Life Science Genre Nonfiction Comprehension Skill Cause and Effect Text Features • Diagrams • Glossary Science Content Ecosystems Scott Foresman Science 2.3 ISBN-13: 978-0-328-34216-7 ISBN-13: 978-0-328-34216-7 ISBN-10: ISBN-10: 0-328-34216-5 0-328-34216-5 9 0 0 0 9 78 80 03 32 28 34 42 21 16 67 by May Evans Vocabulary consumer What did you learn? How Plants and Animals What plants and animals need? Live Together food chain What is a predator? food web each other safe Write to explain how this happens Use words from the book as you write predator prey producer Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: (Bkgd) ©Nigel J Dennis/NHPA Limited, (TR) ©Photodisc Blue/Getty Images; Title Page: ©Peter Johnson/Corbis; ©Clem Haagner/Gallo Images/Corbis; ©Steve Bein/Corbis, (CC) ©Nigel J Dennis/ NHPA Limited; ©Ian Beames/Ecoscene/Corbis; (BL) ©Royalty-Free/Corbis, (BR) ©Joe McDonald/ Corbis; (CR) ©William Bernard/Corbis, (BL) ©Gail Shumway/Getty Images; (CC) ©Royalty-Free/ Corbis, (TR) ©DK Images, (CR) ©Joe McDonald/Corbis, (BR) ©Stephen Krasemann/NHPA Limited; (CC) ©Jim Zipp/Photo Researchers, Inc., (CR) © Royalty-Free/Corbis, (BL) ©Gail Shumway/Getty Images; 10 (CL) ©Randy Morse/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes, (BC) ©Stephen Frink/Corbis, (CR) ©Andrew J Martinez/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 11 ©Kennan Ward/Corbis; 12 (CR) ©Randy Morse/ Animals Animals/Earth Scenes, (TC) ©James Watt/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes, (CR) ©Stephen Frink/ Corbis, (BC) ©Steve Bein/Corbis; 13 (CL) ©Andrew J Martinez/Photo Researchers, Inc., (TR) ©Amos Nachoum/Corbis, (CR) ©Kennan Ward/Corbis; 14 ©Sanford/Agliolo/Corbis; 15 ©Bettmann/Corbis; 16 ©Fred McConnaughey/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17 ©Michael and Patricia Fogden/Corbis; 18 (BL) ©Farrell Grehan/Corbis, (CL) ©Photodisc Green/Getty Images, (TR) ©Darrell Gulin/Corbis; 19 ©DK Images; 20 ©Richard Murphy; 21 ©Eric and David Hosking/Corbis; 22 ©Pete Atkinson/NHPA Limited ISBN 13: 978-0-328-34216-7; ISBN 10: 0-328-34216-5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 by MaySometimes Evans animals keep Cause and Effect What can cause changes to a food web? What effect did the oil spill have on the sea otters on page 15? What plants and animals need? Plants are living things Plants need air and water Plants need light from the Sun Plants need space Animals are living things too Animals need air and water Animals need shelter Animals need space Animals are consumers A consumer cannot make its own food A consumer gets food from its habitat Plants are producers A producer makes its own food Different Needs Plants and animals live together Plants and animals need each other Plants and animals get what they need from the places they live Big animals need a lot of food and space Small animals need less food and space If there is not enough food and space, some animals may die How plants and animals get food in a grassland? All food chains have predators A predator hunts and eats other animals Most plants make food Some animals eat plants for food Other animals eat these animals This is a food chain All food chains have prey Predators eat prey Prey is the food of predators All food chains start with the Sun Plants get energy from the Sun Plants use energy to make food Corn Animals eat the plants and other animals Energy goes from the Sun to the animals Vole Coyote Mountain lion Food Web in a Grassland Places can have more than one food chain A food web is many food chains in one place A grassland has many food chains They make up a food web Look at the arrows in this food web How many animals eat corn? How many animals eat voles? Living things in a food web need each other for energy Hawk Raccoon Corn Vole Coyote Mountain lion Fox How plants and animals get food in an ocean? An ocean has food chains and food webs Kelp starts an ocean food chain Kelp grows in the ocean It uses light from the Sun to make food The sea urchin gets energy when it eats the kelp The sea star gets energy when it eats the sea urchin Energy from the Sun goes to all the plants and animals in the ocean Sea otter Sea star Kelp Sea urchin 10 11 A Food Web in an Ocean There are many food chains in an ocean They make up ocean food webs Look at this picture of an ocean food web Which animals eat kelp? How many animals eat sea urchins? Kelp crab Orca Sea urchin Sea otter Kelp Sea gull Sea star 12 13 What can cause a food web to change? Many things can change a food web Changes can hurt plants and animals Some changes are caused by people The oil from a ship spilled into the ocean 14 Look at these sea otters Sea otters have fur The sea otters’ fur was hurt by the oil People cleaned the sea otters They also cleaned the water People made the ocean safe again 15 How plants and animals help each other? Plants and animals can help each other Animals can use plants for shelter The animals can help the plants too Cardinal fish live near sea urchins The sea urchin’s spines stop other animals from eating the fish Cardinal fish not help or hurt the sea urchins An ant makes its home on an acacia plant The ant helps the plant stay safe It bites any animal that tries to eat the plant 16 17 Building Nests Some animals use plant parts to make nests Some animals use animal parts to make nests 18 This squirrel’s nest has twigs and leaves on the outside The twigs and leaves come from plants This nest has feathers and wool on the inside The feathers and wool come from animals 19 Animals Need Each Other Sometimes animals help each other get food Sometimes animals keep other animals safe This bird eats bugs that might hurt the rhino 20 This boxer crab can stay safe near a sea anemone A sea anemone is an animal The sea anemone can sting predators that want to get the boxer crab 21 A remora fish swims with a shark The shark keeps the remora fish safe It scares away predators The remora fish needs the shark The shark does not hurt the remora fish 22 Plants and animals live together in their habitats They need each other in many different ways 23 Vocabulary Glossary consumer consumer food chain food web food chain predator prey food web producer What did you learn? an animal that cannot make its own food but gets it from its habitat What is a predator? Sometimes animals keep each other safe Write to explain how this happens Use words from the book as you write Cause and Effect What can cause changes to a food web? What effect did the oil spill have on the sea otters on page 15? how energy flows from the Sun to plants to animals in a habitat many food chains in one place predator an animal that hunts and eats other animals prey an animal that gets eaten by other animals producer a living thing that makes its own food Photographs: Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: (Bkgd) ©Nigel J Dennis/NHPA Limited, (TR) ©Photodisc Blue/Getty Images; Title Page: ©Peter Johnson/Corbis; ©Clem Haagner/Gallo Images/Corbis; ©Steve Bein/Corbis, (CC) ©Nigel J Dennis/ NHPA Limited; ©Ian Beames/Ecoscene/Corbis; (BL) ©Royalty-Free/Corbis, (BR) ©Joe McDonald/ Corbis; (CR) ©William Bernard/Corbis, (BL) ©Gail Shumway/Getty Images; (CC) ©Royalty-Free/ Corbis, (TR) ©DK Images, (CR) ©Joe McDonald/Corbis, (BR) ©Stephen Krasemann/NHPA Limited; (CC) ©Jim Zipp/Photo Researchers, Inc., (CR) © Royalty-Free/Corbis, (BL) ©Gail Shumway/Getty Images; 10 (CL) ©Randy Morse/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes, (BC) ©Stephen Frink/Corbis, (CR) ©Andrew J Martinez/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 11 ©Kennan Ward/Corbis; 12 (CR) ©Randy Morse/ Animals Animals/Earth Scenes, (TC) ©James Watt/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes, (CR) ©Stephen Frink/ Corbis, (BC) ©Steve Bein/Corbis; 13 (CL) ©Andrew J Martinez/Photo Researchers, Inc., (TR) ©Amos Nachoum/Corbis, (CR) ©Kennan Ward/Corbis; 14 ©Sanford/Agliolo/Corbis; 15 ©Bettmann/Corbis; 16 ©Fred McConnaughey/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 17 ©Michael and Patricia Fogden/Corbis; 18 (BL) ©Farrell Grehan/Corbis, (CL) ©Photodisc Green/Getty Images, (TR) ©Darrell Gulin/Corbis; 19 ©DK Images; 20 ©Richard Murphy; 21 ©Eric and David Hosking/Corbis; 22 ©Pete Atkinson/NHPA Limited ISBN 13: 978-0-328-34216-7; ISBN 10: 0-328-34216-5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding permissions, write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 24 What plants and animals need? ... food from its habitat Plants are producers A producer makes its own food Different Needs Plants and animals live together Plants and animals need each other Plants and animals get what they need... they live Big animals need a lot of food and space Small animals need less food and space If there is not enough food and space, some animals may die How plants and animals get food in a grassland?... safe again 15 How plants and animals help each other? Plants and animals can help each other Animals can use plants for shelter The animals can help the plants too Cardinal fish live near sea