The Counseling Profession’s Past, Present and Future © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning     Since dawn of existence, people have attempted to understand the human condition Shamans Egyptian papyrus (3330BCE)—attempt to understand functions of the brain Early philosophers  Hippocrates (460-377BCE): Offered suggestions for treatment of human condition: for melancholia he recommended sobriety, a regular and tranquil life, exercise short of fatigue, and bleeding, if necessary For hysteria, he recommended getting married! © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Early philosophers (cont’d)  Monotheistic religions: Old Testament, New Testament, Quran, and other religious text speak to how to “treat” suffering  Plotinus (205-270): Soul separate from the body (dualistic understanding of mind and body)  Descartes (1596-1650) and James Mill (1773-1836): Mind a blank slate upon which ideas become generated © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  These three professions originated in the 19th century and all impacted on the counseling field  Over the years, they have maintained their unique identities, but have all moved to many of the same theoretical conclusions  Today, they, along with the counseling profession, can be seen on slightly different, yet parallel paths  See Figure 2.1, p 35 © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning HISTORICAL BACKGROUND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND  Poor Laws (1500s)  Charity Organization  ▪ “Friendly visitors”  Societies (COSs)  Settlement movement ▪ Jane Addams/Hull House  All of above led to social casework, group work, community, first social work programs © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  1940s-1950s: focus on family and social systems  e.g., Virginia Satir 1955: NASW 1965 ACSW  Today, social workers found in a wide variety of settings  Systems: Family and social systems perspective has become required focus by CACREP  Field experience: Practicum, Internship, and other “field experiences” today seen as critical in counseling programs  Advocacy and Social Justice: Social work’s focus on advocacy and social justice has become an important ingredient for the counseling profession © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Historical Background (Early Basis of Psychology) • Greek philosophers • Hippocrates: Focused on how to treat mental illness • Plato (427-347BCE): Introspection and reflection—road to knowledge; dreams and fantasies—substitute satisfactions; human condition: physical, moral and spiritual origins • Aristotle (384-322BCE): Considered “first psychologist” used objectivity and reason to study knowledge • Augustine (354-430) and Aquinas (1225-1274): highlighted consciousness, self-examination, and inquiry • Focus on Christianity during Augustine and Aquinas times limited the psychological nature of people © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Historical Background (1800s) • Europe: First experimental psychologists studied similarities and differences of people • E.g.,: Wundt and Galton • 1800s in U.S.: experimental psychologists • James Cattell & G Stanley Hall (1st president of APA) • Williams James’ theory of philosophical pragmatism: truth and reality is continually constructed • Testing: Binet, vocational assessment, personality tests • Mesmer (mesmerize), Charcot (hypnosis) • Psychoanalysis and Freud © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Historical Background (late 1800s to 1900s) • 1892: APA • Other schools arise: • Pavlov (classical conditioning); Phenomenology psychology; Existentialism psychology; Gestalt psychology • Above schools led to today’s cognitive-behavioral and existential-humanistic therapies • Mid 1940’s: Division 17 (counseling psychology) • Today: experimental psychologists, clinical and counseling psychologists, school psychologists, psychologists in business and industrial organizations © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning  Probably influenced counseling most of all professions  Gave us the first comprehensive approaches to counseling and therapy  Tests developed by psychologist used by early vocational counselors and other counselors today  Research techniques  Early development of counseling skills © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 10  Precursors to the Counseling Profession: The 1800s  Read quote, top of p 41 Beginning of Counseling Influenced by:  Social Reform Movement of the 1800s ▪ John Dewey writings in education ▪ More humane treatment of the mentally ill ▪ Social Workers who worked with poor and destitute  © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 14 Beginning of Counseling Movement Influenced by:  Need for Vocational Guidance in the late 1800s ▪ Traced all the way back to: Sanchez de Arevalo (1468)-Mirror of Men’s Lives  Testing ▪ Binet Intelligence test ▪ Group tests (e.g., special and multiple aptitude testing) ▪ Others  Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy: Turn of 20th Century ▪ Offered a “psychological view” of people  © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 15  Vocational Guidance Movement—early 1900s  Jesse Davis, Anna Reed, Eli Weaver  Frank Parsons and Spread of Vocational Guidance ▪ Influenced by Jane Addams ▪ Man with a vision—”Founder” of guidance in America ▪ Vocational Guidance: 3-part process, see top of p 44 ▪ Established Vocational Bureau ▪ Led to establishment of NVGA  John Brewer  Wagner-O’Day Act  “Vocational” & “Guidance” counselors are first counselors © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 16  Counseling and Expansion of Testing Movement (1900-1950)  Army Alpha (see Box 2.2, p 45)  Strong Interest Inventory  Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet  Group testing and vocational guidance  Some tests used in vocational guidance, other tests later used in school and agency counseling © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 17  Spread of Psychotherapy Impact on Counseling (1900-1950)  Clifford Beers: A Mind that Found Itself: ▪ Congress passed laws to improve mental hospitals  End of WWI, doughboys, PTSD ▪ Need for more helpers  E G Williamson’s Minnesota Point of View (trait and factory theory)  Humanists fleeing Europe  Carl Rogers and Rochester Guidance Clinic  All of the above influenced the burgeoning counseling field as counselors moved from schools into other areas © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 18  The 1950s: Emergence, Expansion, and Diversification  Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy  Developmental theories of counseling arise: career counseling, child development, lifespan development Sputnik and NDEA  End of WWII and college counseling  1945: AAMFC—later AAMFT  1950s: NASW  Division 17 of APA  APGA ▪ ASCA, ACES, ACDA, ARCA, C-AHEAD © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 19  1960s: Increased Diversification  Ellis  Behavioral: Bandura, Wolpe, Krumboltz  Glasser’s Reality Therapy  Gestalt: Perls  Existential: Arbuckle, Frankl, May  Expansion of services: Johnson’s Great Society  Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963  NDEA expanded  Other federal acts  APGA’s 1961 1st ethical code  Precursors of CACREP  More ACA divisions and branches: NECA, AACE, State branches © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 20  Continued Proliferation: 1970s  Donaldson v O’Connor (see Box 2.3, p 44)  Expansion of Community Mental Health Centers Act (12 services)  Rehabilitation Act  PL 94-142  Microcounseling skills training  Multicultural Counseling: Sue, Pedersen, Cross, Atkinson  ACES draft of standards for counseling programs  CORE  NACMHC  Virginia: First state to have licensing  New Divisions: AMCD, ASERVIC, ASGW, IAAOC, AMHCA © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 21  1980s-2000: Recent Changes  CACREP (1981)  NBCC started NCC (1982)  IAMFC: certification for family therapists (1994)  Increased focus on multicultural issues  AMCD: Multicultural Counseling Competencies (1991)  Focus on: ethics, supervision, teaching, & online counseling  ACPA disaffiliates  AMHCA and ASCA threaten disaffiliation  APGA becomes AACD (1983) then ACA (1992)  New divisions: ACEG, AADA, IAMFC ACCA, AGLBIC, CSJ © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 22  The New Millennium: 2000 and On  Expansion of NCC ▪ Over 45,000 NCCs ▪ Specialty certifications in: Clinical mental health counseling, school counseling, addictions counseling  Licensing in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and DC  Divisions become increasingly independent (not separate) of ACA  ASCA National Model  New divisions: ACC and CSJ  Importance of Evidence-Based Practice © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 23  The New Millennium: 2000 and On (Cont’d)  Multicultural Counseling know considered “fourth force”  Focus on Social Justice Advocacy ▪ 2003: ACA endorses Advocacy Competencies ▪ Fifth Force?  Focus on Crisis, Disaster, and Trauma Training  2005: New Ethics Code  2010: 20/20 Standards (see bottom of p 54) © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 24  We are what we are because of our past  Why not strive to understand from whence we came, and attempt to make smart, conscious choices about our future  It’s not easy taking a hard look at oneself, and it is difficult memorizing all those names!  See Table 2.1, pp 56-58 © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 25  Learning from the Past, Moving Toward the Future  Are we moving fast enough?  Today we must: ▪ Ensure all students are trained in the Multicultural Counseling Competencies and Advocacy Competencies ▪ Ensure all students are working on their biases ▪ Ensure that all students have the knowledge and skills to be culturally competent ▪ Provide vehicles for increased scholarship, especially outcome research relative to social justice and cross-cultural counseling © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 26  Ethics: Changing over time  Prior ethical codes tells us where we’ve been  New ethical codes tell us where we are and point us in the direction of the future  Must be aware of our ethical codes © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 27  Looking Back, Looking Ahead, and Embracing Paradigm Shifts  Our history tells us about where we have been  Our history shows us our paradigm shifts  But, where are we now?  What new paradigm shifts might be occurring now? © 2007 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 28 [...]... schools into other areas © 20 07 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 18  The 1950s: Emergence, Expansion, and Diversification  Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy  Developmental theories of counseling arise: career counseling, child development, lifespan development Sputnik and NDEA  End of WWII and college counseling  1945: AAMFC—later AAMFT  1950s: NASW  Division 17 of APA... Counseling Profession: The 1800s  Read quote, top of p 41 Beginning of Counseling Influenced by:  Social Reform Movement of the 1800s ▪ John Dewey writings in education ▪ More humane treatment of the mentally ill ▪ Social Workers who worked with poor and destitute  © 20 07 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 14 Beginning of Counseling Movement Influenced by:  Need for Vocational Guidance... 1900s  Jesse Davis, Anna Reed, Eli Weaver  Frank Parsons and Spread of Vocational Guidance ▪ Influenced by Jane Addams ▪ Man with a vision—”Founder” of guidance in America ▪ Vocational Guidance: 3-part process, see top of p 44 ▪ Established Vocational Bureau ▪ Led to establishment of NVGA  John Brewer  Wagner-O’Day Act  “Vocational” & “Guidance” counselors are first counselors © 20 07 Thomson Brooks/Cole,... division of Thomson Learning 16  Counseling and Expansion of Testing Movement (1900-1950)  Army Alpha (see Box 2. 2, p 45)  Strong Interest Inventory  Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet  Group testing and vocational guidance  Some tests used in vocational guidance, other tests later used in school and agency counseling © 20 07 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 17  Spread of Psychotherapy... (see Box 2. 1, p 40) • Assoc of Medical Superintendents of Am Institutions for Insane—Forerunner of APA (1844) © 20 07 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 11  Historical Background • Early 1900s: Many psychiatrists into psychoanalysis, some move toward psychobiology, some toward social psychiatry • 1950s and 1960s: Expansion of psychotropics • 1950s: DSM-I, Today DSM-IV-TR; 20 13: DSM-5... Guidance in the late 1800s ▪ Traced all the way back to: Sanchez de Arevalo (1468)-Mirror of Men’s Lives  Testing ▪ Binet Intelligence test ▪ Group tests (e.g., special and multiple aptitude testing) ▪ Others  Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy: Turn of 20 th Century ▪ Offered a “psychological view” of people  © 20 07 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 15  Vocational Guidance Movement—early... Focus on Crisis, Disaster, and Trauma Training  20 05: New Ethics Code  20 10: 20 /20 Standards (see bottom of p 54) © 20 07 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 24  We are what we are because of our past  Why not strive to understand from whence we came, and attempt to make smart, conscious choices about our future  It’s not easy taking a hard look at oneself, and it is difficult memorizing... online counseling  ACPA disaffiliates  AMHCA and ASCA threaten disaffiliation  APGA becomes AACD (1983) then ACA (19 92)  New divisions: ACEG, AADA, IAMFC ACCA, AGLBIC, CSJ © 20 07 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 22  The New Millennium: 20 00 and On  Expansion of NCC ▪ Over 45,000 NCCs ▪ Specialty certifications in: Clinical mental health counseling, school counseling, addictions counseling. .. Psychotherapy Impact on Counseling (1900-1950)  Clifford Beers: A Mind that Found Itself: ▪ Congress passed laws to improve mental hospitals  End of WWI, doughboys, PTSD ▪ Need for more helpers  E G Williamson’s Minnesota Point of View (trait and factory theory)  Humanists fleeing Europe  Carl Rogers and Rochester Guidance Clinic  All of the above influenced the burgeoning counseling field as counselors moved... needed to work in Community Based Mental Health Centers after “Donaldson v O’Connor) • Today: Mental illness predominantly or partially biological • Today: Psychiatrists often consult with counselors © 20 07 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 12 • Diagnosis • Illnesses may be organic • Psychopharmacology © 20 07 Thomson Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning 13  Precursors to the Counseling ... in the 19th century and all impacted on the counseling field  Over the years, they have maintained their unique identities, but have all moved to many of the same theoretical conclusions  Today,... Monotheistic religions: Old Testament, New Testament, Quran, and other religious text speak to how to “treat” suffering  Plotinus (20 5 -27 0): Soul separate from the body (dualistic understanding... Since dawn of existence, people have attempted to understand the human condition Shamans Egyptian papyrus (3330BCE)—attempt to understand functions of the brain Early philosophers  Hippocrates (460-377BCE):