English Test READING COMPREHENSION (100 points) Text – Computer hackers Forensic science utilizes the global resources of the Internet to access databases and to communicate with concerned experts This form of communication, however, can make forensic databases and files vulnerable to deliberate sabotage Computer hackers are people who gain remote access (typically unauthorized and unapproved) to files stored in another computer, or even to the operating system of the computer In the 1950 and 1960s, hackers were motivated more by a desire to learn the operating characteristics of a computer than by any malicious intent Since then, however, computer hacking has become much more sophisticated, organized, and, in many cases, illegal Some hackers are motivated by a desire to cripple sensitive sites, make mischief, and to acquire restricted information In the late 1990s, several computer hackers attempted to gain access to files in the computer network at the Pentagon The incidents, which were dubbed Solar Sunrise, were regarded as a dress rehearsal for a later and more malicious cyber-attack, and stimulated a revamping of the military's computer defenses In another example, computer hackers were able to gain access to patient files at the Indiana University School of Medicine in February 2003 One well-known hacker is Kevin Mitnick Beginning in the late 1970s and continuing through the late 1980s, Mitnick was apprehended at least five times for hacking into various computer sites Indeed, his lenient one-year jail sentence and subsequent counseling was based on his defense that he suffered from a computer addiction In 1989, he vanished, only to reappear in 1992, when police became suspicious of tampering with a California Department of Motor Vehicles database Mitnick was arrested in 1995 and remained in prison until his release in 2002 He was barred by law from using a computer until January 21, 2003 and later published The Art Of Intrusion: The Real Stories Behind The Exploits Of Hackers, Intruders, And Deceivers in 2005 The U.S Patriot Act was signed into law on October 26, 2001 Its intent was to curb the danger posed to the country by terrorism Computer hackers did not escape the legislative crack-down, since hacking represents a potential national security threat Under the act's provisions, the power of federal officials in criminal investigations involving hacking activities has been increased Indeed, the threats to civilian privacy and national security from computer hackers was deemed so urgent that the U.S government further enacted the Cyber-Security Enhancement Act in July 2002, as part of the Homeland Security measures in the wake of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 Under this legislation, hackers can be regarded as terrorists, and can be imprisoned for up to 20 years In seeking to prosecute a suspected hacker, investigators have the power to conduct Internet searches or telephone taps without court-sanctioned permission One tool that a hacker can use to compromise an individual computer or a computer network is a virus Depending on their design and intent, the consequences of a virus can range from the inconvenient (i.e., defacing of a web site) to the catastrophic (i.e., disabling of a computer network) Within a few years during the 1990s, the number of known computer viruses increased to over 30,000 That number is now upwards of 100,000, with new viruses appearing virtually daily Despite the threat that they can pose, computer hackers can also be of benefit By exposing the flaws in a computer network, they can aid in the redesign of the system to make information more inaccessible to unauthorized access Text – Hackers attack Canadian cyber systems February 17, 2011 - By Paula Newton, CNN The Canadian government confirmed Thursday that its computer systems fell victim to a concerted and sophisticated cyber attack in recent months but stressed that the attack was thwarted before classified information could be stolen “Every indication we have at this point is that our sensors and our cyberprotection systems got the alerts out in time, that the information doors were slammed shut,” said Stockwell Day, a Canadian cabinet minister in charge of government operations But he added that the attack took direct aim at sensitive financial data prompting Canada to launch an unprecedented investigation into how and why its systems were compromised "I wouldn't say it's the most aggressive, but it was a significant one significant that they were going after financial records," said Day Using a technique called '‘pear-phishing'’ the government confirms that hackers were able to embed programs into government computer systems that acted as '‘cyber spies” Governments around the world have been scrambling to get ahead of hackers who are increasingly bold in their attempts too steal classified data A- Complete the sentences according to text (5 x points) 1- Internet resources are 2- Solar Sunrise was the 3- Kevin MItnick has been 4- According to the Cyber-Security Enhancement Act 5- Nowadays American investigators can B- Reread text and answer the following questions (3 x 10 points) 1- What happened to the cyber attack suffered by the Canadian government? 2- What was the goal of this attack? 3- How did the hackers work? What the underlined words refer to What the underlined words refer to in the text (5 x points) in the text (5 x points) which which his his its its their their they they Find equivalent words in text (5 x Find equivalent words in text (5 x points) points) damage damage distant distant called called preparation preparation change change II – LANGUAGE STUDY (50 points) A-Fill in the gaps with the right phrasal verb and form (5 x points) break down / look into / make out / take on / make up 1-The police is his computer files to see how deep he is involved in this scandal 2- Many companies want Kevin Mitnick because he his a fantastic hacker 3-He is always excuses to have access to my e-mail It’s so annoying! 4- My computer has just I can’t finish my school work 5- She is complaining because she can’t how that computer programme functions B-Rewrite the sentences starting by the words given (5 x points) 1- “Every indication we have at this point is that our sensors and our cyber-protection systems got the alerts out in time, that the information doors were slammed shut,” said Stockwell Day Stockwell Day said 2- Hackers attacked the Canadian government computer systems last February The Canadian 3-Computer viruses can have very inconvenient consequences They can vary from the defacing of a web site to the disabling of a computer network Computer viruses can have 4-The U.S Patriot Act was signed into law on October 26, 2001 Its intent was to curb the danger posed to the country by terrorism The U.S Patriot Act, … Kevin Mitnick is a famous hacker Mitnick was apprehended at least five times for hacking into various computer sites Kevin Mitnick, … III- Writing (50 points) Having in mind what you have been learning in the English classes and the film “Firewall” write a text of about 150 words on “Computer Security”