371.1 T104D Ui LLE MARTIN-KNIEP am doi m6i detrdthanh GIAOVIENGldl Nga6idich:LEVAN CANH 11097 HA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG VIET NAM I GISELLE O MARTIN-KNIEP am doi mdi detrdthanh NGl/OI GIAOVIENGIOI NgL/didichiLEVANCANH TH'J V/IENTIWHBINMTHUAN 9VL ^ ^ ^ ^ NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG VIET NAM ^ BECOMING A BETTER TEACHER MUCLUC EIGHT INNOVATIONS THAI WORK n, , Cac bang sach Loinoidau ASCD Mofddu Association for Supen'ision and Curriculum Developmenl Siic manh cua nhCing cau hoi cd't loi 15 Alexandria, Virginia USA Tich hop chuong trinh voi vai tro lam c6ng ctj de dat sir kfi't dinh 25 Thiet ke chuong trinh va phirong phap danh gia theo chuan 36 , Danh gia sat vcd thirc te dcfi song 54 i Sir dung huong d3n cha'm diem de h6 tro hoat dong hoc 64 By Giselle O M a r t i n - K n i e p Tiii ho so bai lam : Ctta so de quan sat tu va qua trinh hoc tap cua hoc sinh 99 Copyright © 2000 by Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development A l l rights Chiem nghiem : Chia khoa M tu hieu ve ban than t6t hon I l l means, electronics or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any infonnation storage and Nghien ciru cai tien: Hoi dap ve each lam 134 retrieval system, without pennission from ASCD Tom luge van de 154 reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmined in any fonn or by any 1703 N Beauregard St •Alexandria, V A 22311 -1714 USA , , ASa3 is not respionsible for the quality of the translation Phu liic A : Qic cong cu xay dung mot don vi chuong trinh hoc 163 Phil luc B : Cac cong cu xay dung cac hinh thiic danh gia sat thirc cuoc song 174 Ban quyfo thu6c ASCD (Hiephfii Giam sat va Xay dimg chuong trinh ciia Hoa Ky) Moi quydn da duoc dang ki K h i chua duoc phep ciia ASCD, khong c6 quySn chep hoac liai truyen bat k i phan nao cuon sach du6i bat k i dang nao, bang bat k i phucmg ticn dicn iir hay ca hoc nao, bao g6m photocopy, ghi am, hay duiig bat k i he thong luu tiir thong tm va tlin kiem ASCD kliong chiu trach nhiem ve chat krcmg ciia ban dich j j j Sach diroc mua ban quyen theo Hop dong giiJa Nha xua't ban Giao due Viet Nam va l o chufc ASa3 Hoa K y Nlia xuat ban Giao due Viet Nam gar quydn cong bo tac phdm ban tieng Viet 11-201 l/CXB/55~2054/GD Ma s o : Z I l l K r - C P D Phu luc C : Cac cong cu thiet ke cac bai danh gia theo tui h6 so bai lam 181 Phu luc D : Cac g d y va cau hoi d^ chi6m nghiem 183 Phil luc E : Cac cong cu nghien ciiu cai tien 190 Tai lieu tham khao va tu lieu nguon 196 CAC BANG TRONG SACH 31 Trinh hi6n cua giao vi6n v6 mOt chi/ong trinh cho mOn Khoa hoc xa hOi 38 3.2 Quy trinh thiS't kg chuong trinh 40 3 Hudng dan cham aim don vi b^i hoc v6 chu d6 cOng d6ng cho hoc sinh mlu gi^o 50 4.1 B^n thao cua b^i d^nh gi^ chuong trinh luyfin tSp sCrc d6 kh^ng 58 khoa hoc - cong ngh§ giifa cac qu6c gia T r o n g b6'i canh do, qu6c gia nao k h o n g phirong ph^p danh gi^ nhSn Thc(i d a i Chung ta d a n g s6ng la tlidi dai di§n cu6c chay dua q u y ^ t li#t 4.2 B^n thio sCra lai cua b^i dSnh giS chuong trinh Iuy6n tap sCrc dS kh^ng c^ nhan 59 phat tri§n d u d c nSng luc khoa hoc - c6ng nghe cua m i n h t h i qu6c gia a'y kho 5.1 Huang dSn cha'm (Jim each vi^t thuthuy^t phuc nguej khac lam gi theo phumg phap t6ng Ihl 65 tranh difdc sif t u t hSu, chSm phat tri^'n Do vSy, m t n ^ n giao due ti6n tie'n tao 5.2 HutJng din Cham dilmcacuudilmvahanchg baiiam difdc n g u n n h ^ n luc chat lUdng cao c6 kha n n g d o n g gop cho su phat tri^'n cua hoc sinh theo phuong phap phan t'ch 66 5.3 HuiJng din chS'm di6'm ki nang giai quy6't va'n 66 67 5.4 Hu6ng din cham dilm ki nang thuy^t trinh v i f n g la cai dich ma tat ca cac qu6c gia d^u nhSm t i M u c t i ^ u cua n^n giao due la m a n g d§n cho hpc sinh n i ^ m say m g hoc tap, k h a t khao dudc v u d n t i danh cho nhOng ngudi tinh nguyfin lam vi6n bao tang 71 5.5 Hudng din cham dilm ki nang xay dung va bao v6 y kie'n c6 can cCr 72 5.6 Hifdng dan cham dilm kT nang hoc hop tac 74 5.7 Hu6ng dan cham dilm nhOng nguyfin tac cua tu phan bi6n 75 5.8 HutJng din cham diem ki nang thuy^t trinh c6 sOc thuy^t phuc 78 5.9 Hudng din cham diem ki nang thuc nghigm khoa hoc 80 5.10 HmJng d i n cham dilm cho cau hoi: "Ai Cap c6 dCi tidu chf cua mOt n^n van minh Idn khong?" 82 5.11 Hudng din cham dilm phan co hoc cua bai vig't d6i vcn I5i vi pham cac hudng din v^ n6i dung 83 5.12 Hudng dan cham dilm bai vi6't vi pham hudng din v§ cau tnJc hay hinh thtfc 84 5.13 HutSng din Cham dilmki nang thuyet trinh vg van hoa (Minh hoa cac van de bat cap hudng din cham) 5.14 nSng luc khoa hpc - c6ng n g h ^ qu6c gia, thuc da'y su phat tri^'n k i n h te'b^n 91 Hudng din cham dilm theo phuong phap tdng hop n h i i n g chan t r d i mc(i cua t r i thiic v i m o t n i ^ m t i n m a n h liet r i n g m i n h c6 the thuc h i e n d u d c khat v o n g N o i each khac, giao due p h a i dat t r o n g tarn vao v i f c k h d i day su say m# hpc tap, k i c h thich sU to m o va sang tao cua hoc sinh de cac em c6 kha nSng kien tao ki§n thuc ttf n h u n g g i nha t r u d n g m a n g den cho ho, de h p thuc s u thay rSng m i d n h-udng la m o t c6 ich N h u vay, m t n^n giao due tidn ti§h k h n g dat t r o n g t a m vao viee g i i i p n g u d i hoc tiep t h u cac t r i thuc khoa hoc ma nha t r u d n g dua lai cho ho Ngu-dc lai, m u c tieu cua n^n giao due la g i i i p n g u d i hoc n h a n dudc n h i i n g nSng luc t r i tuf cua m i n h d§' d i t i m tifi'p n h i i n g I d i giai cho n h i i n g v a n de chua han hoan toan da bi§t theo dtfdng p h u h d p nha't v i n a n g lue t r i tuf ciia ca nhan Su h i f n d i f n cua m t n^n giao due n h u vay p h u thu6e vao nhi^u y6u t6', nhuHg y#u t6' quyg't d i n h nhat la quan n i t o v^ vai tro eua ngu'di thay Quan n i t o cho kT nang thuc nghiem khoa hoc vdi mau ve di^m chuan 93 k h n g d u n g v^' vai tro t r u n g t a m eua ngu'di thdy dd'i v d i chat l u d n g giao due ra't 6k 5.15 Hucng din cham dilm cho cac Idp tilu hoc 95 dua n§n giao due deh chd sai I f eh DSt ngu'di t h i y l§n v i tri quy^n uy t u y f t dd'i v^ 5.16 Hudng din cham kT nang lam hudng dan cham dilm 96 ehan l i khoa hpe la m d t sai lam, nhuHg sai lam se I d n h d n nfiu thap hoSe tham 7.1 Thang cong giao vi6n va hoc sinh cung xay dung 117 chi p h u nhan vai trd then chdt eua n g u d i thay dd'i v d i chat IvTdng giao due Giao sU 7.2 Danh muc kiem tra giao vi6n va hoc sinh cCing xay dung 118 Hoang T u y da n d i rat d u n g rSng: " V d i each hieu giao due thd sd nang v^ cam tinh, 7.3 cac tidu Chi cua mOt chi6m nghi6m hay giao vi§n cung vdi hoc sinh xay dung 119 k h i t h i nhah m a n h m o t chi^u hoc sinh lam tnmg tSm, k h i khac tdn chudng trinh, 7.4 HmSng dan cham Jem chi6m nghi6m 121 sach giao khoa len dia v i linh hSn giao due, nhan d i n h chat l u d n g dai hoc tha'p 9.1 Cau tmc phac hoa diing cho vi6c lap k6' hoach cho chuong trinh I'ch hop 158 9.2 Phan t'ch khoang each khac bi6t cho cac chuan cua m6n NgO van 159 • khdngphaido thiyma chifdng trinh, v.v dSn d^'n hoan toan xem thudng vi§c xay d u n g d o i n g u thay giao theo c h u ^ mUc chuyen m o n va dao due h i f n dai" L^y kha n3ng sang tao kifih thiic m6i cua ngvfdi hoc lam muc ti#u cua giao due khong phai la thap vai tro cua ngudi thay Ngudc lai, vai tro cua ngifcfi thSy dUdc d^ cao gS'p boi Khong c6 hoc tro sang tao n^'u khong c6 nhung ngudi thSy sang tao Ngudi thly sang tao la ngvfdi bigt chia se nhiing vui bu6n qua trinh cung ki§n tao tri thtfc, biet htfcfng d i n ngtfdi hoc phat hi§n vain d^, dat cac gia thuydt va so sanh de danh gia cac gia thuy^t do, tu" chon mot gia thuy^t thich hdp, sii dung nhiing ki^h thiic va hi§'u biet tong hcfp tCf nhi^u m6n hoc di dua mot giai phap mdi cho vSh de da bi§t va cuoi cung biet kiem nghiem, danh gja giai phap Ta't ca nhiing n6i dung trfin day dtfdc thi^' H&n b6 sach quy Ddi mdi phiTdng phap day hoc gom cac cu6n Nghi thuM va khoa hoc day hoc - tac gia Robert J Marzano; NhuTigphdm chit cm ngWdi giao viin hiiu qua-iac gia James H Stronge; Taw ddi mdi dS trcl ngttdi giao viin gioi- tac gia Giselle O Martin-Kniep; Quart li Idp hoc hi^u qua - tac gia Robert J Marzano, Jaiia S.Marzano & Debra J Pickering Bi c6 dtfdc b6 sach nay, Nha xuSt ban Giao due Vi^t Nam da c6 nhiing n6 life dang trSn trong viec tuyen chon, thu-dng thao ban quyen v6i Hiep hoi Giam sat va XSy dvfng Chifdng trinh cu the' de' thifc hien noi dung Khi mdt quan nifm sai Ifch la c6 m6t phifdng phap day hoc nao c6 the ap dung cho moi d6'i tudng day hoc, moi dieu kien sif pham va moi giao vien phai day theo phudng phap dang rat bien d nhieu can b6 quan l i , dao tao va b6i duSng giao vien, v.v , y kieh cua Marzano la rat dang suy nghr j; r 4^^,, j,^^;;, j;.,,,;!;^^,,, James H Stronge, tac gia cua eu6n NhuTigphdm chit cua ngwdi giao vien hiiu qua cho r5ng ngudi giao vien eo hieu qua la td'ng hoa cua "cac tinh each cua nguoii giao vien nhu la m6t ca nhSn binh thudng, qua trinh dao tao giao vien, each quan l i 16p hoc va each giao vien soan bai, day va theo doi su" tieh bo cua hpc sinh" bao g6m ca nhiing hpc sinh gioi, hoc sinh eo nSng khie'u va nhiing hoc sinh eo nguy cd (nhiing hoe sinh yeu kem) Trong eu6n sach 7am dSimdi di trd ngttdi giao viin gioi, tac gia Giselle O Martin-Kniep trinh bay nhiing thu thuSt day hoc cu the' mang tinh gdi y de' giao vien vSn dung vao timg 16p hoe de moi hoc sinh dti la hoe sinh c6 nSng khie'u, hoc sinh c6 kha nSng nhSn thiic nhanh hay nhiing hoc sinh ye'u kem v i n dat difdc ket qua hpc tap mong ddi van dung nhiing thu thuat ttfng 16p hpc cu the la ca mdt qua trinh hpc tap sang tao kh6ng ngimg cua ngvfdi giao vien Di^u la m6t %\i that hien nhien bdi le "Giao vien kho c6 the'nuoi difSng diTdc hoat dpng hpc tap dich thue cho (ASCD) cua Hoa Ky, t6' chiic dich sang ti§ng Viet va gi6i thieu v6i doc gia ngudi hpc ne'u nhu" ban than hp lai khdng tham gia vao qua trinh hpc tap" Hai tu" Viet Nam "Aoc tip dich third' nghe qua ddn gian nhung de' nu6i dtfdng difdc ddng cd Se chang c6 gi m6i noi rSng, day hpc vtfa la m6t khoa hoc vira la m6t nghf thuSt Tuy nhi§n, cu6n Nghe thuit va khoa hoc day hoc, tac gia Robert J Marzano l i giai quan nif m v^ hoat ddng day hoc mot each cu the' nhu" sau: Noi m6t each ngSn gon, nghi^n cihi se khong bao gid c6 du kha nSng thi khdng ddn gian ehiit nao Hpc dich thuc bao gid cung la mdt qua trinh gian nan va bd'n phan cua nhiing ngifdi lam thay la lam the'nao de' qua trinh it gian nan hdn dd'i v d i ngudi hpc Nhiing gdi y cua Giselle O Martin-Kniep cud'n sach se giiip cac th^y, cd giao thiTc hien bd'n phan mdt each cd hieu qua dinh cac phifdng phap day hoc phii hdp v6i mpi hoe sinh va moi Idp hoc Vifc td' ehiie dich va xua't ban bd sach quy la mdt viee lam ra't kip thdi Di^u t6't nha't ma cac nghi^n cufu c6 the' mang lai la cho ehung ta bidt phu-dng va dang ghi nhan eiia Nha xua't ban Giao due Viet Nam bd'i canh Dang, phap day hoc nao eo nhi^u kha nSng nha't di thuc su" c6 hifu qua v6i cac hoc Nha nude va Nganh Giao due dang quye't tam dd'i mdi giao due de' dua cha't sinh M6i giao vien phai tif xSy dung phu'dng phap day hoc cu the' cho hoe lifdng giao due len ngang tarn ddi hoi cua sir nghifp cdng nghiep hda, h i f n dai sinh cua minh tai thdi die'm thich hdp Bdi le do, p h i n quan cua vifc hoa da't nu-dc v d i muc tieu cao ca la de dan toe Viet Nam ta "bude len dai vinh day hoc c6 hifu qua phai la nghe thuat va cu6n sach cung vi vSy c6 te'n quang sanh vai v d i cac cifdng qud'c n3m chau" n h u Bac Hd mudn van kinh yeu goi Nghe thuat va khoa hoc day hoc cua dan tdc ta v l n h l n g mong mud'n Bp sach la tai lieu tham khao quy cho cac Trong toan b6 cuon sach, tac gia da su" dung nhieu chiing cu* klioa hoc de' chiing minh n6i dimg tren day, dong thdi chi cho giao vien nhiing each lam nha quan l i giao due, cac thay, cd giao d ta't ca cac ca'p hpc, hoc vien cao hpc, nghien ciiu sinh ehuyen nganh su" pham va quan l i giao due Tuy nhifin cung cln nha'n manh rSng n6i dung cua b6 sach \ h i hi^n tri^'t li Md dau va van hoa giao due cua Hoa Ky Mac dii y nghia khoa hoc cua bo sach vifdt ngoai gi6i han cua bi^n gidi qu6c gia va tren thyc te' b6 sach da dxxac dich nhi^u thu tidVig, cac can bo quan li cung nhu cac My, c6 giao cSn c6 su vSn dung cho phu hdp v6i di^u kien thvTc t6' cua timg tixidng, ttog dia phudng Do cung chinh la khia canh khoa hoc va ngh^ thuM cua day hoc noi riSng va giao due noi chung Do CO SIX khac bia giua nin giao due Hoa Ky va n^n giao due Vi§t Nam nSn eo m6t s6' khai ni^m chifa eo v6n tii vtmg cua ti^g Vi^t Nhiing ngifdi dich va bi6n t^p da c6' gang h#t siic minh di truy&i tai n6i dung cua b6 sach m6t each chinh xae va dl hi^u v6i d6e gia Vi^t Nam Tuy nhi#n, nang life eua nhftig ngudi dich va y^u elu v^ mat thdi gian nen nhimg thieu sot ban dich la dieu kh6ng tranh khoi Cac dich gia va Nha xuat ban Giao due Vif t Nam xin cam ta va ti^p thu nhihig gop y cua doc gia gin xa Thay mSt nhom dich gia Le V5n Canh ^* Co rat nhieu y tuong ve nha tru6ng, c6 nhiing y tuong hay va nhung y tuong t6i Tuy nhien ca nhiing y tuong hay di nua thi cung c6 rat nhieu y tuong kh6ng duoc dua vao doi s6'ng nha truomg den noi den chon Mot so doi moi thu6c loai xuat sac cung danh phai chet yeu chi vi nguoi ta khong tan tarn, tan lire de the che' hoa nhiing d6i mdi ChuySn cQng chang c6 gi kho hidu vi he thdng gido due tur no da mang tinh bao thii va c6 su-c y tnr6c yeu cSu phai d6i mdi Nhieu tru6ng hoc thieu th6n du thii tir nhiing trang thiet bi tC'i thidu, ngu6n cung ling de'n kh6ng gian Nhidu giao vien chua kinh qua dao tao, lai thieu sir h6 trg can thiet ve mat hanh chinh de c6 thd dung viing truoc nhiing doi hoi ciia thuc te hoc sinh cang gia tang ve so lugng, da dang ve nhu ciu xa hoi, xuc cam va nhan thiic Doi ngucri ta de nhiing chu truong doi mdi khOng he can cir vao nhung chiing cii c6 gia tri lam co so cho chung Phan ung cua cac nha trudng doi vdi nhung chu truong d6i mod la liic dSu thi hudng ung nhung ve sau lai bi nhieu truoc cac lire luong canh tranh va nhiing y tuong mdi Nhiem vu phat tri^n chuyen mon, nghiep vu cua giao vien thuong dugc coi la sir xa xi va khong duoc h6 tro day dii Day la thuc te' ta't ca cac truong tren pham vi toan qudc trir mot s6' rat it cac truong va quan (huyen) Nhieu giao vien b Hoa Ky sau nhan bang su pham khong co co hoi hoc hanh de phat tridn chuyen m6n nghiep vu mot each nghiem tuc Sau ho dugc cac truong tiep nhan, kha nang tru lai dugc nghe phSn nhieu phu thu6c vao d6ng nghiep va dieu kien cua m6i truong lam viec cung nhu nhung giao vien c6 kinh nghiem lam nhiem vu hudng din hg Nhung giao vien co di6u kien tie'p can vdi CO hdi hgc hanh de' phat tridn chuyfin mdn, nghiep vu giang day td't hon so vdi nhiing ngudi khdng co nhung co hdi boi vi hg dugc hgc ve nhung d6i mdi giao due va dugc trao cho phuong tien de dua nhung ngi dung doi mdi vao thuc te giang day Tuy nhien, neu khdng cd dgi ngu can bg hanh chinh cd tinh than giiip dg va y kien nhan xet phan hoi thudng xuyen ve viec ap dung nhiing doi mdi thi giao vien se cd xu hudng tir bo nhiing d6i mdi qua xa la so vdi phuong phap giang day hien tai cua hg d trudng Cudn sach gidi thieu nhiing doi mdi ha>, dang dugc dua vao ddi sdng nha trudng Doi tuong cua cudn sach la giao vien, nhihig can bg quan li it cd dieu kien tie'p can vod nhung d6i moi qua du6ng chinh quy va mong mud'n duoc ap dung nhung doi mdi Sach cung phu hop vdri nhung giao vi6n da rtrng duoc lam quen voi nhung nguyen If cua nen giao due vi ngudi hoc nhung chua c6 nhi6u CO h6i de gk\t nhung nguyen If vao mot the th6'ng nhat Lf cua viec t6i chpn tarn doi mod dirge tnnh bay cuon sach la vi tarn doi mdi lam m6t khoi thd'ng nhat, chung giiip xay dung dugc m6t moi trucmg hoc tap vi ngucrt hoc vira cong bang, vira chat che ve mat klioa hoc M6i mot doi mdi so tam doi mod deu da dugc thuc hien nhieu nam va da dugc nghien ciiu va danh gia nhung m6ittircmggiao due khac Mot so nhung doi m6i da dugc viet mot hoac nhieu cuon sach chuyen m6n, nhung t6i chua thafy c6 cu6n sach nao tnnh bay ke't qua tim hidu nhieu y tucmg d6i men m6t th^ th6'ng nhat nhu cuOn sach Sd di t6i lam nhu vay la vi t6i tin r k g nhung d6i mcd la can thiet nhung ne'u tach chiing thi tCmg y tucmg doi mod rieng biet se chua du de cai tien chai lugng hoc tap Thuc te' cho thay mgt nhung han che' ciia cac Idp tap huSn giao vien hay hoi nghi chuyen mOn la nguod ta coi nhiing doi mod la nhung y tucmg va thii thuat day hoc khep kin, doe lap vdd khong gan vdd di6u kieii m6i tmcmg h6 trg Vi du, cac Icrp b6i duong giao vien ve hudng dan danh gia ket qua hge tap cua hoc sinh hoac ve phuong phap danh gia khong xem xet dSy du thuc te la cac ngi dung c§in dugc gdn vdd cac bai tap quy dinh chuong tnnh va thuc te' hoc tap Tuong tu nhu vay, no chang giiip gi dugc giao vien xay dung cac tui ho sa bai lam (portfolios) cho hge sinh neu nhu giao vien khong giao cho hge sinh nhung bai tap c6 gia tri dd tap hgp vao tui h6 so bai lam, ddng thdi thucmg xuyen cung cS^p cho hge sinh co h6i dd chiem nghiem lai viec hoc hanli ! ciia hg Nhilu Idp tap huaii giao vien dugc td ehiJe mdt thdi gian qua ngSn khdng du dl hudng din each sir diing tiii h6 so bai lam cua hge sinh vdi nhung k• ;.j bai tap cd kha nang nang cao chSft lugng hge tap Mac du tdi viet cud'n sach cho nhiJng giao vien chua ed nhi6u hi^u biei ve nhung doi mdi dugc tiinh bay d day nhung nhung giao vien cd kinh nghiem ; cung ed the dge cud'n sach de nghien cuu lai nhung doi mdi dd va nhan r;i ehiing la nhung phan ciia mdt khd'i thd'ng nhat Giao vien khd cd the nuo' duong dugc boat ddng hge tap dfch thuc cho ngudi hge neu nhu ban than hg la' khdng thajji gia vao qua tiinh hge tap 'M^^i) Ngoai ra, toi cung de nghi giao vien hay thuc su tam huyg't theo dudi bat ki ngi dung nao dugc tnnh bay cuon sach Tam doi mdi dugc gioi thieu sach gdm : (1) nhiing cau hoi ed't Idi, (2) tfeh hgp chuong tiinh, (3) thiet ke' chuong ninh va danh gia theo chuan, (4) danh gia sat vdi thuc te ddi song, (5) hudng dan cham diem, (6) tiii hd so bai lam, (7) chiem nghiem, va (8) nghien cuu cai tien Cac chuong gidi thieu nhung ddi mdi cd bd cue gid'ng gdm cac phan nhu co so dat van de, md ta nhiing yeu cau cua ddi mdi cu the va each van dung ddi mdi dd vao cac dieu kien Idp hge khac nhau, va cud'i cung la phan tdng quan cac budc ma giao vien can tuan thu de trien khai ngi dung ddi mdi vao thuc te giang day Mdi chuong lai xoay quanh mdt cau hoi cd't Idi va dugc minh hoa bang nhiing md hinh thuc hien mSu nit tvr thuc te' giang day eiia giao vien va nhung y urdng dugc ghep lai vdi nhau, nham giiip giao vien dang giang day d cac uudng phd thdng nam bat dugc ngi dung cua chuong dd Cud'i mdi chuong la phan chii giai cac tai lieu can tham khao them Chuong de cap de'n cau hdi ed't Idi: Cai gi la ed't ye'u? Chuong gidi thieu viec su dung cac cau hdi ed't Idi nhu mdt phuong tien d^ tang cudng su tham gia thao luan Idp va tu duy, mdt edng cu de' tao su ke't dinh, tao khd'i thd'ng nhat cua chuong tiinh hge va nhu mdt phuong tien giiip hge sinh nhan thiie dugc qua tiinh hge la mdt hanh trinh khdng bao gid ed diem ket thiic - tuc la chiing ta cang hieu biet nhieu chiing ta cang nhan thuc rd hon minh thieu cai gi can phai hge them Chuong tiinh bay cac cau hdi chi dan sau: Cac cau hdi ed't Idi la gi? Hinh thuc etia cac cau hdi dd sao? Giao vien cd the su dung cac cau hdi dd nhu the nao? Khi nao thi giao vien sir dung cac cau hdi dd? Nhirng cau hdi dd khac vdi nhOng cau hdi ggi md d didm nao? Ai la ngudi tao nhiing cau hdi dd? Chiing ta cd the' tie'p can chuong tiinh dugc hd trg bdi nhung cau hdi cd't Idi nhu the nao? Viec trinh bay cac cau hdi chuong diu eiia cud'n sach khdng phai la su nglu nhien Ndi dung la co sd cho viec tim hidu xoay quanh cac vah de quan trgng dd'i vdi su trai nghiem giao due quy gia Chuong ndi ve su can thiet phai tfeh hgp chuong trinh de giao vien va ngudi hge thuc hien chuong tnnh vdi tir each la mdt the thd'ng nhat, gan ke't chu khdng phai la mdt md hdn ddn cac boat ddng rdi rac Ndi dung ciia chuong giai quyet van de cd't yeu: Lieu ed phai mgi su tfeh hgp deu cd fch hay khdng? Day la chuong dat nen mdng cho mdt chuong trinh tfeh hgp va phuong phap danh gia, ddng thdi cung cap cho giao vien nhung thdng tin co sd tdi c&i thiet lam cO mO h i n h giang day GiO'ng n h u nhidii gu Hen he vdi thirc tiSn cuOc sO'ng R ' t cuOc Heu ma'y s6' chiing ta duoc nhung d6i m d i khac, viec tich hop chuong Uinh thucmg khong duoc can nhSc k i trai nghiem cuoc sO'ng mOi tiet hoc 45 phiit? Chuong xac d i n h nhung luong nen thucmg rat hcri hot khong mang lai l o i ich gi cho ngudi hoc va khong ti^u chi cua danh gia gdn vdi thuc te cuOc sO'ng va gioi thieu each dieu chinh cac x i i n g vdi thdi gian bo de phoi hop hanh dPng Chuong dua nhCrng If phuong phap danh gia hien thoi di giiip cho danh gia gSn vdi thuc te cu6c sO'ng eho viec tieh hop chuong t i i n h , eung c^p nhung hudng dan cho viec lua ehon va hon Cac ban eo the' t i m th^y chuong nhung v i du m i n h hoa ve phuong six dung cac tam d i ^ m t6 ehirc tich hop, dua nhflng tieu chi g p i y d^ danh gia phaP nhOng uu d i d m eua ehu d i d m dupe tfch hpp va neu len nhung vSn d^ quan trpng then diem thie't ke' cac phuong phap danh gia cac dieu kien khac s6 cho nhOng quyet d i n h quan trpng lien quan deh viec xay dung chii d i ^ m cho cSfp Tiiu hoc va Trung hpc vdi thuc te' eu6c s6'ng va nhung chi dan v6 each thiic cung n h u Chuong n6'i tie'p mPt each t i i nhien ndi dung ciia chuong thdng qua viec , u ^ u u fu ^t„.a'r P a Chuong de cap den chuong trinh va phuong phap danh gia theo chuan Cac ^h^^ ^'^^^ > ^^^^ "^"^S huotigdSn Cham diem de' v i r a h tro v i r a d o lu6ns u' ,- ^ u c v u d u u u u , v u a u u mung ''^.I'lS'^^-huc^S nhi c h H , cung cac „h^ giao due cho rtag c h u & la cto hie, c6 duo n,6, nen giio duCs hon cho h i stoh Tuy nhi.n, cfc cuoc van d6ng * u c hie,, / < » j ^ " fteo c h u l , Au6ng thieu nhC^g m6 hW, * ^ hien - * V • u u ' J u~ la U,i«u nhihg chien l u a u Ad nhrm., A.ra eu the giup nhung ngucn thuc hien su dung nhung chuan de dua nhung • ^ u • u •' A ^ Air^u r.hf hrtn Hipn quyet d i n h ve chuong t i i n h , ve phuong phap giang day va danh gia phu hpp Hien ^ • T' , „ , u - u V, ^^K.,^ tai, giao vien khPng duoc trang b i day du de thiet ke chuong t r m h hpc va phuong ^ o ^ , , phap danh gia v i ngudi hoc dua vao cac chuan theo nguyen tac kien tao, va) ^ u 1^ ho It CO CO h p i de quyet d i n h nhung npi dung nao chuong trinh la cot yeu, ^^^J^^'^ U « n g ,a If giai k M i „ t a bang, q u ^ (huy.n) va g,ao v,.„ dtag Idp h i n dang s i ^ ^ " H T tro cua uhung hudng dan chSm d ^ m v d i t u each AP, ^ UA ^ - ^ u u %, ^^"^ " ^ g ^ ^pc Chuoug xac d i n h nhung chi so wA-^^ •, , s ^ u ^u tinh cua huong dan cham diem nham giiip giao vien danh gia cac hudns dan , J u A U~ U ^/ u^nn gia cac nuong aan cham diem hien hanh, dua nhung hudng dan mau va cune cab cac nhuon? thi'rr , m K / ^ ^ xay dung huong dan khac tren CO SO CO hoac khpna CO V kien done eon cua ' • ^ ^ ^ ^ P "g^°^ nhimg npi dung nao la thira, khong can thiet hoac da lac hau Trong chuong " • ^31 '' •' — - qu6e gia Chuong giup giao vien m o h i n h hoa chuong trinh hpc eua hp va su chuong nham bao ve quan diem lay tui h6 so bai lam lam eong eu toan dien nhat dung m o h i n h hoa l a m eo sd de xac d i n h ket qua hpc tap cua nguoi hpc, d6ng theo doi su tien bp, su c6' gang va ket qua hpc tap ciia hpc sinh doi vdi mot then gan ket nhung ket qua vdi cac chudn quy d i n h ciia cac eo quan quan l i ^oSc nhieu linh vuc T i i i ho so bai lam cho biet h i n h anh w6 bai lam cua hpc sinh Chuong cung giup gido vien " m d toang" cdc chudn d^ r i sir diing nhOng e h u ^ cho viec xay dung cdc trpng tarn giao diie cho hpc sinh cua hp '^""g vdi nhung cam nhan chiem nghiem ciia hpc sinh giup doe gia xac nhan " g " ^ hpc nghi gi ve ban than hp vdi t u each la ngudi di hpc Chuong m o ta , , '^^c loai tiii h6 so bai lam Idiac ciia hoc sinh va each su dung Chung N h u ^ ^ Chuong nhSn manh vao viec su dung phuong phap danh gia gan voi do, ^^^^ ^ , ^^^^ ^ ^„^ , sdng thuc te va tap t n i n g vao eau h o i : L i e u viec hpc o nha tnrong co the gidng v o ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ngoai d d i khong? D a n h gia gan v d i thuc te cude sdng da^ dupe k h o i xuong t u g i u ^ ^^^^ ^ ^ ^, ^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^.^ ^ ^ • thap nien 1980 n h u mdt phuong thure giup ngudi hpc tham gia giai quyet nhun^^ van de va nhOng thach thiic cudc sdng dat TTie nhung h5u het cac chuon.^ trinh cac nha trudng deu chua tao di6u kien thuan Ipi cho ngudi hpc gO)'^^" viec hoc tap v d i thuc te cudc sdng Tliuc ngudi ta cd M Chuong 66 cap den ehu de ehiem nghiem n h u phuong tien d6 giao vien hon ve hpc sinh cua m i n h va giup hp tro nhung ngudi hpc t u giac lap luan rang ban thfui^*^' ^^ng ^ o n g chuong xoay quanh cau h o i : Chung ta - nhung ngudi giao nha trudng, nh^t la cac trudng trung hpc, dupe thie't ke nham giam tdi miic td'i d:'"^^" ~ hpc n h u the nao? Chuong dua tren n i ^ m t i n rang mot k h i ehiing ta mong mu6'n ngucri hoc trd nhung ca nhan biet tu sau sac, bie't chiu trach nhiem ve viec hoc hanh cua ban than hp thi chiing ta can phai day cho hp phuong phap phan tich va danh gia cong viec hpc tap ciia hp Chung ta phai giup ho xac dinh dupe nhihig muc tieu hien thuc nhung day thach thiie cho viec hpc tap thuong xuyen cua hp va gidi thieu cho hp biet each xac dinh nhiJng chien lupc phd hop de dat dupe nhiJng muc tieu Chuong dua nhung chien lupc sure M A N H C U A NHONG C A U HOI COT LOI khac giiip ngudi hpc biet each chiem nghiSm va gidi thieu chan dung ciia nguoi hpc sinh bifit chiSm nghiSm a cac bac Icrp khac Chuong 66 cap n6i dung nghiSn ciiru cai tie'n (action research) va tra Idi cau h o i : Chung ta - nhihig ngucri giao vien - hpc nhu the nao tir cac cau hoi dat ra? Nghien cuu cai tien la viec dat cau hoi va xac dinh nhi5ng vuong mSc c6 th6 giai quyet dupe thong qua eon dudng tim toi m6t each he thong Npi dung ciia chuong noi ve niem tin rang chiing ta vdi tu each la nhiing nha su pham c6 the san sinh nhung tri thufc c6 gia tri v6 chinh e6ng viec ciia ehung ta Chuong Cau hoi cot l o i : Cdi gi la cot yeu? Mot nhirng nguyen nhan lam cho nha trudng trd nen nham chan ddi vdi s6' ddng hpc sinh la p h ^ Idn nhung gi nha trudng dem giang day cho hp cd ve nhu vd nghia, khdng gan vdi bat ki thuc te nao cd y nghla Sire ep ddi vdi giao gidi thieu vdi giao vien nhirng yeu cau ciia nghien euru cai tien, quy tnnh thuc vien phai "phii k i n " chuong trinh hoae phai ehudn bi cho hpc sinh tham gia cac ki hien theo timg buoc de giao vien eo the ap dung vao thuc te giang day cua minh thi, kiem tra ehuan lam cho chuong trinh hpc coi trpng kien thuc ma khdng chii Chuong cuoi cCing ciia cudn sach tong hpp lai tat ca cac vain de N6i dung chuong de cap den cau hoi: Ngudi giao vien vi ngudi hpc la ngudi nhu the' nao? De thuc hien dSy dii tait ca nhirng ddi mdi trinh bay cac chuong trude, giao vien can ed nhirng due tin nhat dinh ve ban than hp va cong viec ma hp dang lam Trong so' nhirng dure tin ed the ed nhirng dire tin mau thuan vdi each giang day lau cua hp Hp can nhan lay trach nhiem thiet ke' chuong tiinh hpc ciia rieng hp va thuc hien chuong trinh thay vi viec W coi minh t h u ^ la ngudi thuc hien nhiJng gi ma nha trudng, quan (huyen) hoae bang ehi dao Hp can quan tam den viec ngudi hpc hpc nhu the nao chit khdng phai ehi quan tarn den mdi mot viec la hang hp phai day cai gi Ngudi giao vien can ed mot tam nhin lau dai ddi vdi viec cai tien phuong phap giang day va thiet ke lai chuong trinh ciia hp va timg bude thuc hien t ^ nhin lau dai Chuong cung cap cho giao vien nhiing bude khdi dau di den nhiing diic tin aiy trpng den ngudi hpc That khd ed the' dung hda giira mot ben la nhu cau ciia ngudi hpc va mot ben la siic ep ciia sach giao khoa Sach giao khoa van la mdt each to chiic chuong tiinh phd bien nhait Sach giao khoa mang tinh logic, quy cii, ro rang, ranh maeh Trong dd, nhu cau va nen tang kien thiirc ciia hpc sinh lai da dang va phiie tap vd cung Neu lay hieu suat lam muc tieu thi uu the se thudc ve sach giao khoa va chuong tnnh mang tinh phap quy Dieu ehi ed mdt imdng hpp ngoai le la giao due mSu giao va giao due tien hpc dudng, ma If chu yeu la tre em chua cd dii tam the" lam ngudi hpc thu ddng Tmh hinh thuc te' dang thay ddi nhanh chdng vdi sue ep xa hdi hoa va vdi mdt chuong tnnh hpc phd bien la khdng gan vdi nhu cau va nen tang kien thiirc ciia hpc sinh Trong nhieu bac Idp va nhiSu mdn hpc, khd cd the tim thay mdt chuong trinh hpc gSn ket, vj ngudi hpc Giao vien cd the' sir dung cac cau hdi ed't Idi de thu hut ngudi hpc vao chuong iiinh hpc Nhiing cau hdi cho phep giao vien xir l i chuong trinh hpc ddng thdi giup hp thay dupe chuong trinh hpc la cai de kham pha va thuong thao Cac cau hoi cot Idi cd the giup giao vien va hpc sinh nhd lai rang hoc la mdt hanh trinh dai, nd luc chinh phue tri thiirc khdng bao gid cd diem dimg va hanh trinh dd cd the bat dSu vao hSit cur thdi diem nao Cac cau hdi cd't Idi lam tang chat lupng ciia 14 boat dpng trao d6i tren lop bang each cho phep b^t cii cung c6 the dat cau Lieu C O su t6n tai cua m6t thur nhu mpt hanh dPng quSn minh khPng? hoi roi di tun cau n-a loi d6 trao ddi va tranh luan Nhung cau hoi cung c6 th^ Riai chang thoi gian la mPt khai niem tuyet doi? lam cMt keo dinh ket mOt don vi bai hoc hay m6t chu6i don vj bai hoc va chiing Cai gi lam cho bai vie't ha^p dan ngudi doc? cung ton nhung bai kiem tra theo quy dinh evia eae chu^n mdri doi hoi caohofn Cac cau hoi c6't loi mang tihh c&p thie't Khac vdi eae loai cau hoi khac, a SP'ng vdi cau hoi hay song vdi cau tra loi sai, lua ehpn nao t6't hon? Lam the'nao de' chiing ta If giai eai kh6ng thi li giai? chiing vupt len trfin nhung gidi han v6 van hoa va then dai Qiiing mang tinh ph6 CO'tye'ulagi? quat Oiling kh6ng bao gi6 eo dupe cau tra 16i d^y du Ca nhan nguoi cang TienbOlagi? kh6n Ion va truong thi hp cang nhan rang nhung gi hp bie't ve nhung cau Lieu chiing ta c6 lam ehii dupe van menh cua minh kh6ng? hoi la ehua du, vSn nhiSu diSu c ^ phai hpc hoi them Cac cau hoi c6't loi d6i c6 ve nhu chang c6 gi la c6't y6'u ca Cau tra lofi cho cac cau hoi afy liic Cai gi la diem ma'u chot quan diem? CO ve nhu hi^n nhidn gid'ng nhu cau hoi: The' nao thi gpi la xa? Tuy nhien Lieu C O cai gi mang tinh nguyen khdi kh6ng? chiing ta suy ngSm that ki thi chiing ta se tha'y cau tra loi kh6ng don gian chiit nao ma trai lai c6 nhieu each nhin nhan va nhieu each hiiu Cac cau hoi c6't loi giiip ta Neu chiing ta giong thi lam the nao If giai dupe su di biet gifla chiing ta? ' ng6 rang tri thiic la m6t su tim kiem lien tue va no chihh la eai lam cho cu6e Lieu C O eai thien nao ma khdng eo eai ac khdng? s6'ng cua ta dang song Cau hoi dat la nguoi eo the dua nhiing cau hoi c6't loi? Co nhieu kha nang khac Giao vien c6 the dua nhCing cau hoi c6't loi vdi tu each la nhOng ca nhan hoac vdi tu each la vien eua hpi d6ng nha truong Nguoi hoc Lieu diia tre eo the la nha khoa hpc dupe khong? Phai chang ngudi la phi nhan tfnh? Cong bang la gi? cung CO the dua nhiJng cau hoi cot loi m6t each doe lap hoac cpng tac vdi Nhan dan eo thue su dupe nam quyen quan If nha nude? giao vien Lieu mot nguoi dao dire c6 the v6 dao diic dupe khong? Hinh thuTc cua cdc cau hoi cot loi nhiTthe nao? Phai chang ta't ea eae nen van hoa deu eo gia tri nhu nhau? Duoi day la mot s6' v i du v6 eae cau hoi c6't 15i Nhung don vi bai hpc dua Nen van hoa nao la tot dep nhat? tren nhung cau hoi eo the mang lai nhiing cu6c trao do] s6i noi va nhOng d^ Hanh phiic la gi? tai nghien eiru gai goc • Chiing ta c6 thue su dupe tu do? Cong nghe la d6ng luc eua edng nghe mdi hay ngudi la dpng lire cua congnghemdi? • Nhung nguoi lanh (Jao sinh la da c6 nhung pham cMt lanh dao hay Cong nghe dupe phat minh hay dupe kham pha ? phai trai qua dao tao? Lieu tinh yeu set danh eo phai la tinh yeu khong? • Y nghla cua eu6e doi la gi? Lieu mot due tfnh tot c6 the la mot thoi hu tat xau khong? • Hiai Chang lich sir thue su lap lai? , Cai gi lam cho nghe thuat v i dai? • Camgiaeketthuc6dauvahienthucb^l^^"o'ch6nao? i Tha ea hay la gi? • Thenaolaxa? ' A i la ngudi phai dua dinh nghla nghe thuat la gi? ' ' i THI; VIEN TIWH8i.NH THUAN M Hudng dSn chain di^m cang cu ihi bao nhieu thi no cang giup ich nhi6u cho hoc sinh bay nhieu DOi mot hudng din cham diem chung chung di qua xa so vdi doi hoi cua mot bai tap I6n cu the cho nen hoc sinh khong the sit dung hudng dki cham diem de c6 duoc nhung thong tin can thiet de biet each lam bai nhu thd'nao Trong sd cac qua trinh va y nghia gan voi viec xay dung hudng dan chain didm la jjiijng ndi dung nhu tinh than hpc tap hop tac, thao luan, nr phe phan va xay dung nhOng thdi quen cho tri nao Bang 5.6 trinh bay hudng dan cham didm ve jj6i dung hpc tap hop tac Iris Gandler, mdt giao vien tieu hpc t r u ^ g ivlanhasset d Long Island, New York xay dung Bang 5.7 gidi thieu hudng dan chain diem ve ki nang tu phe phan Cindy Shepardson, giao vien ngoai Ichda cua trudng Newark d Newark, New York xay dung Cudi cdng, hudng din chain diem cung c6 the mang tihh phat triSn, nghia la no duoc diing d6 danh gia su phat trien hay tie'n b6 cua hoc sinh qua cac kh6'i lop Bang 5.5 gidi thieu hudng dSn chSm diem mot nhom giao vien tru6ng Manhasset a Long Island, New York xay dung Nhom giao vien s\x dung hudng dSn chain diem de danh gia su tien b6 cua hoc sinh theo m6t chu&i dau ciia quan la chu& ve y kie'n c6 can cii l / u diem trudc tien ciia hudng dSii cham diem loai la no giiip giao vien day cac mon khac va cac khdi lop khac c6 chung mot ngon ngiJ va mot cong cu danh gia T q i s a o p h a i sit d u n g h u d n g d a n c h a m d i e m ? Hudng dan chain diem la cong cu day hoc va cong cu danh gia c6 gia tri hct siic to 16n No giup giao vien noi ro duoc ho mong mudn gi tir hoc sinh ciia hp va truySn di thong diep cho hoc sinh biet ho can phai lam gi va cSn dat dugfc cai gi Tham chi ca xay dung xong huomg dan cham diem ma giao vien khong thong bao cho hoc sinh biet thi qua trinh xay dung hudng dan chain diem cung c6 nhung tac dong tich cue den qua tiinh giang day cCia giao vien vi hp biet ro ho mudn cai gi Hpc sinh cung dupe huong Ipi tir hudng dan chain diem vi hp co the six dung hudng dan chain diem de nhan dang nhitng pham chat ciia mot bai lam hay Huong dan chain diem giiip hpc sinh theo doi dupe hanh vi va ket qua hpc tap cua hp Hudng din chain diem giup giao vien c6 the If giai vide cho diem cua minh va giiip nhiJng ngudi lien ddi nhu phu huynh hpc sinh, cac can bp giam sat va can bp hanh chinh nam dupe cac tieu cM sii dung de danh gia bai lam ciia hpc sinh Chinh nhd hudng dan chain diem ma cac yeu cau chat Itrpng khong mang vc huyen bi nua va vay no giup nang cao chat lupng bai lam cua hpc sinh K h i n d o t h i n e n silf d u n g h U d n g d a n c h a m d i e m ? Huong dan c h a m d i e m nen d u n g v a o viec gi? Hudng dan chain diem hiJu ich nh^t la nd md ta dupe cac qua tiinh, hanh vi va cac san p h ^ cd the dupe tim thay thuc te cupc sdng ddi thudng 68 Hudng dSn cham die'm cho cac quy tiinh kha la chung chung va cd thi sir dung giao vien mudn hpc sinh nam dupe "cac luat choi" cho cac quy tiinh dd Co th^ sir dung hudng dan chain diem loai sud't nam hpc cho tSit ca cac loai bai tap ddi hoi phdi thuc hien theo quy tiinh Hudng dan chain diem cung cd the' hd trp cac h^nh vi ki ca tranh luan, ddng vai, trinh bay nghe thuat, cac budi xu an gia, cac bai dien van thuyet phuc ngudi khac lam gi Bang 5.8 la hudng din chain di^m cho bai dien van nham thuyet phuc ngudi khac lam gi Cung cd the xay dung hudng dan cho diem cho cac san phim cd thuc ngoai ddi, nic la cac san ph&n cd the minh hoa bang cac san ph&n mSu lay tir ben ngoai nha trudng Cac san ph&n dang dupe chSm theo hudng dan chain bao gdm cac bai nghien cun, cac hien vat trung bay bao tang, cac bao cao ket qua thi nghiem, cac cupc khao cuu, cac chuyen ki, cac bai tho va cac san pham nghe thuat Bang 5.9 gidi thieu hudng din cham die'm cho mdt bao cao ket qua thi nghiem Lisa Boerum, mdt giao vien giao due chuyen biet ciia trudng Sag Harbor, quan Sag Harbor, New York xay dung Hudng dan chain diem bao quat tat ca cac ye'u td lien quan de'n mdn Khoa hpc va Ngu van Cac hudng dSn chain di^m cho quy trinh va san ph&n cd the cd mire dd cu khac nhau, vao tinh hinh cu ihi Thdng thudng thi giao vien thay rang cac hudng dan chain cho cac quy trinh va san phkn khac cd thd van giu lai ^ ^ u nhOng yeu td hoac thudc tinh nhu cu ma chi cln mdt vai sir thay ddi Chang han, nghien cuu khoa hpc du trpng tam nghien cihi la gi di nua, hpc sinh cd cln xay dung dupe vSii de cin nghien ciiu, dua mdt gia thuyet khoa hpc, ^ac dinh phuong phap thu thap sd lieu va dua cac y kien ket luan Mdt sd cdng ^ nghien ciiu can cd phan tdng quan lich sir nghien cuu van de, dd CO nhung nghien ciru cd the ddi hoi dupe bao ve bang cac minh chung hien thi Bang 5.4 Hifdng dan cham diem kinang thuyet trinh danh cho nhOng ngiTdi tinh nguyen lam v\en bao tang Noi dung cham Xuatsac Gloi Oatyeucau Cach dien dat Trinh bayratmach lac IMoirorangva mang net dac trung lieng, phat am rorangva each di§n dat sinh dpng Cach noi de hieu doi vd khach tham quan bao tang, chat lupng bieu cam lOT tang tac dpng ctia Id noi CachdindatbSngldro rang va CO net dac trung rieng Khach tham quan bao tang ngherova hieu dupe Id nd cua tinh nguyen vien Cach dien dat bang Id luc ro rang luc khong Dd luc khach tham quan bao tang thay kho nghe va kho hieu Id noi ciiatinhnguyen vien Tocdonoi Toe dp ndphu hop cho viectiepnhan thong Toedpndondnh.khdig tin cua khach tham quan bao tang, nd khongqua nhanh eung khong qua qua nhanh, khdig qua cham Bet dieu chinh cham.Cancovaidieu toe dp nd cho phu hop vd yeu cau cua ehinhdebaodamthdgian khach Phan tinh bay ding giova toe dp nd trinh bay Viee dieu chinh on dinh ea bud khdig lam anh hudig den khachtiiamquan bao tang Toe dp nd khdig on dnh-luc nhanh Toe dp nd qua nhanh hoac qua, luc cham qua Od khach tham qua cham Chuyen di ket quan camtiiaybi vd va hoac phan trinh thue hoac qua sdn hoac qua bay Ian thd gian cua ngud khac mupn so vd thd gian quy Chuyen di ket thiic vua khit gio dinh Hanhvl benngoai Duytii dupe thai dp tap trung, binhtinh,diem dam, each cuxii chuyen nghiepmpi luc mpi nd Duy tri su giaotiepbang m^t ca budi Mpi cu Chi, dieu bp deu phu hpp lam tangtiiemgiatincua each trinh bay va lam cho khach thay thoa rriai tham gia hoi them Tutiiedung khong che mat tam nhin hien vat eta khach Tu the, dieu bp va eti ehi c6 luc lam choCu ehi, dieu bp the hien sub khach mat tap trung Dd to ve sot ISnghoae lanh nhat To ve rupt hoac lanh nhat nhung liie nao eung khongtiioaimai vd vai tro thoai mai Cach giaotiepbang mat co cua minh Cii ehi, dieu bp ban la phu hpp; c6 luctinhnguyen vien lam khach mat tap trung Tu tranh nhin vao khach hoac cu dan mk the dung can tro viee nglm vao khach mot each kho cd Tu tiie nhin Nen vat cua khach dung CO luc lam khuattam nhin hien vat oja khach Torathoai mai vai tro cua minh Dang dieu, eu ehi vacae dpng tac phu hpp Tutiie dung khdig che lap cae hien vat Can CO gang hdn Cach nd khong c6 dac tamg rieng, noi khdig du nghe va/ hoac nd nhiu, nd lap, phat am au Khachtiiamquan bao tang khong hieu tinh nguyen vien nd gi Nguon: Phong thco huang dan cham dim cua P Lynch Ban quyen cua Trung torn nghien citu trinti chuyen mon gidngday va hex-lap Ddduacph Bang 5.5 Hi/cfng din cham diem kT nang xay di/ng va bao ve y kien c6 can ciif Chi so Chuathanhthao Thanh thao Rat thao Trinh cao Biet ius chon va/ hoac khao CLili mot ITnh vUt can tim hieu Khao cCru mot ITnh virc can tim hieu can nhi^u sugiupda Chpn mot linh vuc vcii sir hudmg din khong dang l ^ o ^ s- a 03, o 3- — o 00 0\ 2'- o I n Q o 63 3- a 00 3- ^ 00 I oO 3- S 00 o a" CL •o U 3 -E; 3- 0>i o _ 00 ^ 00 3- 00 fB\ o 00 o 00 o o •g- ^ O Iruni; •I era 3 man en? 5- ^ ? w •o> a -2.' < •o> ^ O S- I t § o him n^hien citit trinh chuyen Ban quyen citaTnm^ I vungvevacansLHlai - Cau true cac doan can sua lai - Can phai soat lai va sua nhung cau cut, cau Ian man - Chu viet chap nhan dupe nhung cancog^hon - Co CO g^g xem lai bai nhung can phai xem xetta" hon -Chu viet xau kho doc - Nhieu Id xoa khong phu hop - Khdig xem lai bai Q; - Sucogi^ttiuhLrtdocgiala g Gro_ = TO g- g- ,S,TOVI,S; f*^"' ™ hot - Tac gia trinh bay quan diem rorang - Cac tinh tu va cac cap so sanh giupthu hut doc gia mucin dpctiqj - Tac gia binh bay quan diem vd mot phong each bud; doc gia ph&dgctiep - Tac gia bao ve quan diem b ^ nhung du lieu va thong tin c6 lien quan - Tac gia trinh bay dux md tuong quan giua van hoa vd van minh b ^ viec duaranhung VI'du cu ttiedelienkethaikhainiem - Von tu vung ve Ai Cap ducc su dung trongtoan bai Viet - Cau ket luan tdm tat lai dupe lap luan cua minh - Co su dun^ so sanh, phep tuong tu va vi du de bao ve quan dan - The hienrosu hieu biet ve md quan he giua van hoa va van minh giiip ngud doc n ^ dupe khai niem de dang - Vdi til vung ve Ai C$p dupe su dung phu hopfrongtoan bai' - Cau ket lam cho ngud doe CO cam giae tin cay ve gia tri cua lap luan - So Id chinhteratit -Viet hoa dau cau va danh tii rieng -Sudung dau cham cau phiihcp - Su dung cac doan phu hqD va CO Viet ihut vao vao doan md Khdigcocaucut - khdig CO Id ngu phap va Id chinh te - Su dung chinh xac cac dau cham cau - Thanhttiaobong each viet doan van, lam cho bai van ttoichay -Chu viet dep -Cdildnh6vech6xoa -Bai dupe danh may -Khdig CO Id lap nam 1999 DddifcH phep sihhmg iMhuflng Idi thuTong g a p t r o n g b a n t h a o huTdng d a n • Cac ndi dung cha'm (trong hudtig dSn cha'm theo phuong phap phan tich) chofm d i e m l a g i ? duac ghi theo thii tu mi tien hoac theo thir tir logic (nghia la tCr Iiic bat dau cho den E)ud'i day la nhung l6i j±6 bien ban thao dSu tifin ciia hu6ng dk\n diem: ket thuc ciia quy trinh) • Cha vie't ro CO thd doc dupe • B6' cue de suf dung - bao g6m du cac ch6 trdng va su dung cac gach dau Huong dan cha'm c6 khoang trdng di giao vien va/ hoac hoc sinh vie't nhan xet Bang 5.12 Hi/dng dan cha'm diem bai viet vi pham hirdng din ve cafu true liay hinh thiirc Noi dung cha'm 1 Cach to chirc Cach sura thil-nhatve noi dung cha'm Cach sira thufhai ve noi dung cha'm C6 td chLfc • Khong phan bi$t daoc dau la md bai, than bai, y,6[ luan • Trinh tir c^c sir l -ro C2 .g i m i n h m o t each r o rang rang danh gia ciia ho l a tuan t h u theo chuan s ^« i L d m t h e n d o d e c h u n g t a b i e t dUdc m o t hiTdng d a n c h a m I d d o t y e u c d u ? luong ciia hudng dSn chain ciia h o ddng thdi d ^ cai tien hudng dan chain •2 Bang duoc phong theo tai lieu " H u d n g dan cham cho cac hudng d i n chain cua Angela D i M i c h e l e Labor, nguyen la giao vien trudng W i l l i a m F l o y d d Lone ro >o Island, N e w Y o r k v a Elizabeth Bedell, m o t giao vien day m o n K h o a hoc thua trudng W i l l i a m Floyd d L o n g Island, N e w Y o r k •ro o ^ CL •ro- :o S g> M£ o- >CU 'CD •o c: I — i o -ro D5 o s ^1, danh gia bai l a m ciia hoc sinh Cac ban thao khac ciia hudng d i n chain l ' ! nhiing b i n g chiing hien huu cho thay giao vien v a hoc sinh cang cang tinl m o> c y iro o cj> 'CO p> c: E M ^ -.0) -f= o) ° o- •! o cn -ro ••2 - "o •••8 c i a c J3 -0 c -3 > ro * •o> ,.ro £ •e s £ ~ 05 •a c o, ro 'S cr ro E -g M I •~ : ^ro d i n chain d d dap ling d i y d i i nhu c i u ciia hoc sinh; tuong t u n h u vSy, mdt hucfll- d i n chain ngdn ngiJ ciia rieng hp v a sir dung nd dieu kien it cd Stic t-'F o c7) -ro CD O) 13 '3 cn •o xay dung hudng d i n cham vdi sir tham gia cua hoc sinh khdng cd nghia la hucVii^ su dung dupe cac hudng d i n chain d d H p can phai bien ngdn ngiJ hucH' :!9 •D -ro •o te hon v e nhixng noi dung duoc cho diem theo hudng d i n chain H o n the nffa, \ c i n phai tham gia tich cue vao viec xay dung hudng d i n chSrn trudc k h i h o cd i ' " ro I - 1' " Q) giai vien d e m sir dung la m o t Ian hudng d i n chain d d duoc chinh sira can c u \ a i E E c: o ro ro ,!5 x: •ro c: >ro > CD T3 H ro§ to Q i o dii chat luong cua hudng d i n c h i r n tai m o t thdi d\6m nha't dinh la tot &' cn E o •ro o •5 E c •ro _ i •§• I ^ ro ,5 "S o- 11 ^'^ ^ ,0)- o > U Bang 5.16 la hudng dSn chSm m a giao vien cd the sir dung 6i danh gia chai chang nua t h i hudng d i n chain d o cung khdng bao g i d hoan thien M d i l i n -03 CO Trudc tien, cac chuan thudng sir dung ngon n g u c u the de xac d i n h chat luono o- i I S E dSu d e xac d i n h cac cap d o tren cua hudng dSn cham ^ " o cn :™ oj ro •ro- •o E Noi dung cham Bo cue Do dung triTc quan Trinh bay bai thuyet Trinh bay cac y ro rang, trinh ro rang, c6 trinh tir vdi each chuyen y Trinh bay eae y ro rang Trinh bay eac y nhung Trinh bay cac y nhung CO trinh tu nhung mach nhung c6 y eo le nen khong ro rang hoac khong ro rang va van va each chuyen y chuyen sang phan lonxon Ion x6n phu hop chua thong suot khae bai Do dung true quan ro Sir dung dung true Sir dung dung tare rang, chinh xac, dep quan dung luc gan vdi quan khPng dung luc mat va dupe sir dung bai thuyet trinh nhung dung luc, gan vdi bai chua that ro rang va thuyet trinh mot each ehi'nh xac - Do dung true quan Khong sir dung khong phu hop vcri npi dung true quan dung thuyet trinh hieu qua Giao tiep bang mat Giao tiep bang mat c6 Giao tiep bang mat Giao tiep bang mat mot Mat nhin ve cac khu Mat nhin xuong hieu qua suot thdi dien suot thdi each tien vdi khan vuc khae phong suot thdi gian gian thuyet trinh de thu gian thuyet trinh nhung gia va cac khu vuc nhung khong ve phia thuyet trinh hut suehuy cua chua thu hut c6 hieu khae phong khan gia khan gia qua su chu y cua khan gia Bang 5.14 Hifdng din cham diim theo phMng Chuyen gia khoa hoc (4) phap long hop cho kl nang thifc nghiem khoa hoc vd\u ve d'\em chuan Giao vien khoa hoc (3) Hoc sinh khoa hoc (2) Nha khoa hoc dang difPcdao tao (1) Em dua mot du doan ve dieu em nghl se xay Em dua mot du doan ve dieu em nghl se Em dua mot dy doan ve Dy doan cua em khong can cu vac nhung hieu biet eua em xay can eu vao nhiing hieu biet cua em dieu em nghi se xay CO hoac CO nhung Em li giai dupe tai em lai dua du doan Em ve mot buc tranh li giai nhung gi em thay Em ve mot buc tranh li giai kho hieu Em ve mot buc tranh chi tiet li giai nhCing gi em Em eung viet dupe nhung tu de giai thieh nhung dieu em thay Co the Em ve bue tranh ve thay Em eung viet eae tu giai thieh buc tranh buc tranh eua em em da viet mot vai ten gpi cho nhung gi em thay cua em Em ke lai nhung gi em phat hien thye buc tranh eua em Em viet cau hoi ma em Em ke lai nhung gi em phat hien tu thuc nghiem nghiem bang mot loi giai thieh Em ke lai nhung gi em phat chua tra loi dupe b^g nhiiig giai thieh ro rang, eu the Em suy ngam lai thuc nghiem bang each hien tii thuc nghiem Em suy ng^m lai thuc nghiem bSng each dat dat nhung eau hoi bupc em phai suy nghi Em suy ngam lai thye nghiem nhung cau hoi bupe em phai suy nghl hoac hoac nhiing cau hoi em van ehua tra loi dupe b^ng each dat nhung cau hoi bupe em phai suy nghl nhung cau hoi ma em chua tra loi dupe Mau tht/c pham va nirdc Mau thi/c pham va nwdc Mau thuc pham va nude Mau thuc pham va nude Mau cua thuc pham va nuoe tac dpng qua lai Mau eua thye pham va nuoc tae dpng qua lai Mau eua thye pham va nuoc Mau eua thye pham va nhu the nao? nhu the nao? tae dpng qua lai nhu the nao? nuoe tae dpng qua lai Em du doan mau thye pham se can nhieu thPi Em dy doan mau thye pham se can nhieu thoi Em dy doan mau thye pham nhu the nao? gian hon de hoa Ian vol nuoc tru ta quay len gian hon de hoa Ian voi nuoc tru ta quay len se can nhieu thoi gian hon de Em doan rang no se Em nghl rSng chung ta se c6 the thay dupe mau Em nghl r&ng ehiing ta se c6 the thay dupe mau hoa Ian vol nuoc tnj ta chuyen mau xanh da troi thuc pham lang xuong day eoc Khi chung ta thuc pham lang xuong day eoc quay len nhupm triing nha vao dip l§ Phuc sinh chung ta su dung mau thuc pham va nuoc va no xay nhu vay Chuyen gia khoa hoc (4) Giao vien khoa hoc (3) Day la tranh ve Day la tranh ve Hoc sinh khoa hoc (2) ^ Nha khoa hoc dang di/Ocdao tao (1) Day la tranh ve Day la tranh ve: Em dung roi! Mau thuc pham khong hoa Ian vol Em dung roi! Mau thuc pham khong hoa iSn Em dung roi! Trong no rat Lieu hien tupng tuong ty nuoc cho den Joseph quay no len! No chim vol nuoc cho den Joseph quay no len! No tuyet, giong nhu buc tranh CO xuong day coo gan nhu lap tuc Trong no chim xuong day coc gan nhu lap tiic tren cat! Em nhan thay rang khong? that dep, giong nhu buc tranh tren cat vay! Em Trong no c6 ve rat tuyet giong nhu buc tranh mau thuc pham va nuoc hoa phat hien thay mau thuc pham lang xuong day tren cat! Em phat hien thay r^ng nuoc va mau \kn vol Em khong biet coc nuoc Ian dau tien ta bo no vao No noi va thuc pham se hoa trpn vao chung ta lieu mau thuc pham c6 bao til \is troi quanh va ta c6 the nhln thay su tuong quay no len Em khong hieu tai mau thuc gio hoa l^n voi nuoc hoan tac The roi ta quay len nuoc va mau hoa \hn pham lai khong n^m tren mat nuoc giong nhu toan khong c6 sy trq giup vao den miic khong phan biet duoc cac giot dau vay? Phal chang no nang hon? cua nguoi khong dau la nuoc, dau la mau nua Em khong hieu tai Em cung khong biet lieu mau thuc pham c6 mau thuc pham lai khong nam tren mat bao gio hoa Ian hoan toan v6i nuoc khong nuoc giong nhu gipt dau vay Phai chang no CO su trp giup cua nguoi khong lap lai voi mau nang hon? Em cung khong hieu lieu mau thuc pham CO bao gio hoa Ian vao nuoc neu khong c6 su tro giiip cua nguoi khong Ngiwn: Lisa M McEvoy Tnfcfng Rockville New York Ban qiixeii ci'ia Trimg tdm ngliien citu trinh chuyen mon gidng day va hoc tap nam 1997 ^ ^ ^ ^ D a dtfj/c phep sU d u n s Bang 5.15 HiTdng din cham diem cho cac Idp tieu hoc Em lap ke hoach nhUng gi em noi Em sir dung mot chut 6e tuong tupng va em eo dung mot so chi tiet Em lap ke hoach nhung gi em noi rat tot Em sCf dung 6c tudng tuong va nhieu chi tiet Em siJ dung nhu'ng ti/ ngi? hay Em luon nhd each dung chu viet hoa va cac dau cham, phay Em st!r dung cac tC/ ngO kha hay Dpi em c6 nhd each dung chu viet hoa va cac dau cham cau Em dpc dupe hau nhu toan bp cau chuyen cua em Em doc dupe toan bp cau chuyen cua em Ngiion: Mary Ellen Ciiijfo, Trudng Farmingdale, Farmingdale, New York Ke hoach cua em can ro rang han hoac em quen khong lap ke hoach Em SLT dung khong du cac chi tiet Mot SO tCr cua em gay nham lln Em quen viet hoa va diing dau cham Em dpc dupe mot it cau chuyen cua em Bang 5.16 HiTdng din cham kT nang lam hirdng din cham diem Noi dung cham - Tieu de hay dau de cua tiing muc npi dung KFnang lam hi/dng dan cham thao Ki nang lam hirdng din cham bac trung Ki nang lam h^idng din cham Ki nang lam hi/dng din cham cua ngiKSi dang hpc viec cua ngi/dl mcri bit dau • Tung noi dung xac djnh va giai thich nhung noi dung chinh, nhung mong dpi cua giao vien va cac phan bat bupc cua bai danh gia • Tung npi dung xac dinh nhung npi dung chinh cua giao vien va nhiing phan bSt bupc cua bai danh gia • Cac npi dung di chech nhung npi dung chinh cua danh gia lam cho hpc sinh khong hieu dupe mot each day du nhung phan bk bupc cua bai danh gia • Cac npi dung dupe trinh bay theo thu tu CO muc dich, giup hpc sinh hieu dupe trpng tam tucng doi cua tung phan bai danh gia Cac chi so mo ta - Cach mo ta cho tiing tieu de • Cac npi dung dupe trinh bay theo thu tu logic I