Lecture Medical assisting: Administrative and clinical procedures with anatomy and physiology (4e) – Chapter 21

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Lecture Medical assisting: Administrative and clinical procedures with anatomy and physiology (4e) – Chapter 21

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CHAPTER 21 The Skeletal System © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-2 Learning Outcomes 21.1 Describe the parts of a long bone 21.2 List the substances that make up bone tissue 21.3 List the functions of bones 21.4 Identify bones by their classifications 21.5 Describe how long bones grow © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-3 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 21.6 List and describe the skeletal structures and one location of each structure 21.7 List the bones of the skull, spinal column, rib cage, shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet Describe the location of each bone 21.8 Define fontanels and explain their importance © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-4 Learning Outcomes (cont.) 21.9 Describe the three major types of joints and give examples of each 21.10 Describe the structure of a synovial joint 21.11 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the skeletal system © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-5 Introduction • Bones provide the body with structure and support • Divisions – Axial – 80 bones • • • 206 bones with joints and connective tissue • – Skull Vertebral column Rib cage Appendicular – 126 bones • • • Arms and legs Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-6 The Skeletal System © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-7 Bone Structure • Bones contain various kinds of tissues, including – – – • Osseous tissue Blood vessels Nerves Compact Bone Spongy Bone Osseous tissue can appear compact or spongy © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-8 Bone Structure (cont.) • Compact bone looks solid – • Structures can be observed with a microscope All bones are made up of both compact and spongy bone © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-9 Bone Structure (cont.) © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-10 Bone Structure (cont.) • Flat bones – located in the skull and rib cage – Ribs – Frontal bone • Irregular bones – Vertebrae – Bones of the pelvic girdle © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-45 Joints • Junctions between bones • Classification based on structure – Fibrous joints • Connected together with short fibers • Between cranial bones and facial bones • Sutures – fibrous joints in the skull © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-46 Joints – Cartilaginou s joints • Connected together with a disc of cartilage • Between vertebrae © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-47 Joints – Synovial joints • Covered with hyaline cartilage • Held together by a fibrous joint capsule lined with synovial membrane – Secretes synovial fluid so bones move easily against each other • Freely movable • Bones are also held together through tough, cord-like structures called ligaments © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-48 Apply Your Knowledge Match the following: ANSWER: A Fibrous joints B Cartilaginous joints C Synovial joints A Between cranial bones and facial bones C Covered with hyaline cartilage B Between vertebrae C Freely movable A Sutures in the skull © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-49 Common Diseases and Disorders • Arthritis – general term meaning joint inflammation – Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint disease, primarily of weight-bearing joints – Rheumatoid arthritis – chronic systemic inflammatory disease of smaller joints and surrounding tissues © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-50 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa (fluid-filled sac that cushions tendons) • Carpal tunnel syndrome – overuse of wrist; the median nerve in the wrist becomes compressed • Ewing’s family of tumors (EFT) – a group of tumors that affect different tissue types; primarily bone • Gout – a type of arthritis; deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-51 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Kyphosis – abnormal curvature of the spine (humpback) • Lordosis – exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback) • Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease • Osteoporosis – a condition in which bones thin (become porous) over time © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-52 Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.) • Osteosarcoma – a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue • Paget’s disease – causes bones to enlarge and become deformed and weak • Scoliosis – an abnormal S-shaped curvature of the spine © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-53 Apply Your Knowledge The doctor has told your patient that he has an osteosarcoma What you know about this disorder? Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue Nice Work! © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-54 In Summary 21.1 Bones consist of the following substances: Osteons or Haversian systems, bone matrix between osteocytes (bone cells), collagen fibers and proteins, the lamella, and canaliculi 21.2 Diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone Epiphysis is an end of a long bone Articular cartilage covers the end of long bones The medullary cavity is lined by the endosteum The periosteum is the membrane surrounding the diaphysis 21.3 Bone functions include giving shape to body parts, protecting the soft structures of the body, and assisting in movement The red bone marrow is responsible for hematopoiesis Bones also store calcium © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-55 In Summary (cont.) 21.4 Long bones include the femur and humerus; short bones include the carpals and tarsals; flat bones include the ribs and frontal bone; irregular bones include the vertebrae and bones of the pelvic girdle 21.5 Bones grow through the two types of ossification: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification The cartilage plate between the diaphysis and epiphysis allows for growth of the long bone 21.6 Skeletal structures include the following: Condyles, crests, epicondyles, foramens, fossas, heads, processes, sutures, trochanters, tubercles and tuberosities © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-56 In Summary (cont.) 21.7 The major bones of the skull are the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones Within the skull are the mastoid processes, sphenoid, ethmoid, and ear ossicles The facial bones include mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, nasal and palatine bones, and vomer The spinal column includes cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum and coccyx There are12 pair of ribs, a sternum, and xiphoid process An upper extremity includes the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges The bones of the hip, leg, and foot include the coxal bones, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, tarsals, and phalanges © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-57 In Summary (cont.) 21.8 The fontanels are the membranous structures that connect the incompletely developed cranial bones 21.9 The three joint types are fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints 21.10 A synovial joint consists of hyaline-covered bones held together by a fibrous joint capsule, which is lined by a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid Ligaments hold the bones of these joints together © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-58 In Summary (cont.) 21.11 There are many diseases and disorders of bones and skeletal system with varied signs, symptoms, and treatments found in the Pathophysiology section of this chapter Some of the common diseases and disorders discussed include arthritis, bursitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, EFT, gout, kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis, as well as osteoporosis and osteosarcoma © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21-59 End of Chapter 21 Rigid, the skeleton of habit alone upholds the human frame ~ Virginia Woolf © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed [...].. .21- 11 Gender Differences • Male Skull • Male pelvic bones – Larger and heavier – Heavier and thicker – Forehead shorter – Obturator foramina and acetabula are larger and closer together – Face less round – Jaw larger – Mastoid processes more prominent © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21- 12 Gender Differences (cont.) • Male pelvic cavity – Narrower and longer – Less... each Cervical – 7 Thoracic – 12 Lumbar – 5 Right! Sacrum – 5 fused Coccyx – 3 to 5 fused © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21- 35 The Rib Cage • Sternum – Breastplate – Forms the front middle portion of the rib cage – Joins with the clavicles and most ribs – Xiphoid process • Cartilaginous tip © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21- 36 The Rib... back • Temporal – form the lower sides of the skull • Sphenoid and ethmoid bones – floor • Ear ossicles are the smallest bones of the body – Malleus – Incus – Stapes © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21- 28 The Skull (cont.) • Mandible – forms the lower jawbone • Maxillae – form the upper jawbone • Zygomatic – form the prominence of the cheeks • Palatine – form the anterior... ed 21- 26 The Skull • Two bone types: – Cranial – form the top, sides, and back of the skull – Facial – form the face “Soft spots†felt on an infant's skull are actually fontanels  Tough membranes that connect the incompletely developed bones © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21- 27 Cranial Bones • Frontal – anterior • Parietal – top and most of the sides • Occipital –. .. reserv ed 21- 31 The Spinal Column • 7 cervical vertebrae • 12 thoracic vertebrae • 5 lumbar vertebrae • Sacrum • Coccyx © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21- 32 The Spinal Column (cont.) • Cervical vertebrae – Smallest and lightest – Located in the neck region – First one is atlas – Second one is axis • Thoracic vertebrae – Join the 12 pairs of ribs • Lumbar vertebrae – Have... -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21- 18 Bone Growth (cont.) • Endochondral ossification – – Bones begin as cartilage models Primary ossification center • – Secondary ossification center • • – Bone formed in the diaphysis Epiphyses turn to bone Bones with some cartilage between an epiphysis and the diaphysis will continue to grow Medullary cavity and spaces in cancellous bone form • Cells that... reserv ed 21- 22 Bony Structures • Rigid foundation • Projections and processes for muscle and ligament attachment • Depressions and hollows for articulations – the connection of bones at joints • Openings for blood vessels and nerves © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21- 23 Bony Structures (cont.) Term Definition Condyle A rounded process that usually articulates with another... T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21- 19 Building Better Bones • Teach healthy behaviors – Bone-healthy diet with calcium and vitamin D – Bone-health exercises Weight-bearing ï¯ Strength training ï¯ â€“ Bone-healthy lifestyle Avoid smoking ï¯ Avoid alcohol ï¯ Â© 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21- 20 Bone Tests • Bone density • Bone scans • Diagnose causes... reserv ed 21- 33 The Spinal Column (cont.) • Sacrum – A triangular-shaped bone that consists of five fused vertebrae • Coccyx – A small, triangular-shaped bone made up of 3 to 5 fused vertebrae – Considered unnecessary – More commonly called the tailbone © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21- 34 Apply Your Knowledge ANSWER: Identify the sections of the spinal column and give... rights reserv ed 21- 14 Functions of Bones • Give shape to body parts • Support and protect soft structures – • Examples – brain, lungs, heart Allow body movement, because skeletal muscles attach to them – Allow for voluntary movement © 2011 T he McGraw -Hill Com panie s, Inc A ll rights reserv ed 21- 15 Functions of Bones (cont.) • Red bone marrow of bone produces new blood cells – hematopoiesis •

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  • Slide 1

  • Learning Outcomes

  • Learning Outcomes (cont.)

  • Slide 4

  • Introduction

  • The Skeletal System

  • Bone Structure

  • Bone Structure (cont.)

  • Slide 9

  • Slide 10

  • Gender Differences

  • Gender Differences (cont.)

  • Apply Your Knowledge

  • Functions of Bones

  • Functions of Bones (cont.)

  • Slide 16

  • Bone Growth

  • Bone Growth (cont.)

  • Building Better Bones

  • Bone Tests

  • Slide 21

  • Bony Structures

  • Bony Structures (cont.)

  • Slide 24

  • Slide 25

  • The Skull

  • Cranial Bones

  • The Skull (cont.)

  • Slide 30

  • The Spinal Column

  • The Spinal Column (cont.)

  • Slide 33

  • Slide 34

  • The Rib Cage

  • The Rib Cage (cont.)

  • Slide 37

  • Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands

  • Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands (cont.)

  • Slide 40

  • Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet

  • Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.)

  • Slide 43

  • Slide 44

  • Joints

  • Slide 46

  • Slide 47

  • Slide 48

  • Common Diseases and Disorders

  • Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

  • Slide 51

  • Slide 52

  • Slide 53

  • In Summary

  • In Summary (cont.)

  • Slide 56

  • Slide 57

  • Slide 58

  • End of Chapter 21

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