MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF DANANG LÊ THỊ VÂN HỒNG AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE SUB-CATEGORIES OF “ATTITUDE” IN THE BOOK THE WORLD IS FLAT BY THOMAS L FRIEDMAN FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF APPRAISAL THEORY MASTER THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Danang, 2015 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF DANANG LÊ THỊ VÂN HỒNG AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE SUB-CATEGORIES OF “ATTITUDE” IN THE BOOK THE WORLD IS FLAT BY THOMAS L FRIEDMAN FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF APPRAISAL THEORY FIELD: THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE CODE: 60.22.02.01 MASTER THESIS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Supervisor: NGUYỄN THỊ QUỲNH HOA, Ph D Danang, 2015 i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby certify this thesis “An Investigation into the Sub-categories of “Attitude” in the book The World Is Flat by Thomas L Friedman from the Perspective of Appraisal Theory” is my own work No other person’s work has been used without the acknowledgement in the thesis This paper has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution Danang, 2015 Lê Thị Vân Hồng ii ABSTRACT The present study explores sub-categories of Attitude -Affect, Judgement and Appreciation- in the book “The World is Flat” by Thomas L Friedman in the light of Appraisal Theory The study aims to investigate the syntactic and semantic realizations of Attitude sub-categories from 358 samples collected from the book The thesis employed the descriptive method to fully describe the realizations of Attitude sub-categories in terms of syntax and semantics to obtain the setting goals The finding of the research demonstrate that Attitude sub-categories can be recognized in various group and phrase structures in which nominal groups and adjective groups are more favourable The study also works out typical functions of Attitude sub-categories as components in transitivity processes Semantically, the findings show that all Appraisal evaluating criteria were reflected in the book and significantly the positive values are dominant This is the interpersonal meaning which the book contributes to nurture its readers’ insights to the reality of the world in the era of digital technology The study makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the sub-categories of Attitude in the book and provides the teachers and university students majoring in English with practical implication to evaluate a discourse fragment and interpret a discourse fragment in the light of Appraisal Theory and in line with Systemic Functional Linguistics iii TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP i ABSTRACT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .v LIST OF TABLES .vi LIST OF FIGURES vii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE 1.2 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS .4 1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.3.1 Aims of the Study 1.3.2 Objectives of the Study 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 PREVIOUS STUDIES .8 2.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND .12 2.2.1 Systemic Functional Linguistics 12 2.2.2 Appraisal Theory 15 2.2.3 Attitude as a Category Encoding Attitudinal Meaning .18 2.2.4 Syntactic Realizations of Attitude - Experimental Elements of Clause as Representation .28 iv 2.2.5 Structures of Word Groups and Phrases 33 2.3 SUMMARY 39 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 40 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 40 3.2 RESEARCH METHODS .40 3.3 DATA COLLECTION 40 3.4 DATA ANALYSIS 41 3.5 RESEARCH PROCEDURE 42 3.6 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY 42 CHAPTER FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 43 4.1 SYNTACTIC REALIZATIONS OF ATTITUDE SUB-CATEGORIES43 4.1.1 Syntactic Realizations of Affect 43 4.1.2 Syntactic Realizations of Judgement .60 4.1.3 Syntactic Realizations of Appreciation 71 4.2 SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ATTITUDE RESOURCES IN THE BOOK “THE WORLD IS FLAT” IN VIEW OF APPRAISAL 88 4.2.1 Semantic Features of Affect Markers 88 4.2.2 Semantic Features of Judgement Markers 93 4.2.3 Semantic Features of Appreciation Markers 96 4.3 SUMMARY 103 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 105 5.1 CONCLUSIONS 105 5.2 IMPLICATIONS 106 5.2.1 To the Teachers 106 5.2.2 To the Learners 107 5.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY .108 5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 108 REFERENCES 110 QUYẾT ĐỊNH GIAO ĐỀ TÀI (Bản sao) v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TWF SFL SFG (-) (+) Ri Rq The World Is Flat Systemic Functional Linguistic Systemic Functional Grammar Negative attitude Positive attitude Appreciation: reaction-impact Appreciation: reaction-quality LIST OF TABLES vi No 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 4.1 4.2 4.3 Names of Tables Judgement - Social Esteem Judgement - Social Sanction Types of Appreciation Typical functions of group and phrase classes The principle categories of ‘relational’ clause Summary structures of Affect adverbial groups Summary structures of Appreciation adjectival groups Summary of group and phrase structures of Attitude sub- 4.4 categories Distribution of group and phrase structures in Attitude sub- categories 4.5 Un/happiness realizations of Affect 4.6 Dis/satisfaction realizations of Affect 4.7 In/security realizations of Affect 4.8 In/security realizations of Affect 4.9 Occurrence frequencies of Affect semantic values 4.10 Occurrence frequencies of Judgement semantic values 4.11 Occurrence frequencies of Appreciation semantic values 4.12 Summary of semantic realizations of Attitude sub-categories Page 21 22 24 29 31 59 83 85 87 89 90 91 92 93 96 100 101 vii LIST OF FIGURES No 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.16 4.1 Names of Figures An overview of Appraisal resources Judgement and Appreciation as institutionalized affect Language strata Components of a process Material process in active and passive clause Illustration of mental processes Behavioural processes Verbal processes Existential processes Experiential structure of a nominal group Qualifier in nominal group Nominal group, showing multivariate structure Experiential structure of the verbal group Verbal group with marked polarity and contrastive tense Adjectival group Affect verbal groups as Process in desiderative mental 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4 process Affect verbal groups as Process in Emotive Mental process Affect verbal groups as Process in passive Material process Summary structures of Affect nominal groups Affect nominal groups as Possessed in Possessive relational 47 47 50 51 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 process Affect nominal groups as Goal in Material process Affect nominal groups as Existent in Existential process Affect nominal groups as Attributor in Existential process Summary structures of Affect adjectival groups Affect adjectival groups as Attributes in Attributive 52 52 53 57 58 relational processes 4.11 Affect prepositional phrases as Attributes in Attributive 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 relational processes Judgement via simple nominal groups Judgement via complex nominal groups Judgement nominal groups in Relational process Judgement nominal groups in marked Relational process Page 16 26 28 30 30 31 32 32 33 34 35 36 36 37 38 46 60 62 63 64 65 viii 4.16 Judgement nominal groups in Possessive relational 66 processes 4.17 Judgement nominal groups in Material processes 4.18 Judgement adjectival groups as Attributes in Attributive 66 69 relational processes 4.19 Judgement adjectival groups as Attributes in Attributive 70 relational processes with Anticipatory “It” 4.20 Judgement adverbial groups as Circumctance in material 70 process 4.21 Judgement prepositional phrases as Circumctance in 71 material process 4.22 Appreciation nominal group: Deictic + Thing 4.23 Appreciation nominal group: Deictic + Thing+ Post- 73 74 modifier 4.24 Appreciation nominal group: Deictic + Pre-modifier 77 +Thing 4.25 Appreciation nominal group: Deictic + Pre-modifier 78 +Thing+ Post-modifier 4.26 Apprepriation nominal clauses as Identifier in Relational 79 process 4.27 Appreciation nominal clauses as Identifier in Existential 79 process 4.28 Apprepriate nominal clauses as Goal in Material process 4.29 The occurrence frequencies of Attitude sub-categories 80 86 ... AUTHORSHIP I hereby certify this thesis ? ?An Investigation into the Sub- categories of ? ?Attitude? ?? in the book The World Is Flat by Thomas L Friedman from the Perspective of Appraisal Theory? ?? is my own...MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF DANANG L? ? THỊ VÂN HỒNG AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE SUB- CATEGORIES OF ? ?ATTITUDE? ?? IN THE BOOK THE WORLD IS FLAT BY THOMAS L FRIEDMAN FROM THE PERSPECTIVE. .. the interpersonal meaning has inspired us to develop the research entitled ? ?An Investigation into the Sub- categories of ? ?Attitude? ?? in the book The World Is Flat by Thomas L Friedman from the Perspective