LANE 333 MORPHOLOGY 2012 – Term + PROCESSES OF WORD FORMATION By: Dr Shadia Y Banjar Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 10 http://SBANJAR.kau.edu.sa/ http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com 11/15/2011 SOURCES OF WORDS ORIGINAL WORDS BORROWED WORDS ENGLISH NEW WORDS ENGLISH LANGUAGE Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 11/15/2011 English gets new words by means of easily definable processes employed by users of English WORD FORMATION PROCESSES NEW ENGLISH WORDS Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 11/15/2011 WORD FORMATION PROCESSES • COMPOUNDING • DERIVATION • INVENTION • ECHOISM • CLIPPING • ACRONYMY • BLENDING • BACKFORMATION • FOLK ETYMOLOGY • ANTONOMASIA • REDUPLICATION Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 11/15/2011 A Compounding Compounding is the joining of two or more Words into a Single Word, as in hang glider ,breakfast , longhaired Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 11/15/2011 cont., Compounding •Compounding is the joining of two or more Words into a Single Word, • Such words are called compounds •They contain two or more words • Compounds may be written as: One word as in : cornflakes A hyphenated word as in : long-haired Two words as in : high school • compound words may take three forms •They may be an “open compound”, a “hyphenated compound”, or a “closed compound”: Examples: sweet potato (open compound) mother-in-law (hyphenated compound) secondhand (closed compound) Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 11/15/2011 B Derivation Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing Words , as in: teleplay, re-ask Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 11/15/2011 cont., Derivation •Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing words EXAMPLES: disadvise emplane ecosystem coachdom • Usually invented in the heat of speaking and writing •They are immediately understandable because we know the meaning of the parts Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 11/15/2011 C Invention Now and then new words are totally invented like Kodak and Goof Few of them find their way in the common vocabulary Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 11/15/2011 cont., Invention • Coining is the creation of new words without reference to the existing morphological resources of the language, that is, solely out of the sounds of the language • Coining is very rare, but the most typical sources are invented trade names for commercial products that become general terms (usually without capital letters) for any version of that product OLDER EXAMPLES: aspirin nylon vaseline zipper MORE RECENT EXAMPLES kleenex teflon tylenol xerox Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 10 11/15/2011 E Clipping Clipping means cutting off the beginning or the end of a word or both leaving a part to stand for the whole ;lab , dorm , prof , exam The back-clipped words are those words that lose their forepart , like plane and phone Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 13 11/15/2011 cont., Clipping Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing the meaning of the word • There are four types of clipping: back clipping, fore-clipping, middle clipping, and complex clipping Back clipping is removing the end of a word as in gas from gasoline Fore-clipping is removing the beginning of a word as in gator from alligator Middle clipping is retaining only the middle of a word as in flu from influenza Complex clipping is removing multiple parts from multiple words as in sitcom from situation comedy • Some of the most common products of clipping are names Liz, Ron, Rob, Sue, and so on • http://www.brighthub.com/education/languages/articles/59679 Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 14 11/15/2011 F Acronoymy Acronomy is the process whereby a word is formed from the initials or beginning segments of a succession of words EXAMPLES: NATO( North Atlantic Treaty Organization) radar (radio detecting and ranging) Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 15 11/15/2011 cont., Acronoymy •Initialisms and Acronyms are shortenings, build from the initial letters in a phrase or name While acronyms are pronounced as single words (NASA, AIDS), initialisms are pronounced ''as a sequence of letters'' (DNA, USA) (Finegan 2007, 48) •Some acronyms even become words of our everyday language, such as laser or zip code But the most famous word based on a shortening is the initialism OK •Initialisms and acronyms can be sub-divided into a few groups: Acronyms containing non-initial letters (Interpol - International Criminal Police Organization, radar - radio detection and ranging) Pronounced as a combination of initialism and acronym (CD-ROM, JPEG) Recursive initialisms, in which the abbreviation refers to itself (PHP - PHP hypertext preprocessor) Pseudo-initialisms, which consist of a sequence of characters that, when pronounced as intended, invoke other, longer words (IOU – I owe you, CU – See you) This kind of initialism is frequently seen on the internet Initialisms whose last abbreviated word is often redundantly included anyway (PIN number) Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 16 11/15/2011 G Blending •Blending is the fusion of two words into one ,usually the first part of one word with the last part of another, as in gasohol, from gasoline and alcohol •The two classes, blends and clipped words, are not sharply separated, and some words may be put into either class Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 17 11/15/2011 cont., Blending Blending involves taking two or more words, removing parts of each, and joining the residues together to create a new word whose form and meaning are taken from the source words EXAMPLES: • smog = smoke + fog • brunch = breakfast + lunch • motel = motor + hotel • webinar = (worldwide) web + seminar • transistor = transfer + resistor • autobus = automobile + omnibus • escalator = escalade + elevator smog Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar fog smoke 18 11/15/2011 H Back-formation Backformation is the formation of new words by the removal of an affix It may be defined as the formation of a word from one that looks like its derivative When a backformation becomes established in the language, we can only tell that it is a backformation if we know the etymology of the words in question EXAMPLES: •sculpt (from sculptor), •burgle (burglar), •proofread (proofreading), •scavenge (scavenger) •to vacuum (vacuum cleaner), •air-condition (air- conditioning), •skydive (skydiving), •babysit (babysitting) Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 19 11/15/2011 I Folk Etymology Changing a word, in part or in whole, to make it more understandable and more like familiar words EXAMPLES: •Type A (foreign words): Cockroach was borrowed from Spanish cucaracha but was folk-etymologized as cock + roach •Type B (one part becomes obsolete): sand-blind(as if "blinded by the sand") from Old English sam-blind "half-blind" (sam- is a oncecommon prefix cognate with "semi-") Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 20 11/15/2011 J Antonomasia Antonomasia means the formation of common noun, a verb, or an adjective from the name of a person or place Examples: sandwich(from Sandwich who once spent twenty-four hours at the gaming table with no other refreshment than some slices of cold beef between slices of toast) Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 21 11/15/2011 cont., Antonomasia Frisben (from the Frisbie Bakery in Bridge Water), Connecticut (whose pie tins were used for a throwing game), Vandal (from the vandals a Germanic people who overran southern Europe 1500 years ago and sacked and looted Rome in the fifth century) • Names from history and literature have given us man common nouns: A lover for instance may be called a romeo, a don juan, a casanova Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 22 11/15/2011 K Reduplication •Reduplication is the process of forming a new word by doubling a morpheme, usually with a change of vowel or initial consonant, as in pooh-pooh, tiptop, And hanky-panky •The basic morpheme is the second half, like dilly-dally, but it may be the first half, tick tock, or both halves, like singsong, neither half, like boogie-woogie Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 23 11/15/2011 cont., Reduplication •The term “REDUPLICATION” involves three meanings : 1.The process 2.The result of the process (that is, the new word) The element repeated • The repeated element is the basic or originating morpheme •The new word is called twin-words Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 24 11/15/2011 teeny-weeny tiptop repetition with Change of vowel repetition with Change of initial consonant tick-tick repetition without change TWINWORDS Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 25 11/15/2011 TYPES OF REDUPLICATION Exact Reduplication e.g bye-bye REDUPLICATION Rhyming Reduplication e.g superduper Ablaut Reduplication e.g chitchat Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 26 11/15/2011 Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 27 11/15/2011