LAW AND LAW ENFORCEMENT ISSUES LAW AND LAW ENFORCEMENT ISSUES GERALD M KESSLER EDITOR Nova Science Publishers, Inc New York Copyright © 2007 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Law and law enforcement issues / Gerald M Kessler, editor p cm ISBN 978-1-60692-622-2 Criminal justice Administration of –United States I Kessler, Gerald M KF9223.A75L377 2007 345.73’052 dc22 2007038574 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter Federal Statutes: What They Are and Where to Find Them Mark Gurevitz Chapter Selected Procedural Safeguards in Federal, Military, and International Courts Jennifer K Elsea 11 Chapter International Criminal Court: Overview and Selected Legal Issues Jennifer K Elsea 37 Chapter U.S Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court Jennifer K Elsea 83 Chapter The Department of Defense Rules for Military Commissions: Analysis of Procedural Rules and Comparison with Proposed Legislation and the Uniform Code of Military Justice Jennifer K Elsea Chapter Chapter 111 Extradition between the United States and Great Britain: The 2003 Treaty Charles Doyle 163 Sharing Law Enforcement and Intelligence Information: The Congressional Role Richard A Best Jr 197 Chapter The Whistleblower Protection Act: An Overview L Paige Whitaker Chapter Nominations to Article III Lower Courts by President George W Bush During the 110th Congress Denis Steven Rutkus, Kevin M Scott and Maureen Bearden 227 U.S Attorneys Who Have Served Less than Full Four-Year Terms, 1981-2006 Kevin M Scott 243 Chapter 10 213 vi Chapter 11 Contents Awards of Attorneys’ Fees by Federal Courts and Federal Agencies Henry Cohen Chapter 12 Juvenile Justice: Rights During the Adjudicatory Process Alison M Smith Chapter 13 Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA): Using Prior Juvenile Adjudications for Sentence Enhancements Alison M Smith Index 253 377 387 393 PREFACE This new book presents important issues and developments in the law and law enforcement field including both federal and international laws and law enforcement Chapter - This article provides a brief overview of Federal statutes and where to find them, both in hard copy and on the Internet When Congress passes a law, it may be amending or repealing earlier enactments or it may be writing on a clean slate Newly enacted laws are published chronologically, first as separate statutes (in “slip law” form) and, later, cumulatively in a series of volumes known as the Statutes At Large Statutes are numbered by order of enactment either as Public Laws or, far less frequently, Private Laws, depending on their scope Additionally, most statutes are also incorporated separately into the United States Code The United States Code (and its commercial counterparts) takes those Federal statutes that are of a general and permanent nature and arranges them by subject into separate titles As the statutes that underlay the Code are revised, superceded, or repealed, the provisions of the Code are updated to reflect these changes Slip law versions of Public Laws are not widely available in hard copy form outside Capitol Hill except at university libraries, law school libraries, or similar depositories (though these often have slip laws in microfiche format only) They are more readily available on the Internet Statutes At Large is used primarily to research the original language of statutes and laws that are not codified in the Code, appropriations statutes and private laws, for example The Statutes At Large series often is available at large libraries The United States Code (and its commercial counterparts) are usually available at local libraries The Code also is readily available on the Internet, though not always in user-friendly form Most significant statutes – the Social SecurityAct, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and the Clean Air Act, for example – are published and updated both in a stand alone version, as amended, and as they appear in the Code Only some, but not all, titles of the Code are the authoritative version of the “law.” For other titles, the authoritative version of the statutes codified therein is the underlying public law, as amended – e.g., the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, as amended, is the authoritative version, not title of the Code After providing an overview on the basics of Federal statutes, this article gives guidance on where Federal statutes, in their various forms, may be located on the Internet, where they are most readily accessible Chapter - Declaring it necessary to bring to justice those responsible for the terrorist attacks on the United States of September 11, 2001, President Bush signed a Military Order viii Gerald M Kessler (M.O.) authorizing the trial by military commission of certain non-citizens The order directs the Secretary of Defense to establish the procedural rules for the operation of the military commissions convened pursuant to the M.O The Department of Defense prepared regulations providing for procedures of military commissions, but these were invalidated by the Supreme Court in Hamdan v Rumsfeld The Bush Administration has proposed legislation to reinstate military commissions for the trials of suspected terrorists This article provides a brief overview of procedural rules applicable in selected historical and contemporary tribunals for the trials of war crimes suspects Chapter - On April 11, 2002, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court received its sixtieth ratification, meaning it will come into effect July 1, 2002, establishing the first global permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for “the most serious crimes of concern to the international community.” The United Nations, many human rights organizations, and most democratic nations have expressed support for the new court The Bush Administration firmly opposes it and has formally renounced the U.S obligations under the treaty At the same time, however, the Administration has stressed that the United States shares the goal of the ICC’s supporters – promotion of the rule of law – and does not intend to take any action to undermine the ICC The primary objection given by the United States in opposition to the treaty is the ICC’s possible assertion of jurisdiction over U.S soldiers charged with “war crimes” resulting from legitimate uses of force The main issue faced by the current Congress is whether to adopt a policy aimed at preventing the ICC from becoming effective or whether to continue contributing to the development of the ICC in order to improve it This article provides an historical background of the negotiations for the Rome Statute, outlines the structure of the ICC as contained in the final Statute, and describes the jurisdiction of the ICC The report identifies the specific crimes enumerated in the Rome Statute as supplemented by the draft elements of crime A discussion of procedural safeguards follows, including reference to the draft procedural rules The report then discusses the implications for the United States as a non-ratifying country when the ICC comes into being, and outlines some legislation enacted and proposed to regulate U.S relations with the ICC, including versions of the American Servicemembers’ Protection Act (ASPA) contained in H.R 1646 and H.R 4775, the American Servicemember and Citizen Protection Act, H.R 4169, and the American Citizens’ Protection and War Criminal Prosecution Act of 2001, S 1296/H.R 2699 Chapter - One month after the International Criminal Court (ICC) officially came into existence on July 1, 2002, the President signed legislation that limits U.S government support and assistance to the ICC; curtails certain military assistance to many countries that have ratified the Rome Statute establishing the ICC; regulates U.S participation in United Nations (U.N.) peacekeeping missions commenced after July 1, 2003; and, most controversially among European allies, authorizes the President to use “all means necessary and appropriate to bring about the release” of certain U.S and allied persons who may be detained or tried by the ICC The provision withholding military assistance under the programs for Foreign Military Financing (FMF) and International Military Education and Training (IMET) from certain States Parties to the Rome Statute came into effect on July 1, 2003 The 109th Congress reauthorized the Nethercutt Amendment as part of the FY2006 Consolidated Appropriations Act (H.R 3057/P.L 109-102) Unless waived by the President, it bars Economic Support Funds (ESF) assistance to countries that have not agreed to protect U.S 392 [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] Alison M Smith for “violent felonies.” The term “violent felony” includes “burglary,” and the Court in Taylor v United States (495 U.S 575, 598-99 (1990)) held that the ACCA’s use of the term “burglary” encompasses only “generic burglary.” Id at 1263 David S Tanenhaus, The Evolution of Juvenile Courts in the Early Twentieth Century: Beyond the Myth of Immaculate Construction, in A Century of Juvenile Justice 42, 6970 (Margaret K Rosenhem et al., Eds., 2002) 266 F.3d 1187 (2001) Id at 1190 Id at 1192-93 Id at 1194 294 F.3d 1030 (2002) Id at 1032-1033 The Third and Eleventh Circuits have heard factually similar cases involving a criminal defendant’s sentence enhancement under the ACCA and followed the same rationale as the Eighth Circuit United States v Jones, 332 F.3d 688 (3d Cir 2003), cert denied, 540 U.S 1150 (2004); United States v Burge, 407 F.3d 1183 (11 Cir 2005) A similar split exists with respect to the use of prior delinquency adjudications for the purpose of a defendant’s sentencing guideline criminal history score Compare, United States v Washington, 462 F/3d 1124 (9 Cir 2006), with United States v Williams, 410 F.3d 397 (7 Cir 2007); United States v McKoy, 452 F.3d 234 (3 Cir 2006) See Joseph B Sanborn, Jr., Striking Out on the First Pitch in Criminal Court, Barry L Rev 7, 17 (2000) See, e.g., People v Bowden, 125 Cal Rptr 2d 513, 518 (Cal Ct App 2002); Ryle v State, 819 N.E.2d 119, 123 (Ind Ct App 2004); State v Hitt, 42 P.3d 732, 740 (Kan 2002), cert denied, 537 U.S 1104 (2003) 879 So 2d 1276 (La 2004), cert denied, 543 U.S 826 (2005) Id at 1280 Id Louisiana’s habitual offender law provides that any person who has previously been convicted of a felony or adjudicated as a juvenile of a serious drug or violent offense will receive an enhanced sentence if convicted of a second felony Id at 1279 Id at 1289 Id at 1290 United States v Jones, 332 F.3d 688 (3d Cir 2003), cert denied, 540 U.S 1150 (2004); United States v Smalley, 294 F.3d 1030 (8 Cir 2002), cert denied, 537 U.S 1114 (2003); State v Hitt, 42 P.3d 732 (Kan 2002), cert denied, 537 U.S 1104 (2003); State v Brown, 879 So.2d 276 (La 2004), cert denied, 534 U.S 826 (2005) th th th [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] rd th INDEX # 9/11 Commission, 198, 204, 208, 210 A academics, 86 access, 6, 8, 57, 114, 123, 124, 125, 135, 142, 143, 160, 198, 209, 210, 366, 370, 382 accommodation, 124, 176, 271 accountability, 44, 98, 102 accounting, 52, 130, 228 accuracy, 160, 223 activism, 167 acts of aggression, 47, 105 adjustment, 292 adult convictions, 389, 390 adulthood, 378 adults, 382 advertising, 288 Advice and Consent, 176, 239, 240, 241 affirmative action, 272 Afghanistan, 100, 110, 114, 120, 157 Africa, 98 age, 72, 147, 159, 182, 274, 276, 298, 373, 382 Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 274, 276, 339, 372 agent, 205, 307, 352 aggression, ix, 40, 44, 47, 49, 60, 64, 65, 69, 74, 83, 88, 95, 101, 104, 105 agriculture, Al Qaeda, 13, 92, 114, 115, 118, 120, 131 Alaska, 324, 357, 384 Algeria, 98 alternative(s), 21, 57, 59, 94, 100, 123, 302 ambassadors, 69 ambiguity, 69, 118 ambivalent, 207 amendments, 4, 39, 59, 65, 94, 168, 185, 216, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 259, 260, 272, 284 American Citizens’ Protection and War Criminal Prosecution Act, viii, 37 American Civil Liberties Union, 155, 210 American Indian, 7, 331 American Servicemember and Citizen Protection Act, viii, 37, 64 American Servicemembers’ Protection Act (ASPA), viii, ix, 37, 62, 84, 85, 89 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 7, 278, 303, 356, 370 anger, 60, 96 Angola, 47, 105 annihilation, 156 antitrust, 314, 323 apartheid, 70 appendix, 247, 252 appointees, 229, 244 appointment process, 230, 239 arbitration, 333, 356 Argentina, 82, 106, 189, 192, 195 argument, 53, 61, 96, 115, 184, 270, 294, 301, 308, 380, 381, 383 Arizona, 15, 385, 390 Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA), xiv, 378, 384, 385, 387 armed conflict, 12, 31, 32, 39, 46, 71, 74, 77, 116, 119, 120, 121, 131, 132, 154, 155, 156 armed forces, 12, 13, 24, 29, 53, 60, 70, 72, 74, 95, 99, 105, 107, 112, 114, 121, 131, 154, 155 arraignment, 15, 18, 28, 133, 137, 147 arrest, x, 15, 58, 60, 62, 84, 89, 91, 95, 102, 110, 139, 163, 165, 166, 171, 178, 180, 185, 192, 193 arson, 153 assassination, 161, 210 assault, 72, 184, 185, 186 394 Index assessment, 43, 209, 221, 254, 256, 262, 305, 324, 343, 346, 354 assets, x, 163, 166, 172, 255, 258, 302, 312 assignment, 16, 218 assimilation, 45 assumptions, 388 asylum, 161 atrocities, 39, 47, 52, 61, 84, 99 attacks, x, xi, 35, 71, 118, 129, 153, 197, 198, 200, 204, 205, 211 Attorney General, xiii, 23, 131, 141, 164, 172, 177, 178, 179, 182, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 209, 210, 220, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 257, 272, 273, 276, 277, 324, 344, 346, 352, 355 Australia, 82, 106, 150 Austria, 189, 195 authentication, 35, 125 authority, ix, x, 15, 23, 26, 27, 29, 31, 42, 54, 63, 64, 75, 80, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 97, 100, 107, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 121, 122, 127, 128, 129, 131, 134, 135, 138, 139, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 150, 151, 152, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 167, 169, 170, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 193, 200, 203, 205, 212, 214, 215, 216, 218, 223, 254, 255, 256, 257, 270, 272, 275, 286, 287, 289, 290, 299, 300, 308, 330, 342, 367, 370, 374 availability, 125, 139, 142, 158, 207, 260, 264, 330, 342 awareness, 106, 204 B bail, 28, 185 banking, 200, 207 bankruptcy, 309, 367 banks, 200 Barbados, 189 barriers, x, xi, 197, 199, 201, 203, 204, 215 behavior, 87, 260, 265, 268 Belgium, 190 benign, 62 bias, 156 binding, 63, 64, 86, 88, 98, 126, 146, 356 birth, 45, 84 births, 70 black lung, 299 blindness, 282 Bolivia, 189, 196 bonds, 264 Bosnia, ix, 83, 85, 97, 98, 103 bounds, 120, 123 boys, 185 Brazil, 98 breaches, 19, 30, 74, 75, 202, 314 breakdown, 51, 198 bribes, 63, 90 Britain, 66, 174, 175, 184 Bush Administration, viii, ix, 11, 37, 38, 76, 83, 84, 97, 108, 127, 182, 204, 210, 254, 365 C caliber, 84 California, 23, 157, 158, 192, 241, 248, 273, 291, 369 Cambodia, 61, 96 campaigns, 110 Canada, 61, 69, 184 candidates, 41, 42, 238, 241 capital punishment, x, 163 Capitol Hill, vii, 1, carjacking, xv, 388 carrier, 343, 358, 359, 360, 361 case law, 29, 34, 185, 191, 216, 293 cast, 15, 60, 95 catalyst, 165, 263 category a, 248 Central Europe, 109 certainty, 18 certificate, 187, 192, 322 certification, 98, 177, 190, 336 channels, 200, 216 “Chapter 77” appeals, xi, 213, 214, 219 Chief Justice, 127 children, 43, 54, 70, 72, 273, 278, 297, 378 Chile, 61 China, 38, 98, 151 Chrysler, 369 CIA, 199, 200, 201, 202, 207, 208, 248 citizenship, 155, 175 civil action, 229, 244, 258, 272, 273, 276, 284, 291, 297, 314, 317, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 334, 335, 342, 346, 347, 348, 351, 352, 355, 360, 367 civil law, 26, 52, 54, 244 civil libertarians, xi, 197, 202 civil liberties, xi, 165, 184, 198, 202, 203, 206, 207 civil rights, xiii, 253, 261, 262, 263, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 273, 276, 277, 281, 288, 294, 296, 297, 298, 368 Civil Service Reform Act, 215, 224, 274, 275, 306 civil war, 30, 153, 183, 184 classes, 254, 291 classification, 24, 130, 133 Clayton Act, 7, 314, 322, 323 Index Clean Air Act, vii, 1, 3, 7, 265, 354 clients, 16, 124, 297, 298 closure, 21, 57, 123, 125, 139, 157 Coast Guard, 33, 208, 309 coercion, 53, 155, 161, 185 collateral, 27 collective bargaining, 223 Colombia, 66 commerce, 271, 283, 372 common law, xiii, 52, 155, 175, 253, 254, 257, 258, 262, 264, 273, 277, 280, 281, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 299, 301, 335, 367 communication, 16, 63, 89, 158, 205, 223 Communications Act of 1934, 358 community, viii, 17, 26, 37, 38, 44, 47, 61, 84, 99, 101, 102, 104, 199, 201, 202, 206, 293, 302, 381, 383, 385 community service, 302 compensation, 42, 59, 290, 291, 292, 298, 299, 310, 316, 326, 329, 333, 342, 343, 344, 346, 347, 352, 355, 374, 380 competence, 69, 79 competitor, 317 complementarity, 39, 50, 51, 52, 65, 75, 87, 90, 94, 100, 104 complexity, 292 compliance, 112, 152, 343, 352 complications, 367 components, 203, 208 composition, 32 computing, 281, 294 concentration, 122 conception, 115 concrete, 71 confession(s), 15, 30, 133 confidence, 60, 87, 95, 207, 383 confidentiality, 49, 125, 383 confinement, 29, 71, 115, 121, 126, 139 conflict, 16, 33, 42, 71, 77, 78, 92, 114, 115, 119, 120, 152, 154, 156, 177, 188, 286, 297 conflict of interest, 16, 42, 297 conformity, 72 confrontation, xiv, 125, 195, 377, 379, 384 confusion, 43, 126, 206 Congress, vii, viii, ix, x, xi, xii, xiii, 1, 2, 3, 13, 19, 26, 27, 29, 33, 35, 37, 38, 45, 62, 63, 64, 66, 83, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 97, 98, 100, 103, 106, 109, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 122, 129, 131, 145, 146, 152, 155, 157, 159, 173, 186, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 220, 223, 224, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 244, 245, 246, 249, 253, 254, 257, 260, 395 261, 262, 265, 267, 270, 271, 278, 280, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 294, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 366, 370, 371, 372, 374, 384 Congressional Accountability Act, 303 consensus, 31, 69, 167, 198, 204, 207 consent, x, 29, 38, 39, 40, 50, 60, 61, 63, 64, 67, 84, 86, 89, 95, 99, 103, 104, 105, 110, 128, 163, 164, 172, 173, 177, 182, 190, 219, 220, 222, 225, 239, 244, 245, 257, 263, 285, 291, 333 consolidation, 380 conspiracy, 31, 114, 118, 151, 166, 168, 171, 189, 190, 282, 315 Constitution, ix, xii, xiv, 2, 12, 13, 27, 29, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 63, 64, 77, 88, 91, 92, 111, 113, 116, 118, 122, 126, 129, 131, 136, 151, 164, 177, 209, 227, 228, 238, 239, 240, 276, 280, 285, 286, 287, 288, 301, 364, 365, 366, 371, 372, 377, 379 constraints, 176, 203 construction, 173, 369 consulting, 165 consumer protection, xiii, 253 contingency, 293, 295 control, 15, 41, 48, 76, 87, 93, 122, 128, 134, 206 Controlled Substances Act, conviction, xiv, xv, 27, 28, 42, 53, 58, 126, 127, 138, 146, 147, 156, 187, 192, 193, 194, 239, 302, 380, 382, 383, 384, 385, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391 corruption, 172 cost of living, 260, 285, 342 Costa Rica, 196 costs, xiii, 96, 158, 159, 222, 253, 255, 256, 264, 265, 266, 267, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 284, 285, 288, 289, 290, 291, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 365, 373, 374 Council of Europe, 109 Council of the European Union, 110 counsel, xiv, 16, 28, 44, 56, 69, 79, 117, 118, 122, 123, 124, 125, 134, 135, 136, 139, 142, 143, 145, 147, 150, 157, 158, 159, 248, 256, 257, 261, 264, 270, 279, 292, 293, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 314, 316, 328, 329, 333, 334, 339, 343, 345, 358, 368, 377, 379, 382, 384 counseling, 43, 168, 262, 309 counterterrorism, 198, 199, 201, 202, 204, 207 Court of Appeals, ix, 27, 29, 111, 112, 115, 127, 129, 130, 146, 151, 215, 221, 239, 240, 259, 264, 287 396 Index court-stripping, 152 coverage, 100, 118, 168, 224, 306 credibility, 54 credit, 106, 274, 309, 312 crime, viii, xv, 12, 13, 17, 19, 20, 23, 32, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 65, 69, 70, 74, 76, 77, 86, 88, 89, 94, 95, 101, 104, 107, 112, 118, 120, 121, 124, 126, 128, 138, 155, 161, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 180, 182, 184, 187, 189, 191, 192, 283, 380, 382, 385, 388, 391 criminal activity, 199, 206 criminal acts, 113 criminal justice system, 165, 204, 378, 381 criminal statutes, 112, 113, 118 criminality, 164, 187, 191, 389 criminals, 13, 30, 31, 39, 47, 48, 52, 66, 67, 94, 100, 103, 121 criticism, x, 31, 120, 127, 163, 379, 385 Cuba, 112 cultivation, 207 culture, 110, 200, 206 curing, 366 currency, Customs Service, 208 Cyprus, 189 Czech Republic, 82, 106 D danger, 17, 55, 87, 207, 208, 214, 215, 216, 220 data collection, 247 data gathering, 202 data mining, 207 database, 246, 247 dating, 98, 238 DCI, 200, 205, 209 death, 18, 28, 29, 31, 34, 57, 72, 114, 124, 126, 130, 132, 142, 146, 147, 149, 159, 160, 172, 176, 238, 347, 385, 390 death penalty, 28, 29, 57, 114, 126, 132, 147, 149, 159, 176 debt, 310, 319 decision making, 43 decisions, xiii, xiv, 4, 13, 27, 31, 41, 52, 55, 58, 68, 77, 87, 96, 112, 146, 149, 180, 184, 228, 248, 253, 259, 271, 278, 297, 366, 377, 378, 379, 387, 389 defendants, ix, xiii, xiv, 12, 16, 31, 32, 35, 63, 89, 111, 126, 129, 144, 145, 151, 185, 253, 261, 262, 263, 264, 277, 301, 365, 368, 373, 377, 378, 379, 381, 384 defense, x, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 24, 25, 28, 29, 43, 47, 54, 56, 60, 71, 90, 91, 95, 96, 106, 117, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 133, 134, 135, 142, 143, 147, 155, 157, 158, 159, 163, 165, 171, 184, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 199, 202, 205, 214, 216, 219, 221, 222, 244, 274, 298, 351, 384 deficiency, 52 definition, 40, 45, 47, 60, 63, 69, 74, 88, 90, 92, 95, 104, 119, 120, 121, 155, 214, 218, 381 Delaware, 291, 292, 293, 372 delinquency, 380, 382, 383, 384, 392 demand, 13, 73, 258, 353, 380 Democratic Republic of Congo, 84 denial, x, 57, 114, 163, 175, 178, 188, 286, 379, 382 Department of Defense, viii, ix, x, 11, 12, 30, 81, 105, 111, 112, 113, 117, 130, 150, 151, 309 Department of Homeland Security, 208 Department of Justice, 178, 179, 182, 193, 201, 202, 203, 204, 210, 215, 246, 247, 248, 362 deposition, 23, 142, 159, 336 deprivation, 58, 70, 280, 281 desire, 299 destruction, 45, 70, 71, 77, 120, 151, 155, 161 detainees, 114, 115, 117, 120, 124, 125, 130, 150, 151, 156, 158, 160 detention, ix, x, 27, 58, 73, 110, 111, 113, 126, 129, 130, 136, 139, 163, 166, 167, 168, 171, 173, 185, 186, 190, 193, 383 deviation, 116, 125, 172 dignity, 18, 54, 72 directives, 18, 200 disability, 278, 298, 303, 336, 373 disappointment, 102 discipline, 12, 13, 29, 33 disclosure, xi, 16, 42, 60, 95, 113, 123, 139, 202, 203, 205, 211, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 223, 331, 336, 337 discounting, 54 discrimination, 223, 257, 261, 268, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 282, 283, 287, 295, 305, 306, 326, 329, 341, 370 displacement, 73 disposition, x, 139, 146, 153, 164, 193, 221, 237, 255, 264, 367 disseminate, 201 distribution, 59 District of Columbia, 112, 159, 229, 259, 280, 331, 379, 382 diversity, 254, 365 division, 42, 81, 105, 333 domestic laws, 61 draft, viii, 37, 38, 40, 43, 45, 52, 59, 68, 70, 74, 85, 119, 129, 155 Index drug smuggling, 169 drug trafficking, 51, 66, 103, 172 due process, xiv, xv, 12, 27, 32, 51, 52, 58, 65, 66, 88, 103, 130, 161, 266, 294, 299, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 387, 388, 390, 391 duration, 56, 165 duties, 43, 44, 104, 120, 121, 144, 160, 205, 211, 217, 218, 223, 244, 282 397 explosives, 168 exposure, 26, 87 extradition, ix, x, 65, 76, 83, 85, 94, 100, 105, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195 extradition treaties, x, 65, 163, 164, 166, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 184, 191, 194 E F earnings, 346 East Timor, 38 echoing, 124 economic assistance, 93 economic damages, 285 education, viii, 1, 72, 83, 106, 217, 267, 271, 277, 293, 297, 329, 330, 353, 362, 363, 370, 371 Egypt, 82, 106 election, 41, 42, 303 electronic communications, 208 electronic surveillance, 199, 201, 202, 205, 207, 208 Elementary and Secondary Education Act, vii employees, xi, 38, 84, 131, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 258, 270, 272, 273, 274, 281, 333, 368, 370 employment, 214, 215, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 268, 272, 274, 275, 277, 278, 280, 305, 306, 308, 326, 328, 341, 372 enemy combatants, 125, 131, 133, 150, 157 Energy Policy and Conservation Act, 7, 353 England, 185 enslavement, 46 environmental protection, xiii, 253 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 299, 300 Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA), xiii, 253, 257, 284 Equal Credit Opportunity Act, 274, 319 equating, 382 equity(ies), 203, 210, 254, 280, 299, 380 espionage, 153, 209 ethics, 124 Europe, 109, 110 European Union (EU), 84, 99, 100, 102, 109, 110 Ex parte Quirin, 34, 77, 136 exclusion, 21, 117, 123, 125, 137 excuse, 41 execution, 64, 92, 126, 160 Executive Order, 214, 215, 216, 370 exercise, ix, 39, 44, 47, 48, 50, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 69, 75, 76, 84, 89, 91, 104, 120, 126, 145, 195, 219, 255, 282, 283, 295, 300, 366, 370, 372 expertise, 43, 79 failure, 18, 30, 45, 108, 187, 198, 200, 255, 256, 259, 264, 266, 294, 313, 322, 336, 337, 347, 357 Fair Housing Act, 273, 351 fairness, 11, 45, 55, 126, 168, 169, 378, 380, 381, 383, 388 faith, xiii, 188, 216, 253, 254, 256, 258, 262, 273, 274, 277, 280, 281, 287, 288, 289, 302, 315, 316, 318, 319, 323, 325, 328, 333, 334, 337, 347, 356, 360, 365, 366, 367 family, 166, 167, 168, 189 Far East, 31, 35 farmers, 165 fear, 47, 61, 96, 203, 217, 301 Federal Communications Act, Federal Communications Commission, 299, 370 federal courts, xiii, 13, 25, 29, 34, 52, 57, 75, 94, 100, 112, 115, 129, 143, 151, 155, 160, 164, 165, 172, 173, 191, 199, 228, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 263, 269, 281, 283, 284, 285, 288, 289, 290, 296, 297, 299, 366, 371, 382 federal government, xii, 13, 62, 89, 205, 243, 244, 273, 287, 295, 309 federal judiciary, xii, 13, 227, 230, 238, 240 federal law, xii, 166, 170, 175, 177, 205, 243, 262, 277, 287, 288, 371, 383 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 81, 108 Federal Trade Commission Act, felon, 389 Fifth Amendment, xv, 12, 13, 54, 58, 388 financial regulation, 40 financial support, 202 financing, 273 firearms, 168, 185, 325, 391 firms, 294 First Amendment, 57, 123, 158, 282, 288 FISA, 198, 199, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211 flexibility, 116, 171, 176 focusing, 263 Ford, 374 foreign affairs, 40, 214, 216 398 Index foreign assistance, 90 foreign banks, 200 foreign intelligence, 199, 201, 202, 203, 205, 208, 215, 223 foreign nationals, 92, 94, 129, 183 foreign person, 106 foreign policy, 12, 60, 61, 85, 86, 87, 95, 98, 188, 202 Fourteenth Amendment, xiv, xv, 281, 286, 287, 288, 370, 371, 372, 377, 379, 380, 383, 388 Fourth Amendment, 58, 134, 199, 207, 209, 211 France, 30, 61, 66, 69, 103, 189, 196 fraud, 169, 172, 200, 207, 223 freedom, 184, 288 freezing, 172 funding, 93, 108, 203, 300 funds, 62, 64, 81, 88, 105, 130, 214, 215, 216, 257, 286, 300, 303, 332, 373 furniture, 380 G gases, 72 gasoline, 271 gender, 41, 70, 283 General Accounting Office, 341 General Motors, 373 Geneva Convention, 12, 13, 19, 32, 33, 46, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 108, 114, 115, 116, 119, 151, 152, 154, 155, 159 genocide, ix, 19, 32, 44, 45, 52, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 77, 83, 92, 93, 98, 100, 101 geography, 41 Georgia, 21, 28, 80, 292, 372, 381 Germany, 27, 28, 30, 31, 69, 103, 153, 190 gift, 185 global terrorism, 182 goals, 106, 207, 265, 266, 294 Good Friday Agreement, x, 164, 166, 168, 169, 179, 180, 181, 182, 188, 189, 190 governance, 41 government, viii, xi, xiii, 2, 12, 16, 19, 23, 24, 26, 40, 51, 57, 61, 63, 65, 66, 81, 82, 83, 84, 88, 89, 90, 93, 97, 99, 100, 103, 106, 107, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 123, 124, 127, 135, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 152, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161, 165, 167, 181, 184, 197, 199, 205, 208, 209, 211, 213, 215, 221, 223, 243, 248, 260, 273, 282, 283, 285, 295, 301, 302, 367, 389 Government Accountability Office, 211, 215 grand jury, 13, 17, 33, 136, 201, 204, 205, 209 grants, 54, 151, 176, 278, 290, 353 gravity, 28, 51, 70, 76, 87, 104, 105, 174 Great Britain, 30, 114, 163, 164, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 182, 183, 185 Grenada, 189, 195 groups, 45, 70, 73, 77, 87, 105, 123, 124, 179, 185, 293, 385 growth, 207 Guantanamo, 112, 115, 129, 130, 131, 133, 149, 150, 151, 152, 160 guardian, 329 guidance, vii, ix, xi, 2, 4, 111, 113, 117, 197, 257 guidelines, ix, 100, 111, 113, 205, 210, 295 guilt(y), 12, 14, 15, 23, 27, 28, 31, 47, 53, 54, 63, 70, 91, 105, 122, 125, 133, 138, 140, 141, 144, 146, 147, 161, 166, 169,193, 380, 389, 390 H habeas corpus, 12, 27, 29, 112, 115, 127, 128, 146, 149, 151, 152, 160, 383 Haiti, 61, 98, 109 harassment, 318, 319, 342, 351, 352 harm, 70, 71, 124, 139, 142, 167, 186, 189 hate crime, xv, 388 Hawaii, 271 health, 26, 71, 142, 215, 220 Health and Human Services, 298, 366 heat, 15 hiring, 268, 272 hospitals, 72 host, 94, 97, 100, 381 hostile acts, 205 hotels, 271 house, xi, 2, 62, 77, 81, 89, 93, 109, 124, 127, 129, 203, 208, 211, 212, 213, 216, 223, 239, 244, 249, 254, 292, 303, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365 housing, 273 human rights, viii, 12, 37, 38, 44, 55, 61, 79, 84, 85, 96, 101, 106, 125, 203 humanity, ix, 19, 30, 31, 32, 39, 44, 45, 46, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 77, 83, 86, 92, 93, 94, 95, 100, 101, 102, 132 Hungary, 190 Hussein, Saddam, 61, 89, 92, 96 hybrid, 52, 292, 379 I identification, 174 identity, 21, 80, 220, 295 immigration, 2, 157, 205, 308 Immigration and Nationality Act, vii, 2, 3, 4, 8, 308 Index immunity, ix, 23, 40, 54, 67, 76, 84, 85, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 106, 110, 118, 119, 120, 141, 155, 185, 257, 287, 288, 289, 291, 365, 370, 371 impeachment, 239, 240 implementation, 52, 59, 94, 178, 199, 206, 211, 330, 378 imprisonment, xiv, xv, 28, 31, 59, 70, 107, 126, 130, 146, 147, 159, 180, 181, 378, 381, 382, 384, 385, 387, 388 in situ, 286 inadmissible, 15, 51, 72, 76, 134 incarceration, 43, 59 incentives, 63, 90, 206, 298 inclusion, 6, 60, 95, 168, 201 income, 274 independence, 26, 39, 41, 44, 87 India, 31, 189 indication, 60, 96, 192, 216, 262, 368 individual rights, 207, 219 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 8, 266, 277, 297, 329, 370 inefficiency, 225 inferences, 141, 256 infinite, 261 information exchange, 200 information sharing, x, xi, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206, 207, 209, 210 Information System, 246, 251 initiation, 277 innocence, 27, 53, 54, 133, 144 INS, 187 institutions, 276 instruction, 119, 120, 154 instruments, 44, 53, 69 insurance, 307 integrity, 15, 26, 79, 156 intelligence, x, xi, 117, 123, 139, 142, 158, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 215 intelligence gathering, 199 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, 206 intentions, 183 interaction, 296 interference, 101, 123, 139 Internal Revenue Service, 283, 285, 332, 362, 364 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 55, 79 international criminal court, 38, 47, 50, 58, 66, 84, 103, 104 international law, vii, ix, 12, 31, 41, 46, 47, 55, 64, 66, 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 86, 88, 92, 99, 103, 108, 111, 113, 119, 132, 152 399 International Olympic Committee, 345 international terrorism, 46, 94, 118, 129, 130, 132, 138, 161, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 327 international trade, 229 internet, vii, 1, 2, 4, intervention, 115, 165, 277, 378 intimidation, 155, 161, 282 invitation to participate, 81, 108 Iran, 38 Iraq, 38, 61, 87, 96, 104, 209 Ireland, 66, 165, 177, 179, 180, 182, 183, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190 Irish Republican Army, 183 isolation, 157 Israel, 38, 82, 106 J Jamaica, 195 Japan, 82, 106 Jordan, 75, 82, 104, 106, 189, 286, 371, 374 judges, xii, xiii, xiv, xv, 24, 26, 29, 31, 32, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 52, 54, 58, 60, 94, 95, 144, 156, 170, 227, 228, 229, 237, 239, 240, 241, 243, 246, 247, 259, 263, 288, 289, 292, 379, 380, 381, 382, 387 judgment, 13, 16, 27, 35, 116, 119, 139, 193, 255, 258, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 274, 275, 279, 291, 296, 302, 307, 309, 310, 311, 317, 319, 320, 326, 330, 332, 333, 334, 335, 338, 340, 346, 348, 351, 352, 357, 359, 360, 367, 373 judicial branch, xi, 197 judicial power, 285 judiciary, 13, 26, 177, 190, 240, 289, 332 Judiciary Committee, xii, 209, 227, 229, 230, 237, 238, 241, 244, 249, 260 juries, xiv, 26, 380, 381, 385, 387 jurisdiction, viii, ix, 12, 13, 17, 19, 20, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 106, 107, 112, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 128, 129, 130, 131, 136, 138, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 161, 170, 187, 191, 192, 228, 229, 238, 239, 240, 279, 280, 285, 289, 311, 312, 313, 333, 349, 350, 357, 360, 366, 369, 371, 379 juror, 282 justice, iv, vii, xiii, xiv, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 27, 29, 31, 35, 39, 42, 47, 49, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 66, 92, 95, 102, 104, 122, 157, 180, 184, 204, 275, 276, 282, 300, 305, 306, 320, 366, 377, 378, 379, 381, 383 400 Index justification, 167, 208, 260, 262, 297, 336 juvenile delinquency, xiv, 384, 387 juvenile justice, xiii, xiv, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 384 juveniles, xiv, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 390 K kidnapping, 161 killing, 71, 155 Korea, 82, 106, 189, 194, 195 Kosovo, 60, 95 L labeling, 184 labor, 199, 272, 273, 274, 275, 356, 372 land, 12, 13, 17, 29, 105, 136, 152, 255, 283, 357 land use, 283 language, vii, x, xiii, 1, 3, 16, 17, 18, 34, 45, 58, 62, 63, 64, 74, 76, 92, 97, 98, 113, 118, 119, 120, 127, 136, 137, 152, 157, 158, 159, 163, 169, 170, 185, 195, 202, 203, 216, 239, 245, 252, 253, 260, 267, 268, 269, 285, 287, 293, 297, 368, 384 law enforcement, iv, vii, x, xi, 15, 56, 58, 91, 123, 172, 177, 181, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 318 laws, vii, xi, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 19, 27, 29, 32, 51, 53, 56, 58, 71, 96, 110, 116, 121, 132, 151, 153, 161, 165, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 176, 184, 185, 187, 190, 192, 193, 194, 197, 200, 201, 204, 208, 265, 268, 271, 272, 276, 277, 280, 281, 282, 314, 323, 369 lawyers, 113, 123, 124, 158, 252, 255, 260, 298, 301 leadership, 61, 66, 96, 102 legality, 31, 87, 270, 297 legislation, viii, ix, x, xi, 2, 4, 11, 12, 37, 38, 62, 74, 83, 93, 100, 111, 112, 129, 130, 177, 179, 180, 194, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 203, 206, 207, 209, 210, 211, 214, 215, 218, 225, 244, 249, 254, 286, 297, 298, 299 legislative proposals, 11, 30, 203, 204, 245 Liberia, 98, 109 licenses, 280 likelihood, 74, 87, 96, 225, 292, 293 limitation, 19, 34, 49, 57, 138, 171, 192, 254, 281, 284, 299, 355 liquids, 72 Lithuania, 190, 192, 194 litigation, xiii, 209, 253, 254, 255, 256, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, 271, 279, 284, 292, 295, 296, 300, 301, 302, 304, 314, 323, 324, 326, 328, 329, 330, 332, 335, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 361, 366, 367, 369, 370, 372 loans, 90, 311, 329 local government, 62, 89, 258, 281, 315 location, 5, 6, 20, 193 Louisiana, xiv, 26, 285, 371, 377, 381, 390, 392 M maiming, 153 Malaysia, 189 malfeasance, 225 management, 44, 124, 218 mandates, 282, 391 manipulation, 47 manpower, 96 manslaughter, 153, 167, 168, 186, 189, 190 marijuana, 248 marital status, 274, 276 market(ing), 5, 260, 261, 293, 294, 296, 359 market value, 296 martial law, 118, 153, 155 Maryland, 78 Massachusetts, 248, 300 measures, 11, 21, 26, 48, 54, 57, 65, 70, 78, 91, 121, 126, 237, 300 media, 65, 102, 123 membership, 45, 239, 384 men, 165 Merit Systems Protection Board, xi, 213, 214, 219, 224, 274, 305, 330 Mexico, 30 Middle East, 200 military, viii, ix, x, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 40, 46, 47, 50, 53, 60, 61, 63, 71, 74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 85, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 104, 105, 106, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 167, 190, 191, 208, 380 military government, 118, 153, 155 military occupation, 46, 105, 118 Military Order, vii, ix, 11, 12, 29, 30, 32, 111, 112, 113, 131, 150, 156, 160 military tribunals, 11, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 88, 113, 116, 117, 118, 129, 130, 152 minority(ies), 39, 362, 390 minors, 379, 380, 384 Miranda warning, 15, 133 Index miscarriage, 27 missions, viii, ix, 40, 63, 66, 83, 89, 90, 91, 92, 96, 97, 106, 109, 198 Missouri, 285, 287, 295 misunderstanding, 67 mixing, 52 money, 193, 255, 263, 357 morality, 21 motion, 49, 222, 267, 310, 318, 336, 337, 338, 346, 351, 373 motivation, 169, 178, 190, 216 motives, 164, 168, 169, 191, 216, 218 movement, 183, 295 multiplier, 293 murder, 46, 73, 114, 120, 151, 153, 167, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190, 192 N narcotics, xi, 197, 207 nation, 29, 47, 52, 67, 72, 86, 100, 110, 128, 129, 146, 165, 184, 185, 187, 240, 286 National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 309 national emergency, 121, 160 national interests, 87, 90, 91, 93 national origin, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 283 National Park Service, national security, xi, 42, 57, 60, 63, 65, 78, 89, 91, 92, 93, 95, 123, 124, 130, 137, 139, 158, 201, 202, 203, 205, 208, 213, 223 nationalism, 30 nationality, x, 39, 46, 47, 48, 50, 59, 76, 86, 100, 163, 165, 169, 174, 175, 185, 186, 190 NATO, 47, 60, 63, 74, 81, 82, 90, 91, 93, 95, 104, 106, 108 natural environment, 71 neglect, 225 negotiating, 45, 165, 182 Nethercutt Amendment, viii, 83, 88, 93, 100 Netherlands, 32, 69 network, 205 New Jersey, xv, 385, 388, 390 New York, iii, iv, 150, 185, 210, 239, 241, 252, 266, 281, 283, 380 New Zealand, 82, 106 non-citizens, viii, ix, 11, 12, 29, 111, 118, 129 North Carolina, 268, 369 Northern Ireland, x, 163, 164, 165, 168, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 188, 189 Norway, 66 novelty, 261, 292, 372 Nuremberg Tribunal, 11, 31 nursing home, 276 401 O objectivity, 385 obligate, 164 obligation, 60, 67, 76, 95, 103, 105, 125, 166, 167, 186, 187, 189, 191, 255, 297 observations, 49 offenders, xiii, xiv, 34, 116, 118, 119, 152, 155, 188, 377, 378, 382, 387 omission, 138, 172, 173, 279, 280, 289, 307, 349, 352 openness, 158 operator, 341, 357 opium, 207 oppression, 185, 381 organ, 32, 44, 49, 87 organization(s), viii, ix, 37, 38, 46, 49, 84, 85, 90, 96, 103, 106, 121, 203, 204, 258, 272, 273, 274, 294, 324, 330, 333, 356, 368 Osama bin Laden, 89, 92, 114, 151 oversight, xi, 44, 198, 200, 207, 261 P Pacific, 299, 300 pain, 346 Panama, 153 Paraguay, 189, 192 parents, 329, 382 Parliament, 180 passive, 101 peace process, 180, 188 peacekeeping, viii, ix, 38, 40, 61, 63, 71, 83, 85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 96, 97, 99, 106, 109 peers, 385 penalties, 126, 280, 331, 332 Pentagon, 113, 124, 126, 204 perception, 96, 104, 378 permit, 35, 85, 101, 121, 124, 137, 142, 161, 165, 166, 168, 169, 173, 175, 178, 187, 192, 203, 256, 259, 270, 271, 288, 293, 334, 338, 341, 357 personality, 41, 119 persuasion, 380 Peru, 189, 192 Philippines, 31, 189, 192 physical health, 70 planning, 67, 131, 139, 142, 220 plurality, 118, 151, 152, 293, 380 poison, 72 Poland, 190 police, 15, 54, 58, 79, 199, 382, 389 policymakers, 47, 84, 95, 100, 201, 208 402 Index political leaders, 60 political opposition, 185 poor, 44, 301 population, xiii, 41, 46, 70, 71, 77, 155, 161, 377 ports, 105 posture, 101 power, ix, 13, 29, 33, 39, 40, 43, 61, 63, 64, 72, 84, 91, 92, 96, 114, 116, 118, 121, 143, 156, 172, 205, 239, 254, 255, 256, 257, 271, 282, 285, 286, 287, 289, 290, 299, 365, 371, 372, 383 predicate, 382 pregnancy, 70, 72 prejudice, 21, 26, 57, 60, 95, 114, 126, 151, 193, 223, 302, 388 presidency, xii, 227, 228, 229, 237, 238, 239, 241 president, 41, 94, 150, 156, 159, 241 President Bush, vii, ix, xii, 11, 12, 84, 98, 100, 111, 112, 114, 157, 227, 228, 229, 230, 237, 238, 240, 374 President Clinton, 38, 84, 247, 248 presumption of innocence, 14, 122 prevention, 75 pre-World War II, 199 prices, 255 primacy, 32, 39 prisoners, 12, 13, 43, 59, 63, 114, 115, 119, 131, 150, 154, 155, 180, 181, 265, 279, 374 prisoners of war, 13, 114, 131, 154, 374 prisons, 276, 384 privacy, 15, 42, 54, 55, 202, 206, 309 private practice, xiii, 243, 248 private sector, 278 probability, 51 probe, 248 procedural rule, viii, ix, 11, 12, 13, 29, 31, 34, 35, 37, 38, 85, 95, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 122, 129, 130, 137, 146, 153 production, 25, 156 profession(s), 70, 374 professional qualifications, 218 profit(s), 172, 294, 295, 317 program, 274, 278, 281, 282, 283, 286 promoter, 101 proposition, 212, 218 protective role, 378 pruning, 169 psychological well-being, 54 public education, 278 public health, 214, 215, 216 public interest, 178, 179, 181, 182, 257, 262, 294, 295 public opinion, 207, 208 public policy, xiii, 253, 254, 255, 257, 301 public service, 124, 278 publishers, Puerto Rico, 229 punishment, 17, 19, 21, 28, 31, 35, 47, 53, 74, 114, 125, 126, 147, 155, 164, 165, 167, 169, 170, 173, 280, 378, 388, 391 Q qualifications, 124, 218 quality of service, 260, 293 quotas, R race, xv, 165, 169, 186, 187, 190, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 283, 388 radiation, 299, 374 range, 198, 207, 217 rape, 72, 153 reading, 269, 290, 389 reasoning, 269, 270, 271, 289, 380, 381, 389 recall, 181 reception, 35 recidivism, xiv, 382, 387, 388, 389, 391 recognition, 210 reconciliation, 52 recovery, 263, 264, 277, 283, 292, 295, 297, 310, 322, 324, 325, 336, 339, 359, 367 reduction, 218, 221, 306 regional, 90 registry, 41, 43, 79 regulation(s), viii, x, xi, 6, 8, 11, 12, 29, 94, 107, 112, 115, 117, 121, 122, 123, 126, 129, 130, 135, 149, 160, 197, 199, 200, 201, 203, 207, 214, 215, 216, 219, 225, 270, 271, 276, 280, 281, 283, 286, 298, 299, 309, 314, 331, 341, 357, 371 rehabilitation, 378 Rehabilitation Act, 8, 271, 276, 277, 278, 339 reinforcement, 102 rejection, 237, 297 relationship(s), 5, 40, 41, 155, 156, 198, 199, 200, 218, 372 relevance, 24 reliability, 15, 24, 55, 79, 126, 388 religion, 72, 165, 169, 186, 190, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 282, 283 repair, 298 reparation, 307 repression, 184 reprisals, 214, 217, 218, 220, 222 Republic of the Congo, 84 Index Republican(s), 184, 252, 254, 365 reputation, 96, 100, 101, 372 reserves, 138 resistance, 38, 97 resolution, ix, 47, 48, 74, 83, 85, 88, 97, 165, 177, 182, 196, 239, 303, 369 resources, 2, 6, 43, 58, 65, 124, 125, 135 responsiveness, 216 restaurants, 271 restitution, 126, 147, 302, 322, 327 retaliation, 221 retention, 202, 206 retirement, 229, 238, 306 retribution, 378 returns, 127, 244 Rhode Island, 127 risk, 43, 52, 57, 61, 63, 65, 89, 97, 139, 142, 293, 381 Rome Statute, viii, ix, 37, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110 royalty, 350 rule of law, viii, 37, 38, 66, 84, 96, 101, 102, 184 Rwanda, 11, 28, 31, 32, 39, 58, 61, 70, 183 S sabotage, 205 safety, 21, 28, 54, 123, 168, 214, 215, 216, 220, 299, 320 sanctions, 3, 4, 99, 256, 297, 337 satellite, 359 satisfaction, 186, 190, 332 savings, 311 school, vii, 1, 267, 272, 383 searche(s,) 15, 55, 56, 62, 79, 89, 134, 185, 199, 201, 203, 205, 208, 247, 252, 361 Secretary of Defense, viii, 11, 12, 113, 114, 121, 122, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135, 138, 144, 146, 147, 160, 308 Securities Exchange Act, 316 security, xi, 21, 24, 42, 73, 80, 101, 106, 114, 117, 122, 124, 135, 137, 158, 180, 182, 198, 199, 204, 207, 223, 280, 311, 316, 338 segregation, 271 seizure(s), x, 15, 55, 58, 62, 72, 89, 134, 163, 166, 172, 185, 209, 317 selecting, 238, 241 Senate, x, xii, xiii, 2, 29, 38, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 81, 84, 89, 93, 103, 105, 129, 163, 164, 165, 166, 403 167, 168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 182, 183, 186, 187, 190, 191, 200, 201, 202, 203, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 215, 216, 218, 221, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 249, 252, 260, 291, 292, 303, 341, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 375 Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 66, 103, 164, 168, 182, 191 sentencing, xiv, xv, 27, 126, 381, 387, 388, 389, 391, 392 Sentencing Guidelines, 385, 390 separation, 58, 64, 92, 200, 204, 246 separation of powers, 64, 92 September 11, vii, x, 11, 12, 118, 129, 197, 198, 204, 208, 211, 212 series, vii, ix, xv, 1, 2, 46, 111, 166, 200, 209, 292, 381, 387 settlements, 263, 297, 298 severity, 12, 27, 120, 146 sex, 43, 272, 273, 274, 276, 282 sexual violence, 54, 70, 72 shape, ix, 67, 84, 85 shares, viii, 12, 37, 38, 84, 255 sharing, xi, 197, 198, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 210 short supply, 260 sign, ix, 40, 84, 90, 96, 99, 100 Singapore, 40 skills, 218 slavery, 70, 72 smoking, 248 smuggling, xi, 172, 197, 207 Social Security, 1, 3, 4, 9, 298, 347, 364, 366, 373 Social SecurityAct, vii social welfare, 382 society, 180 soil, 62, 89 South Africa, 47, 105, 190, 192, 194, 195 sovereignty, 19, 31, 39, 66, 67, 75, 85, 86, 99, 103 Soviet Union, 30 Spain, 190 special education, 278 specificity, 45, 69 spectrum, 207, 261 speech, xi, 198, 288 Sri Lanka, 189, 194 stabilization, 98 stages, 12, 16, 54, 56, 135 standards, 13, 30, 31, 52, 57, 59, 66, 103, 117, 174, 204, 274, 275, 276, 277, 303, 305, 306, 322, 341, 374 starvation, 72 state laws, 285, 371 404 Index statistical analysis, 239 statistics, 229 statute of limitations, x, 163, 165, 166, 171, 192, 302 statutes, vii, xi, xiii, xiv, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 13, 52, 94, 100, 113, 115, 116, 126, 172, 194, 197, 199, 203, 207, 229, 239, 253, 257, 258, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 273, 278, 279, 280, 281, 287, 293, 294, 296, 297, 298, 300, 301, 338, 368, 369, 371, 372, 374, 378, 381, 387, 391 stigma, 384 storage, 202 strength, 71 strictures, ix, 111, 204, 206 strikes, 168, 170 subpoena, 25, 143, 156, 199, 336 Sudan, ix, 38, 84, 98, 99, 109, 114 suffering, 43, 70, 71, 217, 346 suicide, 31 summaries, 6, 125 summer, 85 Sun, 80 superiority, 381 supervision, 122, 124, 158 supervisor, 122 Supplementary Extradition Treaty, x, 163, 183, 188, 190 supply, 80, 260 Supreme Court, viii, ix, x, xiii, xiv, xv, 11, 12, 13, 29, 30, 31, 34, 53, 54, 111, 112, 114, 115, 119, 121, 125, 127, 129, 130, 146, 149, 151, 154, 157, 228, 238, 240, 253, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 301, 321, 333, 334, 338, 365, 366, 367, 368, 370, 371, 372, 374, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 387, 388, 390 surveillance, 199, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 211 survival, 72 survivors, 42, 327 suspects, viii, 11, 96, 180 Switzerland, 69, 189 Syria, 103 systems, 24, 41, 69, 116, 165, 184, 185, 378, 379 T Taiwan, 82, 106 Taliban, 115, 119, 120 Tanzania, 32 taxation, 290 technology, 54, 56 telecommunications, 278 telephone, 15, 125, 142 television, 54, 248, 359 Tennessee, 267, 370 tension, 60, 95 tenure, xiii, 42, 228, 239, 243, 246, 247, 249 territory, 32, 40, 43, 47, 48, 50, 61, 62, 67, 69, 72, 77, 86, 89, 93, 104, 105, 118, 120, 124, 153, 156, 170, 173, 176, 187, 191, 192, 194, 196, 208 terrorism, ix, 38, 44, 51, 57, 74, 88, 96, 111, 112, 113, 114, 119, 120, 130, 131, 132, 151, 155, 165, 169, 171, 172, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 185, 200, 201, 202, 203 terrorist acts, 131 terrorist attack, vii, 11, 12, 118, 139, 142, 156 terrorist organization, 171, 202 Texas, 266 The Homeland Security Act, 206 theory, 67, 69, 86, 198, 216, 263, 286, 378, 382 threat(s), xi, 47, 49, 53, 60, 85, 86, 95, 96, 165, 168, 197, 200, 201, 202, 207, 208, 210, 219, 282 threshold, 74, 215 time, viii, xii, 3, 5, 6, 13, 16, 17, 20, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 42, 43, 45, 49, 54, 57, 58, 59, 62, 84, 94, 98, 99, 101, 116, 118, 120, 122, 128, 131, 135, 138, 139, 147, 151, 153, 157, 165, 166, 171, 172, 173, 178, 179, 180, 181, 185, 187, 191, 192, 193, 194, 206, 211, 222, 223, 228, 237, 240, 241, 243, 244, 245, 252, 257, 261, 267, 272, 293, 295, 296, 298, 300, 301, 320, 329, 332, 333, 335, 347, 372, 381, 388 torture, 46, 53, 73, 94, 126, 133 trade, 51, 217, 281, 317 tradition, 26, 52, 238, 244 training, 106, 131, 209, 217, 218 transactions, 172, 229 transcripts, 24, 139, 157 translation, 16, 137, 175, 195 transport, 72 transportation, 176, 196, 360, 389 trauma, 43, 54 treaties, 19, 27, 35, 45, 46, 55, 62, 74, 86, 89, 93, 97, 119, 151, 155, 165, 168, 171, 173, 175, 184, 186, 188, 189, 194 trend, 188 trial, viii, ix, xiv, xv, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 41, 42, 44, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 66, 71, 74, 76, 78, 79, 80, 87, 88, 103, 111, 113, 114, 116, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 181, 185, 186, 187, 190, 191, 192, 195, 199, 228, 229, 263, 264, 281, 292, 295, 296, 297, 302, 333, 338, 339, Index 373, 377, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391 Trinidad and Tobago, 189 trust, 255, 309, 310, 316 trustworthiness, 24 Turkey, 82, 106 U U.N Security Council, 31, 39, 40, 43, 44, 48, 49, 50, 74, 75, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 110 U.S history, 149 uncertainty, 301 uniform, 14, 30, 53, 72, 78, 116, 133, 297, 299 Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), ix, 29, 52, 111, 112, 131 United Kingdom (UK), 164, 166, 169, 171, 172, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 191, 193 United Nations (UN), viii, ix, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 47, 60, 67, 68, 71, 81, 83, 84, 85, 88, 91, 95, 97, 98, 101, 108, 109, 186 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 55 unreasonable searches, 15, 55, 209 users, 206 Uzbekistan, 109 V vacancies, xii, 227, 228, 229, 230, 238, 245, 246, 249 vaccine, 347 validity, 64, 75, 112, 114, 223, 379, 381, 389 vehicles, 71 venue, 26 veterans, 373 victims, xv, 39, 43, 45, 46, 54, 57, 65, 80, 87, 181, 388 videotape, 159 Vietnam, 199, 374 violence, 43, 54, 73, 77, 165, 166, 167, 171, 172, 183, 184, 185, 188, 283 violent crime(s), xiv, 167, 184, 377, 378 Virginia, 80, 263, 288, 290, 371 voice, 232, 235, 237 voting, 40, 98, 239, 275, 348 Voting Rights Act, 275, 348, 369 405 W wages, 273, 342 war, viii, ix, xiii, 11, 12, 13, 15, 19, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 57, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 71, 73, 74, 77, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 100, 101, 102, 104, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 138, 147, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 160, 164, 184, 209, 253 war crimes, viii, ix, 11, 12, 19, 30, 31, 37, 38, 40, 44, 45, 46, 50, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 71, 73, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 92, 93, 94, 100, 101, 102, 104, 112, 113, 114, 118, 119, 155, 156 War Crimes Act, 32, 46, 75, 93, 94 War on Terror, 32, 120, 121, 149, 154, 155 warrants, 62, 84, 89, 102, 134, 175, 178, 181 weakness, 289 weapons, 47, 72, 105, 166 websites, welfare, 286 Western Europe, 184 Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act, xi, 213, 223 White House, 204, 211, 303 winning, 254, 301 withdrawal, 152, 237, 306 witnesses, 24, 25, 28, 42, 43, 54, 57, 78, 80, 121, 122, 125, 135, 137, 141, 142, 143, 156, 171, 290, 309, 320, 321, 323, 326, 333, 342, 345 workers, 215, 272 working conditions, 217, 218, 370 workload, 42 World Trade Center, 200, 204, 209 World War I, 11, 30, 31, 34, 39, 74, 115, 153 WPA, xi, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225 writing, vii, 1, 16, 48, 62, 115, 124, 179, 182, 238, 241, 255, 287, 295 wrongdoing, 214, 215, 220 Y Yemen, 114 yield, 174, 210 Yugoslavia, 11, 28, 31, 32, 35, 39, 54, 58, 60, 61, 78, 95, 183 Z Zimbabwe, 192