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THIS TITLE HAS BEEN UPDATED TO REFLECT THE 2016 MLA UPDATES Our editorial team has updated this text based on content from The MLA Handbook, 8th Edition. Browse our catalog or contact your representative for a full listing of updated titles and packages, or to request a custom ISBN.When students routinely use their handbook in the course, they see its value, find that it’s a faster way to get answers than search engines like Google, learn to rely on it as a reference, and are more likely to achieve the goals of the course. And when that handbook is Rules for Writers, you can be sure the advice they find is practical and reliable—with help for composing and revising, writing arguments, analyzing texts, using grammar and punctuation correctly, and working with sources. In revising the eighth edition, Nancy Sommers has woven a new emphasis on reading critically throughout the first section of the handbook, introduced advice for analyzing multimodal texts, and added help for public speaking. New practical Writing Guides support students working through college assignments in a variety of genres. And new peer review advice helps students effectively comment on drafts and apply feedback to revisions of their own work. All of these improvements help student writers—but they also save you time and effort. You can draw from Rules for Writers for planning class discussions, conducting inclass workshops, and providing feedback on student work that they can easily apply. Rules for Writers even comes with a complete instructor’s manual, Teaching with Hacker Handbooks, with steppedout lesson plans to customize and sample assignments, syllabi, and rubrics from your peers.
You’re a writer Rules for Writers is here for you No one learns everything about writing in a single course or even two; we all need to consult the rules or seek out advice sometimes Having a reliable support system is key Your peers, your instructor, and your writing center are part of your support system — and so is your Rules for Writers Whatever the assignment, whatever your purpose for writing, Rules for Writers has answers and advice you need for papers and projects in every course The more you rely on your handbook and learn from its advice, the more successful you’ll be as a college writer According to a recent survey of 700 students at 50 colleges, 79% of students feel that their handbook makes them more effective academic writers E ighth Edit ion Rules for WRITERS More support for you online If your instructor has assigned this book with LaunchPad Solo for Rules for Writers, use the activation code to access even more support Visit macmillanhighered.com/rules8e to check out 192 grammar and research exercises, 39 sample student papers, and 30 LearningCurve adaptive quizzes macmillanhighered.com Diana Hacker Nancy Sommers mech_HackerSommers-Rules8-SE-080715 The Writing Process f with infinitives g with gerunds 25 Case of who and whom case 227 26 Adjectives and adverbs adj/adv 230 a adjectives b adverbs c good, well, bad, badly d comparatives and superlatives e double negatives 27 Verb forms, tenses, moods vb 237 a irregular verbs b lie and lay c -s (or -es) endings d -ed endings e omitted verbs f tense g mood 1 Exploring, planning, and drafting Revising, editing, and reflecting 30 Building effective paragraphs 49 Academic Reading, Writing, and Speaking Clarity 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 125 Active verbs 126 Parallel ideas 129 Needed words 133 Mixed constructions 137 Misplaced and dangling modifiers 140 Shifts 147 Emphasis 152 Variety 163 Wordy sentences 166 Appropriate language 170 Exact words 180 Grammar 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Multilingual/ESL 255 28 Verbs ESL 256 29 Articles; types of nouns ESL 270 30 Structure ESL 279 31 Prepositions and idioms ESL 288 Punctuation 293 32 The comma ^, 294 187 a with and, but, etc b introductory elements c series d coordinate adjectives e nonrestrictive elements f transitions g direct address, yes and no, etc h he said etc i dates, addresses, titles, numbers j to prevent confusion 33 Unnecessary commas no , 308 34 The semicolon ; Sentence fragments 188 Run-on sentences 195 Subject-verb agreement (is or are etc.) 202 Pronoun-antecedent agreement (singular or plural) 213 Pronoun reference (clarity) 218 Pronoun case (I and me etc.) 222 who and whom 227 Adjectives and adverbs 230 Standard English verb forms, tenses, and moods 237 Multilingual Writers and ESL Challenges 28 29 30 31 65 Reading and writing critically 66 Reading and writing about multimodal texts 80 Reading and writing arguments 91 Speaking confidently 119 255 Verbs 256 Articles 270 Sentence structure 279 Prepositions and idiomatic expressions 288 Rules8_SE_IFC_IBC.indd b transitional expressions c series d misuses 35 The colon : 317 a with lists, appositives, quotations b conventional uses c misuses 36 The apostrophe ’ 319 a possessive nouns b indefinite pronouns c contractions d plurals of numbers, letters, etc e misuses 37 Quotation marks “ ” 6/17/15 7:51 AM Rules8_SE_IFC_IBC.indd 323 Grammar Basics 361 46 Parts of speech basic 362 47 Sentence patterns basic 375 48 Subordinate word groups basic 383 49 Sentence types basic 392 Research 395 50 Conducting research res 396 51 Managing information; taking notes res 408 52 Evaluating sources res 416 a direct quotations b quotation within a quotation c titles of short works d words as words e with other punctuation marks f misuses 38 End punctuation 330 a period b question mark ? c exclamation point ! 39 Other punctuation marks 332 a dash — b parentheses ( ) c brackets [ ] d ellipsis mark e slash / MLA Papers 431 Mechanics 337 62 Manuscript format 40 Abbreviations 41 42 43 44 313 a independent clauses ^ Brief Menu 45 abbr 338 Numbers num 341 Italics ital 343 Spelling sp 345 The hyphen hyph 353 Capitalization cap 356 53 Thesis MLA 435 54 Avoiding plagiarism MLA 441 55 Integrating sources MLA 445 56 Documenting sources MLA 458 57 Manuscript format MLA 513 Sample paper 517 APA Papers 527 58 Thesis APA 530 59 Avoiding plagiarism APA 534 60 Integrating sources APA 537 61 Documenting sources APA 546 APA 580 Sample paper 585 Appendixes 597 Document design 597 Glossary of usage 608 Answers to lettered exercises 622 Index 636 6/17/15 7:51 AM mech_HackerSommers-Rules8-SE-080715 Punctuation 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 293 The comma 294 Unnecessary commas 308 The semicolon 313 The colon 317 The apostrophe 319 Quotation marks 323 End punctuation 330 Other punctuation 332 Mechanics 337 40 41 42 43 44 45 Abbreviations 338 Numbers 341 Italics 343 Spelling 345 The hyphen 353 Capitalization 356 Grammar Basics 361 46 47 48 49 Parts of speech 362 Sentence patterns 375 Subordinate word groups 383 Sentence types 392 Research 395 50 Thinking like a researcher; gathering sources 396 51 Managing information; taking notes responsibly 408 52 Evaluating sources 416 Writing Papers in MLA Style 53 54 55 56 57 Writing Papers in APA Style 58 59 60 61 62 431 Supporting a thesis 435 Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism 441 Integrating sources 445 MLA documentation style 458 MLA manuscript format; sample research paper 513 527 Supporting a thesis 530 Citing sources; avoiding plagiarism 534 Integrating sources 537 Documenting sources in APA style 546 APA manuscript format; sample paper 580 Appendixes 597 A document design gallery Glossary of usage 608 597 Answers to lettered exercises 622 Index 636 01_HAC_01131_SE_FM_i_xxviii.indd i 01/09/15 5:03 PM this page left intentionally blank 05_HAC_01131_PT2_065_124.indd 124 5/4/15 12:04 PM Eighth Edition Rules for WRITERS Diana Hacker Nancy Sommers Harvard University Contributing ESL Specialist Kimberli Huster Robert Morris University Bedford /St Martin’s A Macmillan Education Imprint Boston • New York 01_HAC_01131_SE_FM_i_xxviii.indd iii 01/09/15 5:03 PM For Bedford/St Martin’s Vice President, Editorial, Macmillan Higher Education Humanities: Edwin Hill Editorial Director, English and Music: Karen S Henry Publisher for Composition: Leasa Burton Executive Editors: Michelle M Clark and Brendan Baruth Senior Editor: Mara Weible Senior Media Editor: Barbara G Flanagan Assistant Editor: Stephanie Thomas Senior Production Editor: Gregory Erb Senior Production Supervisor: Jennifer Wetzel Marketing Manager: Emily Rowin Copy Editor: Hilly van Loon Indexer: Ellen Kuhl Repetto Director of Rights and Permissions: Hilary Newman Permissions Manager: Kalina Ingham Photo Editor: Martha Friedman Senior Art Director: Anna Palchik Text Design: Claire Seng-Niemoeller Cover Design: William Boardman Composition: Cenveo Publisher Services Printing and Binding: RR Donnelley and Sons Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2008, 2004 by Bedford/St Martin’s All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as may be expressly permitted by the applicable copyright statutes or in writing by the Publisher f e d c b a For information, write: Bedford/St Martin’s, 75 Arlington Street, Boston, MA 02116 (617-399-4000) ISBN 978-1-4576-8304-6 (Student Edition) Manufactured in China ISBN 978-1-319-01134-5 (Instructor’s Edition) Manufactured in U.S ISBN 978-1-319-01131-4 (Student Edition with Writing about Literature) Manufactured in China Acknowledgments Acknowledgments and copyrights appear on the same page as the text and art selections they cover; these acknowledgments and copyrights constitute an extension of the copyright page It is a violation of the law to reproduce these selections by any means whatsoever without the written permission of the copyright holder 01_HAC_01131_SE_FM_i_xxviii.indd iv 01/09/15 5:03 PM Photo by Mara Weible A letter from the author Dear Students: Welcome to Rules for Writers — your college writing handbook One of the pleasures of college writing is exploring ideas and discovering what you think about a subject You may find that the writing process leads you in unexpected directions — the more you read about a topic, the more questions arise for you to consider; new questions may lead you to challenge your initial assumptions It is in the process of writing — of thinking in depth about ideas — that you learn what’s interesting in a subject and why you care about it And it is through this process that you figure out not just what you think, but why you think it Rules for Writers will be your companion throughout the writing process, helping you to develop your authority as a thoughtful and effective writer College offers many opportunities to write and to learn from the process of writing and revising In a criminal justice course, for example, you may be asked to write a policy memo or a legal brief; in a nursing course, you may be asked to write a case study or a nursing practice paper To write in these courses is to learn how to think like a criminologist or a nurse and to contribute your ideas to the discipline’s important conversations and debates As you write college papers, you’ll have questions about how to engage with other writers who have written about your topic, how to support your ideas with well-documented evidence, and how to communicate your points effectively Rules for Writers provides the guidance you’ll need to write successful college papers in all your courses v 01_HAC_01131_SE_FM_i_xxviii.indd v 01/09/15 5:03 PM As you flip through Rules for Writers, you’ll see that it’s easy to use and convenient to keep with you as you draft and revise You’ll find answers to all your writing questions — forming a thesis, developing an argument, evaluating and citing sources, and managing information to avoid plagiarism You’ll find documentation models and formatting advice in MLA and APA You’ll also find answers to your questions about grammar, punctuation, and mechanics — how to tighten wordy sentences, for example, or how to use commas or quotation marks correctly The more you rely on Rules for Writers and learn from its advice, the more successful you’ll be as a college writer For each assignment, flag sections that contain information you need to write a successful paper And when you get feedback on a draft, flag sections to help you address your writing challenges Rules for Writers supports your writing in every college course Use it Being a successful college writer starts here With all good wishes, vi 01_HAC_01131_SE_FM_i_xxviii.indd vi 01/09/15 5:03 PM Making the most of your handbook Want to be successful with writing assignments in all your college courses? Using Rules for Writers is a key first step Make the most of your handbook by turning to it whenever you’re writing, revising, conducting research, or documenting sources You’ll find advice you can use for nearly every college writing assignment, starting with answers to common questions like these: ● How can I improve my thesis? ● How should I format a research essay in MLA style? ● What is critical reading? Why does it matter? ● How I write a speech? 7a–7d ● What are multimodal texts, and how I write about them? 5a–5e ● I’ve gotten feedback on a draft What I next? 2a–2i ● How can I make my writing flow better? ● What is the right way to use an apostrophe? 36a–36e ● How I know whether a source is reliable and worth my time? 52a–52e ● How should I introduce a source in my paper? 1c 57a, 57b 4a–4e, 5a–5e 3d 55c (MLA) and 60c (APA) ● Are there easy ways to avoid plagiarism? 54 (MLA) and 59 (APA) ● How I cite online videos and social media posts? 56 (MLA) and 61 (APA) vii 01_HAC_01131_SE_FM_i_xxviii.indd vii 01/09/15 5:03 PM Quick tips for finding more help Whatever writing and research questions you have, finding help in Rules for Writers is easy The following reference aids offer convenient, reliable help for writing assignments in any course ● The brief and detailed contents inside the front and back covers allow you to quickly spot the help you need ● The index includes user-friendly terms such as “flow” to point to help with coherence ● Color-coded MLA and APA sections give discipline-specific advice for working with sources Directories at the beginning of each section list documentation models ● The glossaries in the Appendixes offer useful definitions and help with commonly confused or misused words such as affect and effect If your instructor has assigned this book with for Rules for Writers, use the activation code to access the exercises, sample student papers, and LearningCurve game-like quizzing Visit macmillanhighered.com/rules8e to log in ● 260 writing, grammar, and research exercises help you improve your writing and integrate sources ● 39 sample student papers provide guidance in writing and formatting your work in any course ● 30 LearningCurve adaptive quizzes offer game-like sentence-level practice and let you track your progress References to additional online support appear throughout Rules for Writers macmillanhighered.com/rules8e Active verbs > Exercises: 8–2 to 8–6 > LearningCurve: Active and passive voice viii 01_HAC_01131_SE_FM_i_xxviii.indd viii 01/09/15 5:03 PM 664 Index S -s and apostrophe, 319–22 and plurals of abbreviations, 340 and spelling, 346–47 as verb ending, 202, 204–05, 242–43 Sacred texts (Bible, Qur’an) citing APA style, 556, 572 MLA style, 468, 493 no italics for, 344 punctuation between chapter and verse, 318 Salutations and greetings, colon with, 318, 604 Sample student writing analysis, 78–80, 88–91 argument, 112–17 literacy narrative, 45–48 paragraphs, 39 research APA style, 585–96 MLA style, 517–25 revised draft, 45–48 rough draft with peer comments, 35–37 speech (excerpt), 123 Scholarly sources, identifying, 405, 421 Scientific facts, and verb tense, 249–50 Scores, numerals for, 342 Search engines, 403–04 Search strategy, 401–02, 408 Secondary sources, 423 Second-person point of view, 42, 147 self-, hyphen with, 355 Self-assessment See Reflection Semicolon, 313–17 for combining sentences, 154 with commas, 314–15 to fix run-on sentences, 198 and independent clauses, 313–15 misuse of, 315–16 with quotation marks, 326 with series, 315 transitional expressions with, 314–15 sensual, sensuous, 618 Sentence fragments See Fragments, sentence Sentence patterns, 375–83 Sentence purposes, 394 24_HAC_01131_SE_INDEX_636_673.indd 664 Sentences See also Sentence types awkward, 137–40 choppy, combining, 157 conditional, 265–66 fragments See Fragments, sentence fused See Run-on sentences incomplete See Fragments, sentence inverted (verb before subject), 164, 209, 280–81, 376–77, 382 logical, 138–39 parts of, 375–81 patterns of, 375–83 purposes of, 394 revising and editing, 30, 43–44 run-on See Run-on sentences thesis See Thesis topic, 50–51 transitional, 61–63, 121 variety in, 163–65 wordy, 166–70 Sentence structure mixed constructions, 137–40 multilingual/ESL challenges with, 279–87 adjectives, placement of, 287 adverbs, placement of, 284 although, because, 283–84 linking verb between subject and complement, 280 present participle vs past participle, 285–86 repetition of object or adverb, avoiding, 282–83 repetition of subject, avoiding, 281–82 subject, needed, 280–81 there, it, 280–81 paraphrases and, 414 simplifying, 168 variety in, 163–65 Sentence types, 392–94 complex, 393 compound, 393 compound-complex, 393–94 declarative, 394 exclamatory, 394 imperative, 394 interrogative, 394 simple, 392–93 Series See also Lists comma with, 297 parallelism and, 130 parentheses with, 333 semicolon with, 315 7/14/15 10:17 AM Index set, sit, 618 Setup, page See Document design; Manuscript formats Sexist language, avoiding, 176–79, 213–14, 216 shall, as modal verb, 261, 366 shall, will, 618 she, her, hers, sexist use of, 177, 214, 216 she vs her, 222–27 she writes, he writes, comma with, 305, 327 Shifts, avoiding from indirect to direct questions or quotations, 150–51 in levels of formality, 175–76 in mood or voice, 149–50 in point of view (person and number), 147–48 in verb tense, 148–49 Ships, italics for names of, 344 Short stories, titles of capitalizing, 358–59, 581 quotation marks for, 325 APA style, 581 MLA style, 470, 514 should, as modal verb, 261, 262, 366 should of (nonstandard), 618 sic, 334 in APA paper, 540 in MLA paper, 449 Signal phrases APA style, 541–44 MLA style, 450–54 Signposts, in speeches or presentations, 121 Simile, 185 Simple sentences, 392–93 Simple subjects, 376 Simple tenses, 247–48, 257, 260 since, 618–19 Singular vs plural antecedents, 213–14 nouns, 202–12, 242–44 pronouns, 213–14 subjects, 202–12, 242–44 sit See set, sit, 618 site See cite, site, 611 Skimming See Previewing Slang, avoiding, 174–75 Slash, 335 Slides, presentation, 121 so comma with, 294–95 as coordinating conjunction, 370 Social activity, writing as, 2, 30 24_HAC_01131_SE_INDEX_636_673.indd 665 665 Social media, citing APA style, 552, 579–80 MLA style, 466, 511–12 Social sciences, writing in See APA papers Software See Word processing programs some, 206–07 somebody, someone (singular), 206–07, 213–14, 619 something (singular), 206–07, 213–14 sometime, some time, sometimes, 619 Songs, titles of, quotation marks for, 325 sort of See kind of, sort of, 616 Sound-alike words (homophones), 351 Sources citing See Citing sources documenting See APA papers; MLA papers evaluating, 403–04, 416–30 finding, 401–06 integrating, 50 in APA papers, 537–44 in MLA papers, 445–57 in speeches or presentations, 121 introducing See Signal phrases keeping records of, 396–97, 410 list of See Reference list (APA); Works cited list (MLA) online See Web and digital sources primary, 406, 423 and purpose of research project, 398–402, 416–17 quoted in another source in APA papers, 552–53 in MLA papers, 466–67, 476–77 responsible use of See Responsibility, with sources scholarly, 405, 421 secondary, 423 selecting, 418–22 synthesizing in APA papers, 545–46 in MLA papers, 454–56 uses of, 416–17 in APA papers, 532–33 in MLA papers, 437–39 of visuals, crediting, 25 in APA papers, 573–79, 583 in MLA papers, 465–66, 499–510 7/14/15 10:17 AM 666 Index “So what?” test critical reading and, 69, 70 revision and, 15–18, 38, 42 thesis and, 14, 15–18 in APA papers, 531 in MLA papers, 436 Spacecraft, italics for names of, 344 Spacing See Line spacing Speaking, 119–23 adapting essays for presentations, 123 audience for, 120 conclusions for, 122 context for, 120 delivering, 122 introductions for, 122 preparing for, 120–21 purpose of, 120 sample student speech (excerpt), 123 slides for, 121 Specific nouns, 181 the with, 271–74 Speeches See Speaking Spelling, 345–53 Split infinitives, 142–43 Sponsor, of Web sources, 403–04, 425 in MLA works cited list, 470 Squinting modifiers, 142 See also Misplaced modifiers Standard English, 174–75 Standard (US) units, abbreviations for, 339–40 Statements contrary to fact, 252–53, 266 statistics (singular), 211 Statistics in APA papers, 544 in argument papers, 107–08 in MLA papers, 453, 457 numerals for, 342 Stereotypes, avoiding, 93, 179 Straw man fallacy, 101 Student essays See Sample student writing Subject, of paper or presentation See Topic Subject, of sentence and agreement with verb, 202–12 case of, 223 complete, 375–76 compound, 376 following verb, 164, 209, 280–81, 376–77, 382 identifying, 209–10 24_HAC_01131_SE_INDEX_636_673.indd 666 of infinitive, 225–26 naming the actor (active voice), 126–29 naming the receiver (passive voice), 126–29 pronoun as, 223 in questions, 377, 382 repeated, 281–82 required in sentences, 280–81 separated from verb, 142 simple, 376 singular vs plural, 202–12 understood (you), 280, 376, 382 Subject complements adjectives as, 231–32, 378 case of pronouns as, 223 defined, 378 with linking verbs, 378 and subject-verb agreement, 209–10 Subjective case, of pronouns, 223 who, whom, 227–30 Subjects, of field research, 406 Subject-verb agreement See Agreement of subject and verb Subjunctive mood, 252–53 See also Conditional sentences Subordinate clauses, 389–92 adjective (beginning with who, that, etc.), 389 adverb (beginning with if, when, where, etc.), 390–91 avoiding repeated elements in, 282–83 defined, 389, 392 fragmented, 190–91 with independent clauses, 393–94 minor ideas in, 160 misplaced, 141–42 noun, 391 and sentence types, 393–94 words introducing, 389–91 Subordinate word groups, 383–92 Subordinating conjunctions, 371, 390 Subordination for combining ideas of unequal importance, 154–56, 158–59 and coordination, 158–59 for fixing run-on sentences, 200 for fixing sentence fragments, 190–93 of major ideas, avoiding, 160 overuse of, 160–61 7/14/15 10:17 AM Index Subtitles of works capitalizing, 358–59 APA style, 554, 584 MLA style, 470, 514 colon between title and, 318 such as no colon after, 318 no comma after, 312 and sentence fragments, 193 Suffixes hyphen before, 355 spelling rules for, 346 Summary acceptable and unacceptable in APA papers, 536–37 in MLA papers, 444–45 vs analysis, 74, 76, 86–87 in annotated bibliographies, 427–30 effective use of in APA papers, 538 in MLA papers, 446, 457 integrating in APA papers, 542–43 in MLA papers, 452–53 no quotation marks for, 324 and note taking, 412–13 outlining a text for, 71–72, 84–85 writing, 72–73, 85–87 superior to (not than), 183 Superlative form of adjectives and adverbs (with -est or most), 234–35 See also Comparative form of adjectives and adverbs Support See Evidence suppose to (nonstandard), 619 sure and (nonstandard), 183, 619 Surveys, as information source, 407 Syllables, division of words into in dictionary, 348–50 hyphen for, 355–56 Synonyms, 180, 350 Synthesizing sources in APA papers, 532–33 in MLA papers, 454–56 T Tables, 26 See also Visuals, in documents in APA papers, 575, 583, 591 in MLA papers, 507–08, 515 take See bring, take, 611 Taking notes See Note taking 24_HAC_01131_SE_INDEX_636_673.indd 667 667 Talking and listening to generate ideas, 2, 12 in speeches and presentations, 121, 122 Talking back to a text, 68–69, 82–84 teach See learn, teach, 616 Teacher’s comments, responding to See Revising with comments team See Collective nouns Teamwork See Peer review Tenses, verb, 247–52 in active voice, 257–59 and agreement with subject, 202–12 in APA papers, 250, 542, 547 conditional, 265–66 in MLA papers, 451 multilingual/ESL challenges with, 256–61, 265–66 in passive voice, 260 present in summaries, 85 in writing about literature, 148–49, 249–50 in writing about science, 249–50 sequence of, 251–52 shifts in, avoiding, 148–49 Text messages, citing (MLA style), 511–12 Texts See Multimodal texts; Visual texts; Written texts than in comparisons, 134–35 parallelism with, 131–32 pronoun after, 225 than, then, 619 that agreement of verb with, 210 broad reference of, 219 needed word, 132, 134 vs which, 301, 619 vs who, 221 See also who, which, that, 620 the See also a, an with geographic names, 277–79 multilingual/ESL challenges with, 270–79 omission of, 136, 277–79 with proper nouns, 277–79 their misuse of, with singular antecedent, 147, 213–14, 216 vs there, they’re, 619 vs they, 619 7/14/15 10:17 AM 668 Index theirselves (nonstandard), 619 them vs they, 222–27 them vs those, 619 then, than See than, then, 619 the number, a number, 208 there, as expletive (placeholder) not used as subject, 281 and sentence order (verb before subject), 280–81, 376–77, 382 and subject-verb agreement, 209 with verb, 280–81 and wordy sentences, 168 therefore comma with, 303–04 semicolon with, 314–15 there, their, they’re, 619 Thesis active reading for, 69, 70 in analysis papers, 75, 87 in APA papers, 530–31 in argument papers, 105–07, 118 audience and, 14–15, 16 developing, 24 drafting, 14–15 effective, 14, 16–18, 75, 87 in essays, 14–19, 22–24, 42 evaluating, 16–18 in MLA papers, 435–36 of paragraph, 50–51 of research paper, 398–401 revising, 15–18, 39–40, 42 testing, 16 for APA papers, 531 for MLA papers, 436 working, 14–19 in APA papers, 530–31 in MLA papers, 435–36 they indefinite reference of, 220 vs I or you, 147 misuse of, with singular antecedent, 213–14, 216 nonstandard for their, 619 vs them, 222–27 they’re See there, their, they’re, 619 Third-person point of view, 42, 85, 147 this, broad reference of, 219 this kind See kind(s), 615–16 Time abbreviations for, 339 colon with, 318 managing, 396 numerals for, 342 24_HAC_01131_SE_INDEX_636_673.indd 668 Title page for APA paper formatting, 581, 600 sample, 585 for MLA paper (optional) formatting, 513–14 Titles of persons abbreviations with names, 338 capitalizing, 358 comma with, 306 Titles of works capitalizing, 358–59 APA style, 554, 581, 584 MLA style, 470, 514 italics for, 343–44 APA style, 554, 581, 584 MLA style, 470, 514 quotation marks for, 325 APA style, 554, 581, 584 MLA style, 470, 514 treated as singular, 211 to needed word, 132 as preposition vs infinitive marker, 290 Tone (voice) See also Language in APA paper, 537 in argument paper, 105 in MLA paper, 440, 445–46 revising for, 38–39 in e-mail, 607 too, with infinitive, 269 Topic big picture for, 397–98 curiosity and, 2, exploring, 5–7, 12–14, 120 narrowing, 4, 399–400 of research paper, 397–98 working thesis and, 14–19 writing situation and, 4, 5–7 Topic sentence, 50–51 to, too, two, 619 toward, towards, 620 Transfer (fallacy), 100 Transitional expressions commas with, 303–04 list of, 314 semicolon with, 314–15 Transitions, for coherence, 61–63, 121 Transitive verbs, 261, 378–79, 383 Trite expressions See Clichés troop See Collective nouns try and (nonstandard), 183, 620 Tutorials See Writing guides Tutors, working with See Peer review 7/14/15 10:17 AM Index Twitter See Social media, citing two See to, too, two, 619 type of (not of a), 183 Types of writing See Genre (type of writing) Typing See Document design U ultimately See eventually, ultimately, 613 Unclear thesis, revising, 18 Underlining See Italics Understood subject (you), 280, 376, 382 uninterested See disinterested, uninterested, 612 unique, 235, 620 Unity See Focus Unmarked infinitives, 269 Uploaded materials, citing (MLA style), 474–75, 502–03, 508–09 URLs in citations APA style, 555, 559, 572 MLA style, 471, 496 dividing, 355–56 APA style, 584 MLA style, 515, 516 evaluating, 403 Usage glossary of, 608–21 labels in dictionary, 350–51 usage, 620 use to (nonstandard), 620 us vs we, 222–27 utilize, 620 V Vague thesis, revising, 18 Variety in sentences, 163–65 in signal phrases APA style, 543 MLA style, 450 in speeches or presentations, 121 Verbal phrases, 385–88 fragmented, 191–92 gerund, 386–87 infinitive, 387 participial, 386 24_HAC_01131_SE_INDEX_636_673.indd 669 669 Verbs See also Verbs, types of active, 126–29, 257–59, 383 adverbs with, 368–69 agreement with subjects, 202–12 be, forms of, vs active, 127–28 compound predicates, 192 in conditional sentences, 265–66 -d, -ed ending on, 237–38, 245–46 defined, 365 followed by gerunds or infinitives, 267–70 forms of, 256–59 mood of, 252–53 multilingual/ESL challenges with See Multilingual writers, verbs needed, 246 negative forms of, 264 without objects, 380–81 passive, 126–29, 259–61, 383 with prepositions (idioms), 291–92 separated from subjects, 142 -s form of, 202, 204–05, 242–43 shifts in tense, mood, voice, avoiding, 148–50 in signal phrases APA style, 541–42, 543 MLA style, 450–51 with singular vs plural subjects, 242–44 standard forms of, 237–41 strong, vs be and passive verbs, 126–29, 168 before subjects (inverted sentences), 164, 209, 280–81, 376–77 tenses of See Tenses, verb two-word, 367 voice of (active, passive), 126–29, 257–61, 383 Verbs, types of See also Verbs helping See Helping verbs intransitive (no direct object), 380–81 irregular, 237–41, 256–59, 366–67 linking, 231–32, 280, 378 main, 247–53, 261–63, 366–67 modal (can, should, etc.) See Modal verbs phrasal See Particles, with verbs regular, 237–38, 245–46, 256–59, 366 transitive (with direct object), 378–79 7/14/15 10:17 AM 670 Index Video, online, citing APA style, 573 MLA style, 474–75, 500, 502–03 Video game, citing APA style, 578 MLA style, 501 Visuals, in documents See also Visual texts choosing, 25, 26–27 citing sources of, 25 APA style, 573–79, 583 MLA style, 465–66, 499–510 in document design, 603 as evidence, 108–09 labeling APA style, 583, 603 MLA style, 515, 519 purposes for, 25, 26–27, 108–09, 121 types of bar graph, 26 diagram, 27 flowchart, 27 infographic, 26 line graph, 26 map, 27 photograph, 27 pie chart, 26 table, 26 Visual sources See Visuals, in documents; Visual texts Visual texts (photograph, advertisement, etc.) See also Multimodal texts; Visuals, in documents analyzing, 80–91 annotating, 81–82, 83 conversing with, 82–84 writing about, 85–87 Voice See also Tone (voice) active (preferred), 126–29, 257–61, 379, 383 passive, 126–27, 168, 259–61, 383 shifts between active and passive, avoiding, 149–50 Volume and issue numbers, in APA reference list, 555 W wait for, wait on, 620 was vs were in conditional sentences, 265–66 24_HAC_01131_SE_INDEX_636_673.indd 670 and subject-verb agreement, 204, 244 and subjunctive mood, 252–53 ways, 620 we vs us, 222–27 vs you or they, 147 weather, whether, 620 Web and digital sources See also Electronic documents; Internet abstracts of, 421 authors of, identifying, 425, 474–75, 502–03 avoiding plagiarism from, 410, 412, 415 citation at a glance APA style, 562–63, 576–77 MLA style, 480–81, 497 citing APA style, 551–52, 559–67, 572–73 MLA style, 466, 477–87, 495–99 course materials, citing APA style, 552, 559 MLA style, 498–99, 508–09 databases for, 402, 403, 405 evaluating, 403–04, 419, 421, 424–27 finding, 402–06 keeping records of, 409, 410 library catalog for, 403, 418 previewing, 397–98, 418–22 reading, 72 reposted sources, citing (MLA style), 502–03 search engines for, 403–04 selecting appropriate versions of, 421–22 well, good, 233–34 See also good, well, 614 were, in conditional sentences, 252–53, 265–66 were vs was See was vs were when clauses, 252–53, 265–66 where vs that, 620 whether See if, whether, 615; weather, whether, 620 whether or, 131, 370–71 which agreement of verb with, 210 broad reference of, 219 vs that, 301, 619 7/14/15 10:17 AM Index vs who, 221 See also who, which, that, 620 while, 620 who agreement of verb with, 210 omission of, 133–34 vs which or that, 221 See also who, which, that, 620 vs whom, 227–30, 620 who’s, whose, 322, 620 who, which, that, 620 will, as modal verb, 261, 263, 366 will, shall See shall, will, 618 Wishes, subjunctive mood for, 253 Word groups See Independent clauses; Phrases; Subordinate clauses Wordiness, 166–70 Word processing programs and automatic division of words, 355–56 and citing sources, 409 and double-entry notebooks, 68–69 and keeping track of files, 29, 412 Words See also Language; Spelling abstract vs concrete, 181 antonyms (opposites), 350 colloquial, 175, 350–51 compound, 349, 353–54 confused, 181–82 See also Glossary of usage connotation and denotation of, 180 division of, 348–50, 355–56 foreign, italics for, 344 general vs specific, 181, 271, 274 homophones (sound-alike), 351 meaning of, 180, 350 misuse of, 181–82 needed See Needed words origin of (etymology), 350 prefixes (beginnings of), 355 sound-alike (homophones), 351 spelling of, 345–53 suffixes (endings of), 346, 355 synonyms (words with similar meanings), 180, 350 unnecessary repetition of, 166–67 24_HAC_01131_SE_INDEX_636_673.indd 671 671 using your own See Paraphrases; Summary Words used as words italics for, 344–45 plural of, 322 quotation marks for, 325–26 treated as singular, 211 Work in an anthology See Anthology or collection, citing Working bibliography See also Annotated bibliography information for, 411 maintaining, 409 research log for, 396–97 Working thesis See Thesis, working Works cited list (MLA) directory to models for, 432–34 formatting, 515–16, 599 general guidelines for, 470–72 models for, 468–512 sample, 117, 524–25 World Wide Web See Electronic documents; Internet; Web and digital sources would, as modal verb, 261, 263, 366 would of (nonstandard), 621 Writing guides for analytical essay, 76–77 for annotated bibliography, 428–29 for argument paper, 118–19 Writing in the disciplines See Academic writing; Genre (type of writing) Writing process drafting, 22–28 editing, 43–44 planning, 3–22 reviewing, 30–38 revising, 38–42 as social activity, 2, 30 Writing situation, 3–12 Writing tutors, working with See Peer review Written texts See also Reading analyzing, 66–80 annotating, 67–68, 70, 413 conversing with, 68–69 sample paper analyzing, 78–80 writing about, 72–77 7/14/15 10:17 AM 672 Index Y yes, no, commas with, 305 yet comma before, 294–95 as coordinating conjunction, 370 you appropriate use of, 147, 220 24_HAC_01131_SE_INDEX_636_673.indd 672 inappropriate use of, 220, 621 vs I or they, 147 and shifts in point of view, avoiding, 147 understood, 280, 376, 382 your, you’re, 621 YouTube See Video, online, citing 7/14/15 10:17 AM this page left intentionally blank 05_HAC_01131_PT2_065_124.indd 124 5/4/15 12:04 PM Multilingual Menu A complete section for multilingual writers: Multilingual and Academic English notes in other sections: 28 Verbs 256 The Writing Process a Form and tense 256 b Passive voice 259 c Base form after modal 261 d Negative forms 264 e Conditional sentences 265 Academic Reading, Writing, and Speaking • Avoiding hasty generalizations 93 • Making an argument 105 f With gerunds or infinitives 267 29 Articles 270 a Articles; other noun markers 270 b When to use the 271 c When to use a or an 274 d When not to use a or an 276 e With general nouns 277 f With proper nouns 277 30 Sentence structure • The writing situation • Using a direct approach 24 • Choosing transitions 62 279 a Linking verb with subject and complement 280 b Omitted subjects 280 c Repeated nouns, pronouns 281 d Repeated objects, adverbs 282 e Mixed constructions 283 f Adverb placement 284 g Present and past participles 285 h Order of adjectives 287 31 Prepositions and idiomatic expressions 288 a at, on, in 288 b Noun (-ing form) after preposition 290 c Adjective + preposition Clarity • • • • Passive voice 126 Missing words 133 Articles 136 Double subjects, repeated objects 138 • Adverb placement 142 • Repeated objects, or adverbs 157 • Idioms 183 Grammar • Problems with verbs 190 • Pronoun-antecedent gender agreement 213 • Adjective and adverb placement 231 • No plural adjectives 231 • Omitted verbs 246 • Verb tenses 249 Mechanics • American and British spelling 347 Research • Recognizing intellectual property 412 291 d Verb + preposition 291 25_HAC_01131_Multilingual_menu.indd 8/5/15 12:11 PM Revision Symbols Boldface numbers refer to sections of the handbook add agr appr art awk cap case cliché coh coord cs dev dm -ed emph ESL exact frag fs gl/us hyph idiom inc 29_HAC_01131_SYMBOL.indd p ^, no , ; : ’ “” ? ! — ( ) [ ] . / ¶ pass pn agr proof ref run-on -s sexist shift sl sp sub sv agr punctuation comma 32 no comma 33 semicolon 34 colon 35 apostrophe 36 quotation marks 37 period, question mark 38a–b exclamation point 38c dash, parentheses 39a–b brackets, ellipsis mark 39c–d slash 39e new paragraph 3e ineffective passive pronoun agreement 22 proofreading problem 2g pronoun reference 23 run-on sentence 20 -s ending 21, 27c sexist language 17e, 22a distracting shift 13 slang 17c misspelled word 43 subordination 14 subject-verb agreement 21, 27c t trans usage v var vb w // ^ # () irreg ital jarg lc mix mm mood nonst num om faulty abbreviation 40 misuse of adjective or adverb 26 add needed word 10 faulty agreement 21, 22 inappropriate language 17 article (a, an, the) 29 awkward capital letter 45 error in case 24, 25 cliché 18e coherence 3d faulty coordination 14a comma splice 20 inadequate development 3b, 6h dangling modifier 12e -ed ending 27d emphasis 14 English as a second language, multilingual 28–31 inexact language 18 sentence fragment 19 fused sentence 20 see glossary of usage hyphen 44 idioms 18d incomplete construction 10 irregular verb 27a italics 42 jargon 17a lowercase letter 45 mixed construction 11 misplaced modifier 12a–d mood 27g nonstandard usage 17c, 27 use of numbers 41 omitted word 10, 30b ^ abbr adj/adv verb tense 27f transition needed 3d see glossary of usage voice 8a lack of variety in sentence structure 14, 15 verb problem 27, 28 wordy 16 parallelism insert insert space close up space 8/5/15 12:23 PM Detailed Menu The Writing Process 1 Exploring, drafting plan/draft 2 Revising, reflecting rev 30 Sample revision 45 3 Paragraphs par 49 Reading, Writing, Speaking 65 4 Reading, writing critically crit 66 Sample article 67 Sample analysis 78 5 Multimodal texts texts 80 Sample advertisement 83 Sample analysis 88 6 Reading, writing arguments arg 91 Sample argument 112 7 Speaking confidently spk 119 Clarity 125 8 Active verbs active 126 a vs passive verbs b vs be verbs c actor as subject 9 Parallelism // 129 a series b pairs c repeated words 10 Needed words add 133 a compound structures b that c in comparisons d a, an, and the 11 Mixed constructions mix 137 a mixed grammar b illogical connections c is when, is where, etc 12 Misplaced and dangling modifiers mm/dm 140 a limiting modifiers 30_HAC_01131_LBP.indd b misplaced modifiers c awkward placement d split infinitives e dangling modifiers 13 Shifts shift 147 a person, number b tense c mood, voice d indirect to direct 14 Emphasis emph 152 a coordination and subordination b choppy sentences c ineffective coordination d ineffective subordination e excessive subordination f other techniques 15 Variety var 163 16 Wordy sentences w 166 17 Appropriate language appr 170 a jargon b pretentious language, euphemisms c slang, nonstandard English d levels of formality e sexist language f offensive language 18 Exact words exact 180 a connotations b concrete nouns c misused words d idioms e clichés f figures of speech Grammar 187 19 Sentence fragments frag 188 a subordinate clauses b phrases c other word groups d acceptable fragments 20 Run-on sentences run-on 195 a revision with and, but, etc b with semicolon, colon, or dash c separating sentences d restructuring 21 Subject-verb agreement sv agr 202 a standard combinations b words between subject and verb c subjects with and d subjects with or, nor, etc e indefinite pronouns f collective nouns g subject after verb h subject complement i who, which, that j plural form k titles, words as words, etc 22 Pronoun-antecedent agreement pn agr 213 a indefinite pronouns, generic nouns b collective nouns c with and d with or, nor, etc 23 Pronoun reference ref 218 a ambiguous, remote b broad this, that, which, it c implied antecedents d indefinite they, it, you e who, which, that 24 Case of personal pronouns case 222 a subjective case b objective case c appositives d after than or as e we, us before a noun 8/5/15 12:24 PM The Writing Process f with infinitives g with gerunds 25 Case of who and whom case 227 26 Adjectives and adverbs adj/adv 230 a adjectives b adverbs c good, well, bad, badly d comparatives and superlatives e double negatives 27 Verb forms, tenses, moods vb 237 a irregular verbs b lie and lay c -s (or -es) endings d -ed endings e omitted verbs f tense g mood 1 Exploring, planning, and drafting Revising, editing, and reflecting 30 Building effective paragraphs 49 Academic Reading, Writing, and Speaking Clarity 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 125 Active verbs 126 Parallel ideas 129 Needed words 133 Mixed constructions 137 Misplaced and dangling modifiers 140 Shifts 147 Emphasis 152 Variety 163 Wordy sentences 166 Appropriate language 170 Exact words 180 Grammar 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Multilingual/ESL 255 28 Verbs ESL 256 29 Articles; types of nouns ESL 270 30 Structure ESL 279 31 Prepositions and idioms ESL 288 Punctuation 293 32 The comma ^, 294 187 a with and, but, etc b introductory elements c series d coordinate adjectives e nonrestrictive elements f transitions g direct address, yes and no, etc h he said etc i dates, addresses, titles, numbers j to prevent confusion 33 Unnecessary commas no , 308 34 The semicolon ; Sentence fragments 188 Run-on sentences 195 Subject-verb agreement (is or are etc.) 202 Pronoun-antecedent agreement (singular or plural) 213 Pronoun reference (clarity) 218 Pronoun case (I and me etc.) 222 who and whom 227 Adjectives and adverbs 230 Standard English verb forms, tenses, and moods 237 Multilingual Writers and ESL Challenges 28 29 30 31 65 Reading and writing critically 66 Reading and writing about multimodal texts 80 Reading and writing arguments 91 Speaking confidently 119 255 Verbs 256 Articles 270 Sentence structure 279 Prepositions and idiomatic expressions 288 Rules8_SE_IFC_IBC.indd b transitional expressions c series d misuses 35 The colon : 317 a with lists, appositives, quotations b conventional uses c misuses 36 The apostrophe ’ 319 a possessive nouns b indefinite pronouns c contractions d plurals of numbers, letters, etc e misuses 37 Quotation marks “ ” 6/17/15 7:51 AM Rules8_SE_IFC_IBC.indd 323 Grammar Basics 361 46 Parts of speech basic 362 47 Sentence patterns basic 375 48 Subordinate word groups basic 383 49 Sentence types basic 392 Research 395 50 Conducting research res 396 51 Managing information; taking notes res 408 52 Evaluating sources res 416 a direct quotations b quotation within a quotation c titles of short works d words as words e with other punctuation marks f misuses 38 End punctuation 330 a period b question mark ? c exclamation point ! 39 Other punctuation marks 332 a dash — b parentheses ( ) c brackets [ ] d ellipsis mark e slash / MLA Papers 431 Mechanics 337 62 Manuscript format 40 Abbreviations 41 42 43 44 313 a independent clauses ^ Brief Menu 45 abbr 338 Numbers num 341 Italics ital 343 Spelling sp 345 The hyphen hyph 353 Capitalization cap 356 53 Thesis MLA 435 54 Avoiding plagiarism MLA 441 55 Integrating sources MLA 445 56 Documenting sources MLA 458 57 Manuscript format MLA 513 Sample paper 517 APA Papers 527 58 Thesis APA 530 59 Avoiding plagiarism APA 534 60 Integrating sources APA 537 61 Documenting sources APA 546 APA 580 Sample paper 585 Appendixes 597 Document design 597 Glossary of usage 608 Answers to lettered exercises 622 Index 636 6/17/15 7:51 AM mech_HackerSommers-Rules8-SE-080715 You’re a writer Rules for Writers is here for you No one learns everything about writing in a single course or even two; we all need to consult the rules or seek out advice sometimes Having a reliable support system is key Your peers, your instructor, and your writing center are part of your support system — and so is your Rules for Writers Whatever the assignment, whatever your purpose for writing, Rules for Writers has answers and advice you need for papers and projects in every course The more you rely on your handbook and learn from its advice, the more successful you’ll be as a college writer According to a recent survey of 700 students at 50 colleges, 79% of students feel that their handbook makes them more effective academic writers E ighth Edit ion Rules for WRITERS More support for you online If your instructor has assigned this book with LaunchPad Solo for Rules for Writers, use the activation code to access even more support Visit macmillanhighered.com/rules8e to check out 192 grammar and research exercises, 39 sample student papers, and 30 LearningCurve adaptive quizzes macmillanhighered.com Diana Hacker Nancy Sommers mech_HackerSommers-Rules8-SE-080715 [...]... it is my pleasure to acknowledge and thank the enormously talented Bedford/St Martin’s editorial team, whose deep commitment to students informs each new feature of Rules for Writers Edwin Hill, vice president for the humanities, Leasa Burton, publisher for composition, and Karen Henry, editorial director for English, have helped shape the handbook’s identity and have guided us with their insights about... for Rules for Writers ISBN 978-1-319-05719-0 macmillanhighered.com /rules8 e 8 Active verbs > Exercises: 8–2 to 8–6 > LearningCurve: Active and passive voice Writer’s Help 2.0 for Hacker Handbooks — a complete online handbook, and more For searchable, assignable Hacker handbook content online, you can package Rules for Writers with Writer’s Help 2.0 for Hacker Handbooks Instead of turning to Google for. .. 01/09/15 5:03 PM xvi Preface for instructors Supplements and media Visit the catalog page for Rules for Writers to see a complete list of instructor supplements, including Teaching with Hacker Handbooks, student supplements, e-books (various formats), and other media: macmillanhighered.com /rules/ catalog Custom solutions Many schools opt for a custom edition of Rules for Writers Some programs choose... When students were asked about this relationship, 79% of survey participants, many of whom use Rules for Writers, reported that using a handbook made them more confident academic writers Students reported that using Rules for Writers helped them become more efficient and effective writers than if they had simply searched the Internet for answers to their questions about comma usage, for example, or about... two benefits of Writer’s Help 2.0 for Hacker Handbooks ISBN 978-1-319-05725-1 LaunchPad Solo for Readers and Writers — prebuilt teaching and learning units Rules for Writers can be packaged with LaunchPad Solo for Readers and Writers, which provides multimedia content and assessments — including LearningCurve adaptive quizzing — organized into prebuilt, curated units for easy assigning and assessment... with an editor as thoughtful and talented as Mara Her creativity has shaped the eighth edition and made it an even more practical and innovative handbook Barbara Flanagan, senior media editor, has worked on the Hacker handbooks for more than 25 years and brings attention to detail, keen insights, and unrivaled expertise in documentation and media Thanks to Stephanie Thomas, assistant editor, for help... with art and permissions, for managing the review process, and for developing several ancillaries Many thanks to Gregory Erb, senior production editor, for keeping us on schedule and for producing the book with skill and care And I am grateful to the media team — especially media producer Allison Hart — for creating engaging media for the writing course Practical advice from Bedford colleagues Emily Rowin,... granddaughter, thanks for the joy and sweetness you bring to life Nancy Sommers 01_HAC_01131_SE_FM_i_xxviii.indd xiii 01/09/15 5:03 PM xiv Preface for instructors Welcome to the eighth edition Rules for Writers speaks to everything student writers need Many students want to turn to popular search engines for quick answers, but the real shortcut is right in their hands Rules for Writers provides authoritative,... practical advice for writing a research proposal Rules for Writers now includes more than 200 documentation models for sources in MLA and APA styles And because some sources are especially 01_HAC_01131_SE_FM_i_xxviii.indd xiv 01/09/15 5:03 PM Preface for instructors xv hard to cite, new how-to boxes address tricky issues such as authorship of reposted online content for Rules for Writers — handbook-specific... confusing than illuminating, and never as straightforward and authoritative as the confidence-building instruction they receive from relying on Rules for Writers Each new feature in the eighth edition is designed to answer students’ writing questions and address specific problems students face as college writers And each new feature of Rules for Writers is designed to support your teaching with the handbook ... talented Bedford/St Martin’s editorial team, whose deep commitment to students informs each new feature of Rules for Writers Edwin Hill, vice president for the humanities, Leasa Burton, publisher for. .. assignments, such as an annotated bibliography Teaching with Rules for Writers has become easier than ever The eighth edition is now available with LaunchPad Solo for Rules for Writers — an online product... production editor, for keeping us on schedule and for producing the book with skill and care And I am grateful to the media team — especially media producer Allison Hart — for creating engaging media for