STATUS OF KNOWLEDGE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT IN PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL COMPANIES IN VIETNAM: BASIS FOR ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT _ A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School Southern Luzon State University, Lucban, Quezon, Philippines in Collaboration with Thai Nguyen University, Socialist Republic of Vietnam _ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Management _ By LE THU HANG (MOON) August 2014 i APPROVAL SHEET The Dissertation of LE THU HANG entitled STATUS OF KNOWLEDGE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT IN PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL COMPANIES IN VIETNAM: BASIS FOR ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT A program offered by Southern Luzon State University, Republic of the Philippines in collaboration with Thai Nguyen University, Socialist Republic of Vietnam has been approved by Oral Examination Committee TERESITA V DELA CRUZ, EdD Expert APOLONIA A ESPINOSA, PhD Expert LEONISA O BERNARDO, PhD Expert BELLA R MUELLO, PhD External Panel WALBERTO A MACARAAN, EdD Chairman Endorsed by: Recommended by: CECILIA N GASCON, PhD Adviser SUSANA A SALVACION, PhD Dean Accepted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Business Administration _ Date WALBERTO A MACARAAN, EdD Vice President for Academic Affairs ii CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that the research work /dissertation entitled STATUS OF KNOWLEDGE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT IN PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL COMPANIES IN VIETNAM: BASIS FOR ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT, orally defended / presented under the Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Management Program jointly offered by Southern Luzon State University of the Republic of the Philippines and Thai Nguyen University of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, embodies the result of original and scholarly work carried out by the undersigned This dissertation does not contain words or ideas taken from published sources or written works by other persons which have been accepted as basis for the award of any degree from other higher education institutions, except where proper referencing and acknowledgement were made LE THU HANG Researcher Date Orally Defended:June 27th, 2014 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author is most grateful to her adviser and Professor, Dr Cecilia N Gascon, for her valuable academic and moral support, which she shall never forget, during the doctoral program in education management of Southern Luzon State University of the Philippines She also highly appreciates the very helpful suggestions made by Prof Dr Dang QuocBao about the research at an early stage in its development She wishes to record my particular thanks to Teresita V Dela Cruz, Apolonia A Espinosa and Walberto A Macaraan,Bella R Muello, Southern Luzon State University, for their constructive and useful pieces of advice to improve the dissertation While collecting data for this research, she was lucky enough to receive support from a number of colleagues and friends of EduTrust and Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City At the EduTrust, thanks are due to colleagues of the office of the Chairman Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry, special thanks go to Le Thuy, Project Director In addition, she indebted to leaders and staff of Thai Nguyen University, of ITC for their enthusiastic support during the program as well as to Dr Judith Narrowe and Dr.Bertil Olsson, Dalarna University, Sweden, for their moral support at the most difficult moments Also, she would like to express her gratitude to all interviewees and group discussants who took the time to share their lives and thinking with iv herand thus enriched her understanding of the problems to which this dissertation addresses itself Last but not least, she dedicates this work to her family members, with thanks for all they have done for her over the years Le Thu Hang (Moon) v DEDICATION To My Friends & Family Thank you for ALL the Support LTH vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………… i APPROVAL SHEET ……………………………………………………… ii CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY ……………………………………… iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………… iv DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………… vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………… vii LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………… ix LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………… xi LIST OF APPENDICES ………………………………………………… xii ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………… xiv CHAPTER I II III INTRODUCTION Introduction ………………………………………………… Background of the Study ………………………………… Objectives of the Study….………………………………… Significance of the Study ………………………………… Scope and Limitation of the Study ……………………… Definition of Terms ………………………………………… REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES Review of Literature … …………………….…………… 16 Conceptual Framework ……………………………… … 29 Research Paradigm ……… ……………………………… 51 METHODOLOGY Locale of the Study ………………………………………… 52 Research Design …………………………………………… 52 Population and Sampling ………….……………………… 54 Research Instrumentation ………………………… ….… 56 Data Gathering Procedures ……….……… ………… 58 vii Statistical Treatment ……………………………………… 63 IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ………………………… 67 V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary ……………….…………………………………… 94 Conclusions ………………………………………………… 101 Recommendations ………………………………………… 102 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………… 104 APPENDICES …………………………………………………………… 112 CURRICULUM VITAE …………………………………………………… 168 viii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE Summary of the Aspects within Human Resources and its Management 31 Summary of the Aspects within the Communication Activities of the Company 39 Summary of the Aspects within the Information Technology Infrastructure 42 Summary of the Aspects of the Learning Arenas 44 Summary of the Aspects of the Use of Knowledge 48 Number of Employees per Company and Contract Arrangements 68 Frequency of the Methods for Advertising Available Positions 70 7b Frequency of the Method of Selecting Employees 71 7c Frequency of the Different Selection Criteria 71 Aspects within Employee Turnover 74 Bonus System 75 Number of Companies by Frequency of the General Information Meeting by Sector 76 Number of Companies by Scheduled Meetings of Professional Workers and Sectors 76 10c Companies with Newsletter by Sector 77 10d Number of Companies by Person in the Gatekeeper Position and Sector 77 Number of Hour Formal and Informal Meetings (Cells Refers to Percentage of Respondents) 78 11 Information Technology Infrastructure 80 12 Pearson Correlations of the Knowledge Enabling 81 7a 10a 10b 10e ix TABLE 13 14 15 16 17 PAGE Constructs Bivariate Pearson Correlation between Construct Scales and Effective Measurements 83 Bivariate Pearson Correlation of KnowledgeCreating Indicators 87 Bivariate Pearson Correlation between Knowledge Enabling Constructs and KnowledgeCreation Indicators 88 Pearson Correlation among Knowledge Creation and Effectiveness Indicators 90 Summary of explicit plan of knowledge management 92 x 155 Table 24 Bivariate Pearson Correlation of the Binary Recoded Indicators of the Monetary Reward Aspect Construct in the Selected Companies (above 0.4) Salary level Salary level Salary Determination Individually Bonus within the company 1.00 Salary determination individually 1.00 Bonus within the company -0.58 1.00 156 Table 25 Communication Patterns Indicators by Company Id comp N Consultancy 101 58 87 94 98 110 11 49 82 83 106 24 Education 26 71 33 30 55 68 All companies 11 12 15 15 5 59 12 16 160 Frequency of general information meetings (per month) Frequency of meetings among professional workers (per month) Attending more than Percentage of respondents Receiving more than …writing …emails …telephone or more from calls from documents colleagues colleagues a year a day per day …reading …formal meetings per week … informal meetings per week 23 25 22 36 36 40 25 14 0 13 67 33 40 25 0 13 40 50 25 33 38 67 20 43 27 29 25 60 38 50 75 25 43 27 40 50 25 33 38 67 20 43 27 29 25 60 38 50 75 25 43 27 16 37 37 4 4 4 4 0 0 0 20 0 0 17 40 25 29 0 38 20 4 0 0 0 13 50 17 0 13 47 13 60 40 28 43 13 23 0 38 82 20 33 20 25 47 0 15 0 25 11 31 25 21 or more written materials per week 157 Table 26 Information Technology Infrastructure Indicators by Company Idcomp ISIC Consultancy 58 87 94 98 49 106 24 110 11 82 83 741 741 741 742 744 744 745 742 742 743 744 744 Education 26 71 30 55 68 33 801 801 804 804 804 802 All Number of computers per employee 1.03 1.25 1.00 1.00 1.33 1.20 1.00 1.15 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.72 0.92 0.19 0.10 0.92 2.40 0.60 1.33 0.99 1672 IT cost as a proportion of the total monetary turnover 0.012 100 200 100 125 300 90 50 257 0.008 0.008 0.004 0.014 0.043 0.004 0.000 0.019 8333 7407 3571 13889 30000 3000 2500 15118 250 200 2047 19 0.006 0.030 0.004 13889 6897 8917 889 50 378 1100 500 3719 0.004 0.023 0.110 0.008 0.018 4167 15120 17742 6667 9946 Investment in IT in the year 2012 IT investment per employee 10460 158 Table 27 Bivariate Pearson Correlation of the Binary Recoded Indicators of the Information Technology Investment Binary Indicators (Above 0.4) Median Number of computers per employee Number of computers per employee 1.00 1.00 Investment in IT per employee in 2012 7407 1.00 Investment in IT as a percentage of the total monetary turnover, 2011 1.00 1.00 Investment in IT as a percentage of the total monetary turnover, 2012 0.86 0.77 1.00 Investment in IT as a percentage of the total monetary turnover, 2013 0.65 0.75 0.41 0.58 Investment in IT per employee in 2012 Investment in IT as a Investment in IT as a Investment in IT as a percentage of the total percentage of the total percentage of the total monetary turnover, monetary turnover, monetary turnover, 2011 2012 2013 1.00 159 Table 28 ANOVA of Course Length by Sector Sum of squares df Mean square F Sig 396373.059 396373.059 12.743 000 Within groups 10824357.224 348 31104.475 Total 11220730.282 349 Between groups 160 Table 29 ANOVA of Course Training Cost By Sector Total training cost per hour (trt/trctal) Direct training cost per hour (trt/trctal) Labor training cost per hour (trt/trctal) Other training cost per hour (trt/trctal) Sum of squares df Mean square F Sig Between groups 9618424.402 9618424.402 35.330 000 Within groups 84668558.131 311 272246.168 Total 94286982.533 312 11.623 001 20.254 000 6.369 021 Between groups Within groups 3274263.168 3274263.168 71550893.288 254 281696.430 Total 74825156.456 255 Between groups 102868.780 102868.780 Within groups 1518576.885 299 5078.852 Total 1621445.666 300 Between groups Within groups 51766.946 51766.946 2804150.945 345 8127.974 Total 2855917.890 346 161 Table 30 Number of Training Events and Yearly Estimated Training Time by Purpose of Training and Company ID % of pro Customer Capital Objective plan Leadership training Other training activities f f% h h% f f% h h% f f% h h% f f% h h% Consultancy 14 4% 558 3% 14 4% 1202 7% 42 13% 3679 22% 18 5% 1061 6% 58 87 94 98 110 11 49 82 83 106 24 1 1 8% 0% 2% 4% 0% 3% 0% 6% 14% 4% 0% 6% 0 150 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 0% 19% 17% 8% 2% 0 0 0% 0% 0% 0% 232 0% 10% 554 0% 24% 162 704 10% 30% 14% 18% 11% 4% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 7% 0% 3% 29% 12% 15% 312 218 216 23 0 0 125 312 464 0% 29% 0% 28% 14% 36% 20% 4% 19% 9% 15% 6% 5% 4% 7% 16% 23% 54% 19% 360 288 3 1 1 96 1372 576 0% 8% 0% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 39% 0 0 96 80 0 0 1 0 12 160 0% 7% Education 10 6% 796 4% 4% 1998 11% 16 10% 1638 9% 1% 40 0% 26 71 33 30 55 68 2 24 8% 0% 20% 6% 4% 12% 5% 44 360 16 56 320 1354 1% 0% 11% 2% 2% 7% 4% 1 20 0% 4% 0% 6% 7% 0% 4% 906 388 704 3200 0% 29% 0% 43% 22% 0% 9% 5 58 13% 20% 0% 6% 5% 12% 12% 758 469 64 257 90 5317 23% 15% 0% 7% 8% 2% 15% 0 0 20 6% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 4% 40 0 0 1101 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 78% 83% 78% 90% 93% 88% 69% 89% 83% 100% 90% 87% 95% 80% 70% 92% 71% 59% All 162 Table 30 Number of Training Events and Yearly Estimated Training Time by Purpose of Training and Company (continuation) ID % of pro Work improvement condition Professional training Support training All f f% h h% f f% h h% f f% h h% f h Consultancy 14 4% 558 3% 0% 1202 7% 42 13% 3679 22% 18 1061 58 87 94 98 110 11 49 82 83 106 24 1 1 8% 0% 2% 4% 0% 3% 0% 6% 14% 4% 0% 6% 0 150 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% 0% 312 218 216 23 19% 17% 8% 2% 232 0% 10% 554 0% 24% 162 704 10% 30% 0 0 125 312 464 0% 29% 0% 28% 14% 36% 20% 4% 19% 9% 15% 6% 5% 4% 7% 16% 23% 54% 19% 360 288 3 1 1 96 1372 576 0% 8% 0% 8% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3% 0% 6% 0% 0% 0% 39% 0 0 96 80 0 0 1 0 12 Education 10 6% 796 4% 4% 1998 11% 16 10% 1638 9% 40 26 71 33 30 55 68 2 8% 0% 20% 6% 4% 12% 44 360 16 56 320 1% 0% 11% 2% 2% 7% 1 0% 4% 0% 6% 7% 0% 906 388 704 0% 29% 0% 43% 22% 0% 5 13% 20% 0% 6% 5% 12% 758 469 64 257 90 23% 15% 0% 7% 8% 2% 0 0 40 0 0 24 5% 1354 4% 20 4% 3200 9% 58 12% 5317 15% 20 1101 78% 83% 78% 90% 93% 88% 69% 89% 83% 100% 90% 87% 95% 80% 70% 92% 71% 59% All 0 0 0 163 Table 31 Average Scores and Standard Deviations of the Informal Learning Items by Company Idcompany ID ISIC N of employee N of valid question -naires N of respondent s as a % of total n of employees Consultancy 58 741 87 741 94 741 742 98 742 110 742 11 743 49 744 82 744 83 744 106 744 24 745 Education 26 801 71 801 33 802 30 804 55 804 68 804 All Companies 243 27 12 27 20 28 17 16 18 29 10 30 215 21 20 75 12 25 62 106 12 13 15 15 5 59 13 16 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.48 0.35 0.54 0.41 0.31 1.00 0383 0.28 0.50 0.17 0.27 0.43 0.40 0.17 0.42 0.36 0.26 3.66 3.00 4.40 3.92 3.14 3.57 3.71 3.60 3.11 3.67 3.63 4.40 3.80 3.94 3.38 4.00 3.92 4.00 4.33 4.00 458 165 0.36 3.75 d1: Read manuals, reference books, journals or other written materials but not as part of a course Mean Std dev 3.66 0.45 3.00 1.28 4.40 0.89 3.92 1.12 3.14 0.90 3.57 1.02 3.71 1.25 3.60 1.14 3.11 1.05 3.67 0.62 3.63 0.74 4.40 0.55 3.80 0.45 3.94 0.31 3.38 1.06 4.00 0.53 3.92 1.04 4.00 0.71 4.33 0.87 4.00 1.07 3.75 0.42 d2: Went on guided tours at a museum, art, gallery or other such cultural facilities Mean Std dev 2.68 0.41 2.42 1.24 2.40 1.34 2.23 1.17 2.29 1.11 3.13 0.92 2.57 1.27 2.00 1.41 2.78 1.48 3.07 1.16 3.25 0.89 3.00 1.00 3.00 1.00 2.82 0.58 1.89 0.93 3.13 0.83 2.69 1.60 2.80 1.48 3.67 1.00 2.73 1.33 2.73 0.46 d3: Used media assisted products to learn such as computers, video, television, tapes that were NOT part of a course Mean Std dev 2.86 0.42 2.91 1.30 3.80 0.84 2.38 1.61 2.43 1.40 2.93 1.39 2.57 0.98 3.00 1.41 2.56 1.42 3.47 0.99 2.88 1.36 2.60 0.89 2.80 1.10 3.50 0.61 3.00 1.50 2.63 0.92 3.46 1.13 3.60 0.89 4.22 1.09 4.07 1.10 3.07 0.56 164 Table 31 Average Scores and Standard Deviations of the Informal Learning Items by Company (continuation) d4: Asked my colleagues for help when I have a problem in my work Consultancy 58 741 87 741 94 741 742 98 742 110 742 11 743 49 744 82 744 83 744 106 744 24 745 Education 26 801 71 801 33 802 30 804 55 804 68 804 All companies d5: Learnt by watching, getting help or advice from others - but NOT from course instructors d6: Learnt by myself trying things for practice, trying different approaches to things d7: Learnt by reading job-related news on the internet d17: Average of all the informal learning activities Mean Std dev Mean Std dev Mean Std dev Mean Std dev Mean Std dev 3.68 3.75 3.00 4.08 3.86 3.60 3.86 3.00 3.44 3.80 4.13 3.60 4.00 3.74 3.78 3.50 4.00 3.60 4.11 3.47 3.70 0.37 0.75 1.22 0.76 0.38 0.99 0.69 0.71 1.13 0.56 0.64 1.14 0.71 0.27 0.44 0.53 0.71 0.89 0.93 1.13 0.34 3.41 3.33 3.00 3.23 3.00 3.07 3.57 3.20 3.50 3.47 3.75 3.80 4.00 3.38 3.50 3.13 3.23 4.00 3.33 3.07 3.40 0.33 1.07 0.71 1.30 0.82 1.07 0.79 0.84 1.20 0.83 0.89 0.84 0.71 0.34 0.53 1.25 1.01 1.00 0.87 1.21 0.32 3.84 3.92 3.80 3.69 2.86 3.50 4.29 3.00 3.89 3.87 4.63 4.20 4.40 4.24 3.88 4.38 4.00 4.60 4.50 4.07 3.97 0.53 0.67 0.45 1.11 0.90 0.85 0.49 1.22 0.78 0.52 0.52 1.10 0.55 0.29 0.64 0.52 0.82 0.55 0.84 0.59 0.49 3.07 2.92 4.00 2.92 3.14 2.60 3.29 2.20 2.67 3.40 2.50 3.40 3.80 2.67 1.11 1.50 3.15 3.80 2.67 3.80 2.94 0.54 1.51 1.00 1.38 1.07 1.35 1.70 0.84 1.12 0.91 1.20 1.14 1.64 1.15 0.33 0.53 1.14 1.30 1.00 0.94 0.78 3.31 3.10 3.49 3.21 2.96 3.10 3.41 2.86 3.13 3.53 3.54 3.57 3.69 3.47 2.89 3.18 3.49 3.77 3.83 3.54 3.37 0.26 0.67 0.36 0.81 0.47 0.76 0.64 0.47 0.65 0.38 0.56 0.60 0.49 0.35 0.48 0.36 0.68 0.56 0.40 0.80 0.29 165 Table 32 Total Variance Explained by the Factor Analysis of the Knowledge Creation Indicators Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Initial Eigenvalues Component Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative % 2.60 37.20 37.20 2.60 37.20 37.20 2.60 37.16 37.16 1.85 26.48 63.68 1.85 26.48 63.68 1.82 25.97 63.13 1.58 22.57 86.25 1.58 22.57 86.25 1.62 23.12 86.25 0.39 5.62 91.87 0.30 4.29 96.16 0.26 3.73 99.89 0.01 0.11 100.00 166 Table 33 Rotated Component Matrix from the Factor Analysis of the Knowledge Creation Component Yearly training time per employees (trTemp) 1.00 0.89 2.00 0.32 3.00 -0.09 Training cost per employee (trCTemp) 0.91 -0.38 -0.05 Budgeted training cost per employee (trAcTemp) 0.90 0.01 0.12 Training budgeted as a proportion of the total estimated cost in the relevant year(s) (trActPer) 0.31 0.84 0.09 Total training cost per hour (trctT) 0.30 -0.89 0.02 Number of training places per employee (trPemp) 0.04 0.21 0.88 d17 0.03 0.14 -0.90 167 Table 34 Bivariate Pearson Correlation between Knowledge Enabling Construct and Knowledge Creation Indicators in Each Service SIZEBSB STABSB EXPBSB PROBSB RESB SALBSB COBSB ITBSB KIS all CCIB Consultancy Education Consultancy Education Consultancy Education Consultancy Education trTemp -0.35 0.35 trTemp trPemp trPemp -0.71 1.00 trCTemp -0.41 trCTemp trAcTemp 0.50 0.63 -0.55 0.48 0.40 0.32 -0.32 -0.50 0.00 -0.50 -0.71 -0.71 0.71 -0.41 -0.10 -0.33 0.71 0.63 -0.50 0.00 0.80 0.17 0.25 0.00 0.00 trAcTemp 0.41 -0.33 0.61 1.00 -0.41 -0.48 0.61 0.41 0.40 -0.48 0.35 -0.35 -0.25 0.31 -0.37 0.00 0.50 -0.37 0.00 0.00 -0.17 -0.17 0.79 -0.32 0.16 -0.16 Bivariate Pearson Correlation between Knowledge Enabling Construct and Knowledge Creation Indicators in Each Service (Cont’d) (continuation) SIZEBSB STABSB EXPBSB PROBSB RESB SALBSB COBSB ITBSB KIS all CCIB Consultancy trActPer -0.77 Education trActPer 0.67 -0.58 Consultancy trctT 0.45 -0.48 -0.45 Education trctT -0.45 -0.33 -0.45 -0.33 -0.66 0.63 -0.45 -0.32 -0.45 -0.45 -0.45 Consultancy d17 -0.37 Education d17 0.71 -1.00 0.27 -0.17 -0.17 0.32 0.50 0.32 0.00 0.71 0.70 -0.71 0.61 0.58 0.00 0.50 0.50 0.00 0.17 1.00 0.67 0.67 -0.67 -0.45 0.45 168 CURRICULUM VITAE A PERSONAL DATA Name : Le Thu Hang Marital Status : married with two children Date of Birth : September 22nd, 1974 Place of birth : Hanoi, Vietnam Address : So 30, Ngo 55, Pho Do Quang, Hanoi, Vietnam Phone/ Mobile : (84) (0) 967 670 874 Father : Le Van Thu (deceased) Mother : Nguyen Thi Em B EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT Degree School Year Graduated Master of Educational Leadership and Management Dalarna University Falun, Sweden 2009 Bachelor of Law University of Social Science & Humanity, Hanoi, Vietnam 1997 Bachelor of Linguistics (German) Hanoi University of Foreign Studies, Hanoi, Vietnam 1995 Bachelor of Linguistics (English) Hanoi Pedagogical University of Foreign Languages, Hanoi, Vietnam 1994 High school Hanoi - Amsterdam Gifted High School Hanoi, Vietnam 1991 169 C WORKING EXPERIENCE Position Office Working year Education Consulting Project Director EDUTRUST VINSCHOOL Hanoi, Vietnam 2013 to now Education Consulting Project Director VINGROUP Hanoi, Vietnam 2010 - 2013 Education Consulting Freelance Projects in Vietnam Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden 2006 - 2012 Senior Officer Embassy in charge of Culture and of the Republic of Austria Education Hanoi, Vietnam 2001 - 2006 Senior Officer Assistant to the Representative East Pacific Association of Economics Hanoi, Vietnam 1997 - 2001 Project Coordinator Tourism project of the National Department of Tourism Hanoi, Vietnam 1995 - 1997 ... Dissertation of LE THU HANG entitled STATUS OF KNOWLEDGE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT IN PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL COMPANIES IN VIETNAM: BASIS FOR ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT Submitted in Partial... Table 34 xiii ABSTRACT Title of Research : STATUS OF KNOWLEDGE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT IN PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL COMPANIES IN VIETNAM: BASIS FOR ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT Researcher :... These changes in our schema constitute, in fact, 12 learning Learning is the process of transforming data into knowledge, making something public (information) into something private knowledge The