Đại Từ Nhân Xưng Trong Tiếng Anh ĐẠI TỪ NHÂN XƯNG Đại từ nhân xưng làm chủ từ câu Đại từ nhân xưng làm túc từ câu Tính từ sở hữu Đại từ sở hữu Đại từ phản thân Đại từ nhân xưng làm chủ từ câu: I We You They He She It tôi, ta chúng tôi, bạn, bạn họ, chúng nó, anh ấy, ông ấy, chị ấy, bà ấy, nó, - Chỉ người nói số - Chỉ người nói số nhiều - Chỉ người nghe số số nhiều - Chỉ nhiều đối tượng nói tới - Chỉ đối tượng nói tới thuộc giống đực - Chỉ đối tượng nói tới thuộc giống - Chỉ đối tượng nói tới không rõ giới tính Khi đại từ nhân xưng làm chủ từ câu, đại từ nhân xưng đứng trước động từ câu động từ phải biến đổi (chia) cho phù hợp (về số) với chủ từ VD: I am a student Tôi sinh viên He is a student Anh sinh viên She likes music Chị thích âm nhạc They like music Họ thích âm nhạc Đại từ nhân xưng làm túc từ câu: Me Us You Them Him Her It tôi, ta chúng tôi, bạn, bạn) họ, chúng nó, anh ấy, ông ấy, chị ấy, bà ấy, - Chỉ người nói số - Chỉ người nói số nhiều - Chỉ người nghe số số nhiều - Chỉ nhiều đối tượng nói tới - Chỉ đối tượng nói tới thuộc giống đực - Chỉ đối tượng nói tới thuộc giống - Chỉ đối tượng nói tới không rõ giới tính Khi đại từ nhân xưng làm túc từ, đại từ nhân xưng đứng sau động từ câu VD: I don't like him Tôi không thích She has lost it Chị làm Tom saw them there yesterday Tom thấy họ hôm qua Các tính từ sở hữu: My Our Your Their His đực Her Its tính tôi, ta - Chỉ người nói số chúng tôi/ - Chỉ người nói số nhiều bạn/ bạn) - Chỉ người nghe số số nhiều họ, chúng nó, - Chỉ nhiều đối tượng nói tới anh ấy, ông ấy, - Chỉ đối tượng nói tới thuộc giống chị ấy, bà ấy, nó, - Chỉ đối tượng nói tới thuộc giống - Chỉ đối tượng nói tới không rõ giới Tính từ sở hữu đứng trước danh từ để mối quan hệ sở hữu chủ sở hữu đối tượng bị sở hữu VD: This is my pen Đây viết That is his pen Kia viết anh Those are their motorbikes Kia xe gắn máy họ Đại từ sở hữu: Mine Ours Yours Theirs His đực Hers Its tôi, ta - Chỉ người nói số chúng tôi, - Chỉ người nói số nhiều bạn, bạn - Chỉ người nghe số số nhiều họ, chúng nó, - Chỉ nhiều đối tượng nói tới anh ấy, ông ấy, - Chỉ đối tượng nói tới thuộc giống chị ấy, bà ấy, - Chỉ đối tượng nói tới thuộc giống cái nó, - Chỉ đối tượng nói tới không rõ giới tính Các đại từ sở hữu dùng để thay cho đối tượng bị sở hữu nói tới trước đó, ngữ cảnh mà người nói người nghe biết đối tượng nói tới câu chuyện Các đại từ sở hữu luôn đứng (không có danh từ theo sau) VD: Your book is new, but mine is old Quyển sách bạn sách cũ.“mine” = “my book” I like your car, but I don't like his Tôi thích xe anh không thích xe anh “his” = “his car” Her shoes are expensive Mine are cheap Giày cô đắt tiền Giày rẻ tiền “mine” = “my shoes” Đại từ phản thân: Myself Ourselves Yourself Yourselves Themselves Himself đực Herself tôi, tự thân - Chỉ người nói số chúng tôi/ - Chỉ người nói số nhiều bạn, tự thân bạn - Chỉ người nghe số bạn, tự bạn - Chỉ người nghe số nhiều họ, chúng nó, - Chỉ nhiều đối tượng nói tới anh ấy, ông ấy, - Chỉ đối tượng nói tới giống Itself nó, chị ấy, bà ấy, - Chỉ đối tượng nói tới giống - Chỉ đối tượng nói tới không rõ giới tính Đại từ phản thân dùng đồng với chủ từ, túc từ tương ứng để nhấn mạnh chủ từ túc từ câu Vị trí đại từ phản thân câu: 5.1 Đặt sau đại từ mà muốn nhấn mạnh: I myself saw his accident yesterday Chính thấy bị tai nạn hôm qua 5.2 Đặt sau túc từ động từ: I saw his accident myself yesterday Chính thấy bị tai nạn hôm qua 5.3 Đặt sau danh từ ta muốn nhấn mạnh: I heard his voice itself on the phone yesterday Tôi nghe tiếng nói điện thoại hôm qua Khi xưng chủ từ xưng túc từ đối tượng, đại từ nhân xưng vị trí túc từ phải đại từ phản thân VD: She looks at herself in the mirror Cô soi gương He has told himself to be more careful Ông bảo cẩn thận EXERCISE 1: 1) is dreaming (George) 2) is green (the blackboard) 3) are on the wall (the posters) 4) is running (the dog) 5) are watching TV (my mother and I) 6) are in the garden (the flowers) 7) is riding his bike (Tom) 8) is from Bristol (Victoria) 9) has got a brother (Diana) 10) Have got a computer, Mandy? Choose the correct personal pronoun 1) am sitting on the sofa 2) are watching TV 3) Are from England? 4) is going home 5) are playing football 6) is a wonderful day today 7) are speaking English 8) Is 9) Kevin's sister? are swimming in the pool 10) Are in the cinema? EXERCISE 2: Which bject form of the personal pronoun can substitute the underlined phrase in the sentence? 1) The teacher always gives the students homework me them you 2) I am reading the book to my little sister her us him 3) The boys are riding their bikes it them her 4) My father is writing a letter to John me her him 5) I don't know the answer she her it 6) Sally is going to Anne her him me 7) Open the window, please it them us 8) Can you tell the people the way to the airport, please? you them us 9) The books are for Peter him her you 10) Can you help my sister and me, please? her me us EXERCISE 3: 1) I 2) you 3) he 4) she 5) it 6) we 7) they - 1) Is this 2) book? parents live in Hamburg 3) This is guitar 4) How old is sister? 5) Where does team play? 6) I gave the letter 7) Are those trainers? 8) Ken has cut finger 9) The children finished 10) The hotel has game own swimming pool EXERCISE 4: 1) Whose is this bike? Is it really 2) Is he teacher? 3) Hey Ron! This is not 4) Lisa broke 5) car is red left leg friend lives in a big house, but 6) Is this Emily's room? - Yes, it's 7) I lost ? is much bigger ? pen in the library Can I have one of ? 8) Stop! - These sweets are all 9) Did you forget to homework yesterday? - No I didn't I did homework 10) Are these really not shoes? - Yes, these are shoes - They are The present simple tense A.GRAMMAR: The present simple tense: To Be: ( am / is / are ) a) Affirmative: S + am / is / are + ………… Ex: We are students b) Negative: S + am / is / are + not + ………… Ex: My mother is not a farmer isn’t c) Interrogative: Am / Is / Are + S + ……………….? Ex: Is your brother a worker? → Yes, he is / No, he isn’t I/ Thêm am, is, are vào câu sau đây: Hello, I _ Mai _ you a student? This _ my mother It _ a book That _ an eraser How old _ you? They _ rulers What _ your name? Her name _ Nga 10 These books _ red 11 How _ Lan? 12 She _ a nurse 13 Ba _ an engineer 14 Nam and Bao _ students 15 We _ doctors 16 My father _ a teacher 17 My mother _ a nurse 18 _ your father a doctor? 19 _ they your pens? 20 _ it her desk? 21 This _ Thu She _ a student 22 We _ in the yard 23 Who _ they? 24 What _ those? 25 My father and I _ teachers 26 I _ Lan I _ a student My brother and sister _ teachers My brother _ twenty-four years old My sister _ twenty-one There _ four people in my family II/ Thêm am not, aren’t, isn’t vào câu sau: This _ my pen Those _ clocks They _ windows It _ a pencil My father _ a doctor He is a teacher This ruler _ long It is short Those schools _ big They are small I _ a nurse You _ engineers 10 Ba and Bao _ here “ We wish we didn’t have to take exams”, said the children → The children said that they wished they didn’t ……………… _ REPORTED SPEECH WITH GERUND Chúng ta sử dụng danh động từ sau V tường thuật sau theo cấu trúc 1.Apologize / apologise for V-ing (xin lỗi việc gì) : Ex : + “Sorry , I’m late.” She said - She apologized for being late + “ Sorry, I made you disappointed”, the man said - The man apologized for making me disappointed 2.Accuse + O + of V-ing (buộc tội điều gì) Ex : “ You have stolen my bike yesterday” the boy said to his friend - The boy accused his friend of having stolen his bike the day before 3.Admit (admitted) + V-ing : chấp nhận / thú nhận điều Ex : “ I told lie” , he said He admitted telling lie Congratulate + O + on V-ing (Chúc mừng việc gì) - Ex : “Congratulation ! You won the quiz show.” , my teacher said to me - My teacher congratulated me on winning the ………… 5.Deny + V-ing ( từ chối, phủ nhận điều gì) Ex : “ I didn’t that” , he said - He denied doing that 6.Dream (dreamt / dreamed) of V-ing(mơ việc / điều gì) Ex : “ I want to have more money” the ma said - The man dreamed of having more money 7.Insist on + V-ing : (khăng khăng, cố nài, năn nỉ làm việc gì) Ex : “ I really need to meet you” , he said to her - He insisted on meeting her 8.Look forward to V-ing (rất mong đợi / nòng lòng làm việc gì) Ex : “ I feel like to go out with you tonight.” The boy said to his friend - The boy look forward to going out with his friend” 9.Prevent + O + from V-ing = Stop + O + from V-ing (ngăn cản ko cho làm gì) Ex : “I won’t allow you to play games ” , mother said to the boy - Mother prevented / stopped the boy from playing games 10.Suggest + V-ing : Đề nghị làm thể) + … : Đề nghị nên làm Suggest that S + should + V (ng Ex : “ Shall we go out for dinner ?” he said to us - He suggested going out for dinner - He suggested that we should go out for dinner 11.Thank + O + for V-ing (cảm ơn việc gì) Ex : “ It’s very kind of you to show me the way” , the stranger said to the little girl - The stranger thanked the little girl for showing him the way 12.Think (thought) of V-ing ( nghĩ đến việc gì) Ex : “ He’s inneed I think I’ll help him.” I said I thought of helping him 13.Warn + O + against / about V-ing : khuyến cáo / cảnh báo việc - Ex : “ Don’t be late for school once again”, his former teacher said to him - His former teacher warned him against being late for school IMPERATIVE IN REPORTED SPEECH - Câu mệnh lệnh chuyển sang gián tiếp thuật lại = To V O + to V đứng sau V tường thuật Câu mệnh lệnh xét mặt ngữ nghĩa chia làm loại : + Câu mệnh lệnh diễn tả mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu + Câu mệnh lệnh diễn tả lời khuyên, lời đề nghị , lời mời… I.Chuyển từ câu mệnh lệnh trực tiếp sang câu mệnh lệnh gián tiếp A.Câu mệnh lệnh diễn tả mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu 1.Tìm hiểu câu mệnh lệnh yêu cầu trực tiếp Gồm loại : _ ML khẳng định : Yêu cầu lệnh làm Được cấu tạo V nguyê thể ko “To” đứng đầu câu làm chủ ngữ Ex : Look at me ! Please , sit down (Để tăng thêm phần lịch người ta đặt thêm please đầu cuối câu.) - ML phủ định : Yêu cầu, lệnh đừng làm Được cấu tạo “Don’t + V” đứng đầu câu Ex : Don’t stand here! • Note : - Các cấu trúc sau dùng để diễn tả mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu : + Can / could / will / would you + V………, please ? + Would you mind + V-ing +…… ? + Do you want me to V +…… ? + Why don’t you + V : c ó thể xem lời đề nghị lời khuyên + What about + V-ing : xem lời đề nghị Ex : Could you pass me the box ? 2.Cách chuyển câu mệnh lệnh trực tiếp sang gián tiếp a.Đổi V tường thuật : said / said to → told / asked / ordered b.Đặt O người nhận lệnh sau V tường thuật c.Dùng dạng nguyên thể có “to” V câu trực tiếp dạng kd, câu fd thêm “not” vào trước “to V” d.Đổi adv thời gian, nơi chốn, từ định (nếu có) * Nếu câu ML gồm vế có vế câu trần thuật áp dụng quy tắc chuyển sang câu trần thuật gián tiếp bình thường 3.Cấu trúc câu ML , yêu cầu gián tiếp S + told / asked / ordered + O + (not ) + To V + …… Ex1 : “ Stay in bed for a few days !” the doctor said to me Ex : “ Don’t get up late”, mother told her son Ex3 : “ Wait some minutes” he told me B.Câu ML diễn tả lời khuyên , lời đề nghị, lời mời…… 1.Các cấu trúc câu ML diễn tả lời khuyên , lời đề nghị, lời mời…… trực tiếp a.Cấu trúc : “ Would you like to V …… ? xem lời mời b.Cấu trúc : “ S + should + V / I think + S + should + V” / I………….” xem lời khuyên “ If I were you , c.Cấu trúc : “ Shall I + V ……” “ Can I + V… ” xem lời đề nghị 2.Cấu trúc câu ML gián tiếp diễn tả lời khuyên, lời đề nghị, lời mời…… a.Structure S + Reported V + to V Cấu trúc áp dụng với V tường thuật : Agreed , Refused, Offered, Promised , Threatened Ex1 : “ OK, I’ll help you” he said to me → He agreed………………………………… Ex2 : “ I will call you tomorrow” → She promised……………………………… b.Structure S + Reported V + O + (not) to V Cấu trúc áp dụng với V tường thuật : Advised , Invited, Reminded, Allowed, Permitted, Persuaded, Begged, Warned, Wanted, Encouraged Ex1 : “ You should that work” she said to me → She Ex2 : “ Would you like to have some tea ?” She → I Turn these sentences into Reported speech She said,” I can’t find my umbrella”  _ They said, “We are learning English now”  _ “ My friend is coming next week”, Tom said  _ “ I’ll help my mum with housework this weekend”  _ “We shall overcome this difficulty”, they said  _ “ My father is a doctor here”, my friend said  _ “I am going on holiday tomorrow”, the boy said to his neighbor  _ “ You will have to finish all these exercises before next week”, the teacher said to his students  _ “ I came back here early yesterday,” she said  _ “ I’ve broken the vase,” she said  _ “ I will never see you again,” the boy said to the girl  _ He said to her, “You are my friend.”  _ Johnny said to his mother, “I don’t know how to this axercise.”  _ “We are waiting for the school bus”, said the chidren  _ Marry said, “My father died a year ago”  _ John said, “I have finished studying my lesson”  _ Mary said, “I can not go to the movies with you, John”  _ “I shall expect to see you next Wednesday.” Mary said to her friend  _ He said, “I don’t know what happened.” She said, “I went to the doctor yesterday.” He said, “I have a toothache.” She said, “I’ll write him a prescription.” They said, “We’re going to the drugstore.” He said, “The doctor gave me some pills.” She said, “I go to the supermarket every day.” He said, “I have received the envelope.” They said, “We visited Cannery Row.” 10 She said, “I feel very sick.” 11 He said, “I bought some popcorn.” 12 They said, “We’re flying to California.” 13 He said, “I’m cutting off the main valve.” Nam said, “my uncle often plants the vegetables in the afternoon.” …………………………………………………………………… … “My uncle will not plant the vegetables tomorrow afternoon”, she said ……………………………………………………………………………… “Mr and Mrs Pike have just read these newspapers”, Nga said …………………………………………………………………………… She said, “I often listen to music at night.” ……………………………………………………… Lan’s mother said, “ My daughter usually brushes her teeth before meals.” ………………………………………………………………………………… They said, “We have to the assignments now.” …………………………………………………………… Lan says, “My sister seldom rides a bike to school.” ……………………………………………………… They said, “Our teacher sometimes explains the difficult lesson.” ………………………………………………………………………… Nam said, “ I am doing my homework now.” ………………………………………………………… II Change the sentences below into direct speech My mother told me that she was sad then  _ One of my friends said that she liked learning English with her teacher  _ The doctor told me that I could leave the hospital that day  _ The film director said that she was willing to work then  _ The teacher told his students that he would be busy the following month  _ Tom invited me to his birthday party  _ She said the doctor had written her a prescription He said that he had a toothache She said she went to the museum every day 10 They said they were going to the supermarket 11 She said that the doctor had given her some pills 12 He said he had received the report III Change the following sentences into reported speech: She said to him: “give me another glass of wine” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… She said to me: “bring me a book” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… Mother said to him: “open the window please!” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… He said to me: “shut the door after you” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… The captain said to them: “wait here still I come back” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… She told her: “take it and come with me” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… He said to me: “don’t come back before one o’clock” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… My mother told me: “don’t forget to look at the door” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… He said to his brother: “don’t open the window, open the door” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 10 He said to the girl: “don’t sit on my bed, sit on this chair please!” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 11 The teacher said: “I am a teacher” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 12 She said to me “I have a big house” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 13 She said to me : “I am going to the party” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 14 She said to me: “I gave him your letter.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 15 She said: “I have finished my work.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 16 Nam said: “I am not a pupil.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 17 Nam said: “I am going to Ho Chi Minh city.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 18 He said to me: “I have gone to your house.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 19 She says: “I knew your difficulties.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 20 He said to me: “I gave him your present.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 21 He asked me: “Who is Oliver Twist?” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 22 My mother asked me: “What‘s the matter with you?” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 23 I asked him: “Which book you find?” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 24 He asked me: “When you finish your work?” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 25 Mai asked me: “Why didn’t you come?” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 26 She says: “She had a wonderful evening.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 27 The teacher tells us: “You should learn harder and harder.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 28 My mother says that: “We are having a party tomorrow.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 29 I say to him: “Our teacher will come on time.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… 30 Mai‘s parents say that: “We are going to invite twenty guests to the party.” ……………………………………………………… …………………………………… II Reported Statements Change this direct speech into reported speech: “He works in a bank” She said _ “We went out last night” She told me “I’m coming!” She said _ “I was waiting for the bus when he arrived” She told me “ I’d never been there before” She said _ “I didn’t go to the party” She told me “Lucy’ll come later” She said _ “He hasn’t eaten breakfast” She told me “I can help you tomorrow” She said _ 10 “You should go to bed early” She told me 11 “I don’t like chocolate” She told me 12 “I won’t see you tomorrow” She said _ 13 “She’s living in Paris for a few months” She said _ 14 “I visited my parents at the weekend” She told me 15 “She hasn’t eaten sushi before” She said _ 16 “I hadn’t travelled by underground before I came to London” She said _ 17 “They would help if they could” She said _ 18 “I’ll the washing-up later” She told me 19 “He could read when he was three” She said _ 20 “I was sleeping when Julie called” She said _ Reported Requests and Orders Change the direct speech into reported speech: “Please help me carry this” She asked me “Please come early” She “Please buy some milk” She “Could you please open the window?” She “Could you bring the book tonight?” She “Can you help me with my homework, please?” She “Would you bring me a cup of coffee, please?” She “Would you mind passing the salt?” She “Would you mind lending me a pencil?” She 10 “I was wondering if you could possibly tell me the time?” She 11 “Do your homework!” She told me 12 “Go to bed!” She 13 “Don’t be late!” She 14 “Don’t smoke!” She 15 “Tidy your room!” She 16 “Wait here!” She 17 “Don’t that!” She 18 “Eat your dinner!” She 19 “Don’t make a mess!” She 20 “Do the washing-up!” She Reported Questions Change these direct questions into reported speech: “Where is he?” She asked me “What are you doing?” She asked me “Why did you go out last night?” She asked me “Who was that beautiful woman?” She asked me “How is your mother?” She asked me “What are you going to at the weekend?” She asked me “Where will you live after graduation?” She asked me “What were you doing when I saw you?” She asked me “How was the journey?” She asked me 10 “How often you go to the cinema?” She asked me 11 “Do you live in London?” She asked me 12 “Did he arrive on time?” She asked me 13 “Have you been to Paris?” She asked me 14 “Can you help me?” She asked me 15 “Are you working tonight?” She asked me 16 “Will you come later?” She asked me 17 “Do you like coffee?” She asked me 18 “Is this the road to the station?” She asked me 19 “Did you your homework?” She asked me 20 “Have you studied reported speech before?” She asked me