 190 RTC (real-time clock), 13, 25 RTF (rich text format), 104 Rubinstein, Seymour, 76 rules (firewalls), 382 run-length encoding (RLE), 122 runtime, 85 Russell, Slug, 74 S.MAR.T (self-monitoring analysis and reporting technology), 139 Sarnoff, David, 266 SATA (serial AT-attachment), 17, 214-215 SCSI (small computer system interface), 214 serial AT-attachment (SATA), 139, 214-215 search engines, 311, 370, 374-375 serial ports, 13, 195, 209, 212 searches serial UPS (un interruptible power supply), 205 eBay, 373 server-concentric structure, 349 Google, 375 server software (MMORPGs), 302 second priority (USB), 217 servers sectors, 139, 164 client/server networks, 314 security defined, 31 adware, 380 DNS (domain name server), 365 brute force attacks, 379 domain name servers, 350 crackers, 377 email server software, 347 digital signatures, 394-395 file servers, 313-314 firewalls, 382-383 list servers, 347 hackers, 377-378 messaging servers, 354 security logs, 383 print servers, 313-314 Satellite Software International, 76 spyware, 380 saving files, 148 viruses scalable link interface, 294 447 antivirus software, 388 proxy servers, 383 services, 27, 101 session layer (networks), 342 scan codes, 230 boot record viruses, 384 settle time, 139 scan line interleaved (SLI), 294 delivery, 385 shading, 267, 292-295 scanners, 239-241 email viruses, 386 shadow masks, 221 ADCs (analog-to-decimal converters), 241 event watching, 384 memory-resident viruses, 385 shadowed BIOS (basic input/output system), 31 CCD (coupled-charge device), 241 program viruses, 384 shapes, 288 replication, 384 sharing depletion area, 241 stealth viruses, 385 doped silicon crystal, 240 files, 348 program code, 102 flatbed scanners, 242 SED (surface-conduction electronemission displays), 220, 224 sharpen tool, 127 n-type silicon, 240 seek times, 139 shells, 100 OCR (optical character recognition), 244 segmented addresses, 101 Shockley, William, 7, 39-40 selection tool, 126 Sholes, Christopher, 188 self-monitoring analysis and reporting technology (S.MAR.T.), 139 shooters, 267 p-type silicon, 240 photocells, 240 photons, 241 showing ink, 253 shunt mode (surge protectors), 207 Schickardt, Wilhelm, 38 semiconductors, 3, 39, 43, 142 scissors rendering, 294 sending email, 350 screen names, 352 sequence numbers, 21 Sidewinder Force Feedback Pro joystick, 298 script kiddies, 377 sequential access, 139, 281 Sidewinder Freestyle Pro, 300 scroll wheels (optical mouse), 233 shutter locks, 261 448 SIDS (SYSTEM IDENTifiCATION (ODES) SIDs (system identification codes), 336 SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol), 347,350 interfaces, 85 signals sockets, 15 invention of, 72, 75-81 interpreters, 85-87, 92-94 carrier signals, 324 soft errors, 139 freeware, 80 CD (Carrier Detect) signals, 324 software, 107 Lotus 1·2-3, 79-80 data ready signals, 212 adware, 380 operating systems, 82-84 DSR (Data Set Ready) signals, 324 alpha versions, 84 OS/2,82 anti-spom software, 392-393 PC-Talk,80 antivirus software, 388 VisiCalc, 78-79 DTR (Data Terminal Ready) signals, 324 beta versions, 85 Windows, 83 signature scanners, 388 bugs, 85 signatures, digital, 394-395 kernel, 88 Clipboard, 104 silicon, 43 KERNEL32.DLL, 101 Comet Cursor, 381 in transistors, 46 killer apps, 78 COMMDLG.DLL, 102 N-type silicon, 46 KRNL386.EXE, 101 compilers, 85-87, 94-95 P-type silicon, 46 loops, 85 database managers, 108-109 Lotus 1-2-3,76,79-80 silicon crystal (scanners), 240 flat-file databases, 109 silicon transistors, 4,7,40 low-level, 27 forms, 116 SimCity,77 Microsoft Bookshelf, 76 indexes, ] 2-115 SIMD (single instruction/multiple data), 43, 62, 67 modules, 85 pointers, 113 operating systems, 29, 141 simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), 347,350 primary keys, 116 CP/M,83 queries, 109 defined, 9, 23, 77, 85 simplex connections, 21 records, 108, 112-115 single instruction/multiple data (SIMD), 43, 62, 67 relational databases, 109, 116 DOS (disk operating system), 29, 82 SIO (super input/output), 19 reports, 109 sites See Web sites tables, 108, 116 invention of, 82-84 Linux, 77 loading into memory, 23 six degrees of freedom (6DOF), 301 defined,84 OS/2,82 drivers, 31 UNIX, 75 Sketchpad, 75, 190 encryption software, 394 slaves (Bluetooth), 339 enumerators, 34 PC-Talk,80 slide rules, 2, 72 firmware, 406 PKZip, 167 small computer system interface (SCSI), 214 freeware, 80 plug-ins, 358 GDI.EXE, 101 popularity of, 81 GDI32.DLL, 101 runtime, 85 graphics programs SimCity,77 small office/home office (SOHO), 344 Smart Cards, 183 SmartMedia, 183 Smith, Oberlin, 263 SMP (Symmetric Multiprocessing), 64 Windows, 100-104 bitmapped graphics, 120-122 Sketchpad, 75, 190 vector-based graphics, 124 software/hardware interaction, 30 graphics software, 111 GUls (graphic user interfaces), 85,110 Spacewar, 74 SYSTEM REQUEST INTERFACE spreadsheets, 109-110, 118 spam stepper motors, 154 Spybot Search and Destroy, 381 anti-spam software, 392-393 spyware, 380 dictionary attacks, 391 stop words, 375 structure of, 88-89 storage registers, 57 USER.EXE,101 public address sources for spammers, 390 USER32.DLL, 101 spammerwocky, 393 streaming, 357 VisiCalc, 8,76-79, 109-110 speed at which spam spreads, 391 Word, 131 word processors, ] 10, 130 WordPerfect, 76 Wordstar, 76 SOHO (small office/home office), 344 spammerwocky, 393 spawning points, 303 speakers, 248 speculative execution, 61 speech engines, 236 449 stippling, 290 storage See drives audio, 358 defined, 267 video, 360 strings, 37, 88 striped drive arrays (RAID 0), 160-161 solenoids, 409 speech recognition, 236 striped drive arrays with parity (RAID 4), 161 solid-ink printers, 413, 422 spiders, 370 stripes (CD-R), 175 SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), 372 spindles, 184 styluses (palm PCs), 252 splash screen, 26 subtractive color, 414 sound,269 split-keyboard designs, 229 Sun Java, 77, 88 audio controllers, 248 spot metering, 261 super input/output (SIO), 19 AVI (audio/video interleave), 267,283 spread spectrum, 337 super VGA, 195, 220 spreadsheets, 109-110, 118 superparamagnetic effect, 165 compression, 275 Spybot Search and Destroy, 381 supertiling, 294 Dolby noise reduction (NR), 274-275 spyware, 380 surface-conduction electron-emission displays (SED), 220, 224 FM synthesis, 273 stacks, 32 standby mode (Bluetooth), 339 surge protectors, 206 Internet audio, 357-358 star topology, 315 Sutherland, Ivan, 75, 190 iPods, 276-277 Star Wars Galaxies, 303 SVGA (super VGA), 195, 220 MIDI (musical instrument digital interface), 267, 272 start/stop bits, 325 switches, 15,58,311,317 startup symbols, 327 MP3, 267, 275 multichannel sound, 274-275 sound cards, 13, 270 speech recognition, 236 streaming, 357 wavetable synthesis, 272 sound cards, 13, 270 source (transistors), 43, 46 source synchronous clocking, 63 South Bridge, 17-20 Spacewar, 74 cold boots, 25 disk boot, 27 POST (power-on self-test), 24-25 reboots, 25 warm boots, 25 stateful inspection, 383 static electricity, 1 static IP addressing, 311 stations, 334 Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP), 64 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), 372 syntactic analysis, 95 syntax trees, 95 System 360, 190 system bus, 25 system files, stealth viruses, 385 system identification codes (SIDs), 336 Step Reckoner, 38 System Request Interface, 64 450 SYSTEM RESERVOIRS system reservoirs, 71 SYSTEM.DAT file, text Transistorized Experimental computer (TX-O), 40 fonts bitmapped fonts, 401 T T-1,311 tables, 108 bitmap tables, 408 child tables, 16 FAT (file allocation table), 138 identifier tables, 94 MFT (master file table), 150 defined, 401 outline fonts, 406 transistors, 45-46, 54, 203 adders, 42 binary notation, 45 formatting, 130 closed transistors, 58 headers, 130 creating chips from, 46 page orientation, 131 data manipulation, 45 texture maps, 290 Theory of Relativity, defined, 41-43 digital cameras, 255 thermal fuses (surge protectors), 207 drains, 42, 46 thermal printers, 413 ful~adde~,42,45,59 thin clients, 314 half-adders, 42,45, 59 thin-film head technology, 135 invention of, 3, 39-40 Tablet PCs, 252 Thompson, Ken, 75 logic gates, 42, 45, 58-59 Tabulating Machine Company, throughput, 195,201 open transistors, 58 Tainter, Charles, 263 ticks, 302 registers, 43 tandem color laser printers, 421 time division multiple access (TDMA), 337 silicon, 46 timers, 25 switches, 58 VFAT (virtual file allocation table), 139 tape backup drives controllers, 187 defined, 13 QIC (quarter-inch cartridge), 186 read/write heads, 187 restoring files from tape, 187 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), 311 TDMA (time division multiple access), 337 TiVo, 284-285 token ring topology, 315 tokens, 93-94, 298 Tomlinson, Ray, 308 toner, 411 top hat (joysticks), 297 topologies (network), 315 toroidal choke coils (surge protectors), 207 source, 43, 46 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), 311 transmission speed (modems), 325 transparent film layer (DVDs), 177 transport layer (networks), 342 triangulation, 288 tricklers, 381 trilinear filtering, 292 TRS-80 Model computers, teletypewriters, 188 Torvalds, Linus, 77 television See TV touch pads, 234, 248 true color, 121 , 220 terabytes, 171 trackballs, 232 TSD (type-specific drivers), 151 terminal adapters See DSL (digital subscriber line) tracks, 139, 146 Turing Test, 73 terminated SCSI (small computer system interface), 215 Tesla, Nikola, 39, 73 tessellation, 288 texels, 290 CD-ROM drives, 173 Turing, Alan, 73 DVDs,l77 TV hard disk drives, 173 tranceivers, 318 TiVo, 284-285 tuners, 295 transfer of data, 217 twisted-pair cables, 316 transformers, 203 TX-O (Transistorized Experimental computer), 40 transistorized computers, WAHRIHOCI{S 4S type-specific drivers (TSD), 151 viewing transforms, 125 typefaces, 401 virtual device driver (VxD), 99 UDP (universal disk product), 139 UDP (user database protocol), 359 uk domain name, 364 Ultra DMA interface, 138 undeleting files, 148 UniDisk floppy drive, 136 uniform resource locators (URLs), 364 V90 modems, 323, 326 virtual FAT (VFAT), 139, 146-148 vacuum straight-through transports (scanners), 243 virtual machine (VM), 100 vacuum tubes, 6, 40-41 Virtual Machine Manager (VMM), 98 variable-length field records, 11 virtual networks, 315 variable tokens, 94 virtual pixels, 121 variables, 88, 92-94 virtual RAM, 100 variations tool, 127 virtual reality (VR), 267, 300-301 VBS.Hard.A@mm virus, 387 viruses VDSL (very high-speed DSL), 329 antivirus software, 388 vector graphics, 124-125, 267 boot record viruses, 384 vertex shading, 293 delivery, 385 vertices, 288 email viruses, 386 very high-speed DSL (VDSL), 329 event watching, 384 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), 4, 39, 132 VFAT (virtual FAT), 139, 146-148 memory-resident viruses, 385 VGA monitors, 195 program viruses, 384 universal disk product (UDP), 139 Victor Talking Machine Co., 264 replication, 384 uninstalling spyware, 381 uninterruptible power supply (UPS), 204 Universal DSL, 329 Victrola, 265 universal serial bus (USB), 13, 216, 233 video stealth viruses, 385 VisiCalc, 8, 76-79, 109-110 UNIX, 75 ADCs (analog-to-digital converters), 282 unplugging PCs, 11 AVI format, 283 upper memory, 98 compression/decompression chips, 283 voice coil motors, 139 DACs (digital-to-analog converters), 283 VR (virtual reality), 267, 300-301 UPS (un interruptible power supply), 204 upstream data, 329-330 URLs (uniform resource locators), 364 delta, 282 USB (universal serial bus), 13, 216, 233 lossy compression, 282 user database protocol (UDP), 359 VM (system virtual machine), 100 VMM (Virtual Machine Manager), 98 volume tracking drivers (VTD), 151 VTD (volume tracking drivers), 151 VxD (virtual device driver), 99 Internet video, 357, 360 MPEG (Motion Pictures Expert Group) compression, 282 user mode, 100 random access, 281 wafers, 43, 68 LJSER.DAT file, streaming, 357 Wang, An, 132 USER EXE, 101 video cards, 294-295 WANs (wide area networks), 311, 315,344 LJSER32.DLL, 101 defined, 13 overclocking, 69 video-capture adapter boards, 282 WAP (wireless application protocol), 338 warm boots, 25 video controllers, 248 warping (morph), 128 videoconferencing, 282 waterblocks, 71 452 WAVEFORMS waveforms, 143, 200 Wi-Fi,334 wavelength, 143 WLANs (wireless local area networks), 335 wavetable synthesis, 272 Web browsers, 364-366 Web crawlers, 370 Web sites cookies, 368, 381 hyperlinks, 364 mirror sites, 365 opening with Web browsers, 364-366 search engines, 370 spiders, 370 URLs (uniform resource locators), 364 Web crawlers, 370 WML (wireless markup language), 338 Wolfenstein 3D, 265 Word,131 word addresses, 182 word processors, 110, 130 WordPerfect, 76 Word star, 76 World Wide Web xi PCI-E slots, 17 x4 PCI-E slots, 17 x8 PCl-E slots, 17 x 16 PCI-E slots, 17 xDSL connections, 328 Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center),5 XML (Extensible Markup Language), 311 search engines, 370 XOR logic gate, 59, 161 spiders, 370 technological advances, 363 Web browsers, 364-366 when time permits priority (USB), 217 Web crawlers, 370 Y-axis (joysticks), 296 Web sites Whirlwind computer, 40 cookies, 368, 381 White, John H., 188 hyperlinks, 364 whitelists, 393 mirror sites, 365 Wi-Fi,334 opening with Web browsers, 364-366 Wide SCSi (small computer system interface), 215 x-height, 245 defined, 311 Wheatstone, Sir Charles, 132 wide area networks (WANs), 311, 315,344 X-axis (joysticks), 296 search engines, 370 spiders, 370 z-buffering, 289 z-sorting, 289 Zip drives invention of, 138 longitudinal recording, 165 perpendicular recording, 165 zone recording, 164 Winchester hard disk, 134 URLs (uniform resource locators), 364 zipping files, 166 Windows operating system Web crawlers, 370 zone recording, 164 Wozniak, Steve, 5-7 Zuse, Konrad, 3, 73 crashes, preventing, 100 write-black printers, 410 Zworykin, Vladimir, 266, 306 DLLs (dynamic link libraries), 102 write operations, 16 GDI (graphic device interface), 104 write process, Clipboard, 104 invention of, 76, 83-84 VM (system virtual machine), 100 Windows Registry, 26, 36-37 wireless connections, 316, 333 Bluetooth, 339 cell phones, 336-337 WAP (wireless application protocol), 338 write-white printers, 410 writing to CD-RW, 178 to disks, 144, 185 to DVD+RW, i 78 to RAM (random access memory), 48 ... 21 HOW MULTIMEDIA SOUND WORKS 27 1 GAMES AND MULTIMEDIA o IDI and FM Synthesis Works c PTER 21 the ment playing the note FM synthesis is not as realistic as a MIDI HOW MULTIMEDIA SOUND WORKS 27 3... source j 28 0 ( GAMES AND MULTIMEDIA PTE R Multim i eo Works w • 10 c iU'Ll>JJ PTER 22 HOW MULTIMEDIA VIDEO WORKS 28 1 is nothing new We grew up with Howdy Doody, Gilligan, and Teletubbies The camcorder... enable a person to work in a computer environment by seeming to manipulate objects by handling them 26 7 26 8 ( GAMES AND MULTIMEDIA PTE • I Multi nd or C APTER 21 HOW MULTIMEDIA SOUND WORKS years, DOS