l l A m i TRIIMl TIM KIEM HOA RINH DI QUA \ A M C H I E N T R A ] « I (1945-1954) v u DXrONG NINH* N guyen vpng thii't tha cua mpi ngddi dan Viet Nam la dupc sdng khong hda binh - nen hoa binh dpc lap, tu do, NhUng thde dan Phap khong chiu rdi bo thudc dia, da tien hanh cude chid^n tranh tan khdc nham tai chii'm Ddng DUdng Sau nam khang chien, Diin Biin Phu la tran chien ldn cud'i cung da ki't thuc viia dung trudc hom khai mac Hoi nghi Geneve vi D6ng Dudng Bai vii't diem lai cupc hanh trinh tim kii'm hoa binh di qua nam chii'n tranh gian kho nhUng la nen hda binh mong manh, khong trpn ven Vi sao? Quan d i e m thifc d a n "tai c h i e m Dong DUtfng" - tre* ngai ciia giai p h a p hda binh (1944-1945) vao nhQng nam cuo'i The chii'n thd Hai, va'n de Viet Nam/Dong DUdng noi lin mo'i quan tam ciia ngudi Viet, ngudi Phap va luc lupng ddng minh Hoi dd, da xua't hiin ba giai phap, bao gom: - Gidi phdp Roosevelt: Quan diem ciia Tong thd'ng My Roosevelt ve va'n de Ddng Duong kha rd rang Ong da trao ddi va nhan dUdc sU dong tinh ciia Tudng Gidi Thach d Cairo va cua J Staline d Tehran cac cudc hdi dam nam 1943 Ong phi phan ngUdi Phap sau mot tram nam cai tri da de ngUdi dan Ddng DUdng phai sdng "GS Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi dieu kiin ra't toi t i nhu trUdc day va dua giai phap: thii't lap chi'do qudn thde qud'c te de chuan bi cho ngUdi dan dia phuong tien tdi doc lap mdt thdi han xae dinh, cd the la 20 hoac 30 nam (1) Gap sU phan doi tU phia Anh, Td'ng thd'ng My da tra IcJi: "NgUdi Ddng Duong ed quyen dupe hucfng nhiing dieu tot dep hdn thi' Toi muo'n khdng cd mpt ngUdi Phap nao trd lai Ddng Dudng" (2) Dieu cho tha'y Tong thd'ng My khong tan tai lap che dp thupc dia ciia Phap b Dong DuPng ma mud'n tdng bUdc trao tra doc lap cho xd sd nhu md hinh ngUdi My da ap dung d Philippines - Gidi phdp Ho Chi Minh: ChUdng trinh eiia Mat tran Viet Minh (5-1941) neu len yeu cau "Huy bd cac hiep udc ma Phap ky vdi ba't ky nUdc nao" (ve va'n de Viet Nam) va "Kien quyit chong lai tat ca cac luc lupng xam pham di'n quyin ldi cua nhan dan Viet Nam" (3) Cung ddng cupc dau tranh chdng phat xit va cd the la sau nhan dUdc thdng tin ve quan diem cua Roosevelt, Ho Chi Minh tranh thii liin lac vdi phai bp My d Con Minh (Trung Qudc), lam cho hp hieu muc dich da'u tranh giai phdng cua nhan dan Viet Nam va thiin chi ciia Viet Nam mudn tim kii'm mpt giai phap cho van di" Rghien curu IJeh si^- so 7.2Q14 Dong Dudng Ngay 25-7-1945, tinh the Nhat khd tranh khdi nguy cd that bai, Phap lam le trd lai Dong Dudng, Ho Chi Minh nhd Cd quan Tinh bao My OSS b Cdn Minh chuyen cho nha ehiic trach Phap ban de nghi chinh thiic cila Viet Minh gom diem, dd yiu cau bau nghi viin bang phd thdng dau phii'u mdt Toan quyen ngudi Phap lam Chu tich; lap mot npi cac dupc nghi vien chap nhan sau dd trao lai nen doe lap eho Viet Nam thdi han toi thiiu Id nam, tdi da la 10 nam; tra lai cho nhan dan Viet Nam cac nguon tai nguyin thien nhien sau ngUdi Phap dUpc den bii mot each cong bang; trao cho ngUdi Viet Nam cac quyen tu dan ehii ma Lien hdp quo'c da tuyen bo', ca'm buon ban thud'e phien (4) Hai giai phap tren neu dUde thUc hien se md kha nang thUdng lUdng hoa binh, tiing budc mang lai dpc lap qud'c gia eae nUdc de quo'c van cdn lUu giii dUpc ldi ich kinh ti' va anh hudng van hoa eiia hp - Gidi phdp De Gaulle: Cuo'i nam 1943, ngUdi lanh dao phong trao khang chii'n ciia nU6c Phap - Tudng De Gaulle dUa Tuyen bo' ve quy che chinh tri khuon khd Lien bang Dong Dudng "se dUdc ndi rpng va khang dinh", ddng thdi se cai each ve "quy che kinh ti^' t r i n cd sd "hai quan va thue khoa tu tri" (5) Ngay 30-1-1944, ban Tuyin ngon Brazaville eiia De Gaulle gom diem neu chinh sach thudc dia cila Phap: giU nguyen De quo'c Phap thd'ng nha't, lap Hdi dong ban tu tri d cac thupc dia, ngUdi dan thupc dia cd quyen binh dang vdi cdng dan Phap, dupc tham gia bau cii, dUdc lam viee cac cac ed quan chinh quyen h thuoc dia, se di" ehinh sach cai each kinh te (6) Ddng DUdng dUdng nhien ciing nam diin ciia quy chi'nay Ngay 24-3-1944, hai tuan ll sau Nhat dao chi'nh loai bo chinh quyen Phap d Ddng Dudng, De Gaulle Tuyin bd'vi van di Bong Biidng (7) Dang sau nhflng ldi hcfa hen ve cac quyen tU dan chu, ve mpt qud'c hpi va mpt chfnh phu Liin bang la nhiing "cai mit" that chat van menh cua Ddng Duong vao quyen lUc cila nUdc Phap Dd la mdt chinh phu Lien bang bao gom ngUdi cua nude (khdng phai la nUdc) d Ddng DUdng va ca nhflng ngudi Phap cu tru b Ddng Duong; chfnh phu mot toan quyen ngudi Phap diing dau ed vai tro "trpng tai" ciia ta't ca cac ldi ich; mot quo'c hpi (co tai lieu vie't ngUdi ban xil khong dupe chii'm qua 50% sd ghe) chi cd quyen bieu quyi't ve thue khoa va dU luat Cac nUde Dong Dudng se eung nudc Phap va cac thupc dia ciia Phap lap n i n khd'i Liin hiip Phap, b dd Phap la dai diin quan hi vdi ben ngoai Cd nghia la cac nUdc vien eua Lien hiep Phap khdng cd quyen do'i ngoai, khdng eo tieng ndi ciia minh tren trUdng quo'c te Cai gpi la "quy che tU tri" ma De Gaulle Va nUde Phap thUc dan ban eho Dong Dudng la nhU thi'! Hpc gia J Buttinger nhan xet: "Hinh nhU la tinh th^n thUc dan thdi Doumer van cdn nguyen ven nhu nao" (8) nghia la chi' thuic dia tii cud'i the ky XIX chang co gi thay dii, ngUdi diing dau nUdc Phap trUdc sau van chi coi Dong Dudng la thupc dia cila Phap, ngUdi Phap cai tri Sau Thi' chii'n thU Hai k i t thiic, De Gaulle sang London va Washington de vSn dpng viee Phap trd lai Ddng DUdng dUdc Thii tudng Anh ilng hp Tdng tho^ng mdi ciia My la Truman khdng theo dUdng loi cua Roosevelt nhUng td lap Ivfng Nam dupe thai dp dd, De Gaulle thdng thflng tuyen bd': "Lap trUdng cua nUdc Phap h Ddng DUdng rat ddn gian Nddc Phap khang dmh se thu hoi ehu quyen cila minh d Ddng DUdng" (9) Vdi sU trp giup cua Anh, cae lUe lupng quan viin chinh Phap dUdc Ijanh h-anh hm hiem hda binh chuan bi rao riet de sang Dong DUdng, tii'n hanh cudc chien tranh xam lUdc mdi Rd rang la quan diem thuc dan tham can cd' di' cua gidi cam quyen Phap quyi't "tai chiem Ddng DUdng" la trd ngai cila giai phap thUdng lupng hda binh ma sau nay, nude My da lam vdi Philippines, nUdc Anh da lam vdi An Dp, Mii'n Diin chUa phai la nen dpc lap trpn ven Tranh thii hoa hoan nhUng khong di tdi hoa binh (1945 -1946) Quan h i gifla Viet Nam va Phap nam 1945-1946 dupe danh da'u bang hai qua trinh xen ke: tien hanh chien tranh va thUdng lupng hda binh Chii'n tranh diln b Nam Bp va Nam Trung Bp, md dau bang cudc khdi ha'n ciia quan Phap 23-91945 va sU khang cU quyet liet cua nhan dan Sai Gdn Trong do, nhflng cudc tiip xiic bf mat gifla hai b i n dien tai Ha Ndi Ngay 28-9 va 6-10 co cuoc gap gifla dai diin Phap la Pignon va tUdng Alessandri vdi Hd Chi Minh Tii 15-10, Sainteny tien hanh thUdng lUdng nhieu ngay, keo dai gan thang nhUng khing thudng xuyen, xen ldn hy vpng va tha't vpng: "Thudng thudng vao ban dim, tdi mdi tdi eho d cua Ho Chi Minh, mpt biit thU cong viin nho phd' Paul Bert" (10) Cung khoang thdi gian dd, va'n di" Viet Nam dupc dat b Trung Khanh (Trung Qudc) gifla dai diin Phap vdi ehinh phu Trung Hoa dan qudc Ki't qua la hai ben ky Hiip udc Phap Hoa 28-2-1946 vdi npi dung chinh la Phap dong y tra lai cho Tudng Gidi Thach eac td gidi b ThUdng Hai, Thiin Tan, Han Khiu, Quang Ddng, tra lai da't mudn Quang Chau Loan, ban lai dddng sat b van Nam va Hai Phdng se trd mpt cang tU do, hang hda ciia Trung Qud'c chuyi'n van qua mien Bac se dUdc mien thue De ddi la'y nhflng quyen ldi dd, Tudng Gidi Thach ddng y cho quan Phap vao thay thi' quan doi Trung Hoa tai mien Bac Ddng DUdng, Phap va Trung Hoa nhUdng bp va'n de Viet Nam nhUng khdng co sU ban bac vdi Viit Nam, khdng tinh di'n chu quyen cua Viet Nam Nhu vay, heu quan Phap c6 the ngang nhien dd bp vao mi^n Bac Viet Nam ndi day da cd mpt nha nUdc die lap, mdt chinh quyen Dan chu Cpng hoa va mpt quan dpi cua nhan dan? Hoan eanh budc Sainteny phai day nhanh cudc thUdng thuyet vdi Ho Chi Minh, va Viet Nam cung can tranh mdt cupc dd mau nin cud'i cung, hai bin di di'n ban Hiep dinh sd bo dupc ky vao 16 gid 6-3-1946 Dd'i vdi Viet Nam, bai toan dat la phai giai quyi't moi quan h i tam giae gifla Viet Nam, Phap va Trung Hoa Phap va Trung Hoa da thda hiip vdi nhau, quan Phap dupe phep dd bp vao mien Bac Viet Nam, ta co t h i rdi vao tinh trang cung mpt luc phai cho'ng dd ca hai dpi quan ma ke nao ciing ddy da tam xam lUdc (11) Tinh thi'nay da dUdc du bao tfl trUdc, Hdi nghi Dang Cong san Ddng Dudng tai Tan Trdo (tfl 1315/8/1945) da xae dinh: "Hi't sdc tranh trUdng hdp ta phai do'i ciing mot luc vdi nhieu lUe lUdng Ddng mmh tran vao nUdc ta va dung chinh phu tay sai ciia ho" (12) Do dd phai giai bai toan bang k i hda hoan them ban bdt thu, chpn mpt hai do'i thii da'u tranh Tinh than dd the hiin Chi thi "Hoa de tii'n" ciia Dang Bie't chac rang trudc sau Phap cung ta'n cong xam lUdc nudc ta Dang chu trUdng loai vi" nUdc 20 van quan Trung Hoa cung be lu tay sai (Viet quo'c, Viet each ) de tap trung vao mdt ddi thu nha't la thuc dan Phap Hiep dinh thang la mpt budc nhUdng bp sach lUdc quan trpng Ve danh nghia, Phap cong nhan Viet Nam la mdt "quo'c gia tU do" (chUa phai la ddc lap) ma d i ngd va'n di" tho'ng nha't (qua trUng cau dan y) va 15 ngan quan Phap dUdc vao Rghien cihi hich sfr sg 7.2014 mien Bac (dUdi danh nghia thay quan Trung Hoa) thdi han nam, mdi nam nit phan Hiep dinh chi mang tfnh "sd bp" ma cdn can nhieu cupc dam phan gifla chfnh phu Phap vdi chinh phu Viet Nam Dan chil Cdng hda (VNDCCH) Qua trinh dam phan keo dai tdi thang, tfl Hpi nghi Da Lat (19/4 - 11/5) di'n Hdi nghi Fontainebleau (6/7 - 13/9) NhQng va'n de tranh cai tren ban hpi nghi xoay quanh hai chfl "Dpc lap" cho Viet Nam vdi nhiing quyen ldi uu dai cua ngUdi Phap d Viet Nam NhUng cung thdi gian dd, eao uy Phap b Dong DUdng la Dd ddc D'Argenlieu, ke cam dau phai thiic dan hiiu chii'n tuyin bd' lap "qudc gia" Nam Ky vdi mot chinh phu bu nhin tach khdi Viet Nam va md hpi nghi gdm bpn tay sai d i ban vi" "quy chi' Dong DUdng" Hp cd' tinh lam mot "viic da rdi", di ngUdc nhflng va'n de dang dupc ban thao b Hpi nghi chinh thiic Do vay, Hdi nghi Fontainebleau tan vd sau hdn hai thang tranh cai, khong di di'n mdt quyi't dinh nao Nham cdu van nguy cd chii'n tranh cang din gan, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da ky vdi dai dien chfnh phu Phap la M Moutet (Bp trudng bp Hai ngoai, t i n gpi mdi ciia Bo Thupc dia) mdt ban Tam lidc dim 14-91946, Npi dung ban Tam Udc gdm 11 dieu kem theo Tuyen bo' chung nham gop phan tao nin khdng yen tinh, tin cay de tUdng lai gan (khdng qua thang 11947) se tii'p tuc thUPng lUdng di de'n ban hiip udc chfnh thflc Hai ben quyi't dinh dinh chi xung dot, trao tra ngUdi bi bat, thda thuan dat ddng bac Ddng Dudng nam khu vUc ddng Franc ciia Phap Cac quyen ldi kinh te, van hoa cua Phap d Viet Nam dupc bao dam, cac ky thuat gia ngUdi Phap dUdc Uu tien sii dung, tieng Phap dUdc coi la ngoai ngfl thU nha't Cd the ndi day la budc hda hoan tii'p theo sau Hiep dinh sd bp de ciJu van nen hda binh dang bi xam pham Chii'n tranh b mien Nam lan rpng, khdng cang thang b cac phd' miin Bac ndng dan tflng Dang nhan dinh "Tam Udc 14-9 la bUdc nhan nhUdng cum cung Nhan nhUdng nfla la pham din chu quyen ciia nUdc, la hai quyen ldi cao trpng cua dan tdc" (13) Mae dau vao cud'i nam 1946 d Phap c6 mpt vai thay dd'i chinh phii, cung da xua't hiin y kiin dan xep hda binh va'n de Viet Nam nhUng "bd ba hie'u chii'n" (14) dang nam quyen b Dong DUdng ud tinh thuc day chien tranh ma diim khdi sU la vu tan cong Hai Phdng rdi tdi vu tan sat h Ha Ndi dau thang 12 Nhan ban tS^i hau thU ciia tudng Phap Morliere ddi quSn dpi va tU ve Viet Nam phai nop toan bd vu khf Dang nhan dinh chi vong 24 gicf la cung, Phap se no sung, chii'n tranh la dieu khong thi' tranh khoi Minh l i n h chii'n da'u dUdc ban ra: "Ta't ca hay san sang" (15) Diing 20 gid 03 phiit 19-12-1946, den dien Ha Ndi phut tat, dai bac tfl phao dai Lang ban nhflng phat dau tien Hiiu lenh khang chii'n tfl Ha Npi lan toan qud'c Chii tich Hd Chi Minh ldi kiu gpi: "Gid eflu nUdc da di'n Ta phai hy sinh den gipt mau cud'i cung de gifl gin da't nUdc" (16) Nhu vay, nam 1946, vdi hai van ban dUdc ky k i t (Hiip dinh 6-3 va Tam udc 14-9), cung cupc dam phan (Da Lat va Fontainebleau) cung nhieu cuSc gap trUc tii'p gifla Chii tich Ho Chi Minh vdi gidi cam quyen Phap (d Ha Long va Paris), lap trUdng cua Viet Nam dUdc cing bd' ra't ro rang: Viet Nam phai dUdc dpc lap va thd'ng nha't, san sang gia nhap Lien hiep Phap, bao dam quyen ldi Uu dai cua ngUcfi Phap Hd Chi Minh tuyin bo: "Viet Nam can nudc Phap Nudc Phap cung can Viet Nam Chi cd long tin cay iSn va sd cdng tac binh ddng, that tha thi mdi di den Ijanh franh lim h i ^ hoa binh ket qua than thiin gifla hai nUdc" (17) Ro rang, bang mpi cd gdng di hda hoan tinh hinh, nhUng nen hda binh nhan dan Viet Nam mong ddi van khdng tdi dUdc Gidi c^m quyen thUc dan Phap da cd' tinh thuc d^y cupc chien tranh vdi niem tin se nhanh chong giai quyet va'n de Ddng Dudng theo ldi ich cua hp Tiep tuc co' gang v a n hdi hda binh (1947) Mac ddu chii'n tranh da bung nd t r i n toan coi Viet Nam, nhflng thang dau nam 1947 Chu tich Hd Chi Minh vSn liin tuc giii thu den Quo'c hpi, Chinh phu va nhan dan Phap k i u gpi ngflng ban, lap lai hoa binh Trong thU gili Chinh phii Phap 25-1-1947, Hd Chf Minh nha'n manh: "Chung t i i cdn trinh trpng nhac lai lap trudng tfl xUa tdi khong thay ddi ciia nude Viet Nam, cd the tdm tat hai diem sau day: D6c lap va thd'ng nha't qud'c gia; Cong tac than thien vdi nUdc Phap tren can ban binh dang va ton trpng nhflng thda hiep tU ky ki't" (18) Nhung phia Phap khong dap Ung de nghi Thang 4-1947, mpt nhan vat dan sii E BoUaert sang thay D'Argenlieu, tuyin bd tai Ha Ddng ve y dinh tim kie'm hoa binh cf Dong Duong Theo de nghi ciia phia Phap, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh ddng y tie'p phai vien ciia BoUaert la Paul Mus dim 12-5 tai Thai Nguyin Nhflng dieu kiin phia Phap dUa la ddi Viet Nam phai giao nop toan bp vu va dd quan linh Phap dUdc tu di lai, kiem soat da't nUdc Cd the tha'y rang cupc gap Thai Nguyen, phia Phap thuc chi lam mpt "ddng tdc gid" nham Ifla dd'i du luan Phap, ladi cho the gidi tudng rang khdng the dieu dinh vdi chi'nh phu Hd Chi Minh Do v^y, nhflng cd gdng van hdi hda binh cua Viet Nam khdng dUpc ddi phUdng thuc t&m dap iing, canh cila hda binh khep l^i! Hdng gianh la'y phan thang, nfla sau nam 1947, thuc dan Phap tung hai ddn, vfla quan sU, vfla chinh tri Thang 10, quan Phap phd'i hdp thuy luc khdng quan md cupc tii'n cdng quy mo vao can cfl dia Viet Bac hdng bat gpn bp may dau nao khang chii'n cila VNDCCH Nhung ehung da don nhan tha't bai nang ne, phai rut quan sau 75 dim hi phan cong kich liet Thang 12, Phap dung lai bai Bao Dai dd dang tru ngu tai Hdng Kong, ky ban Tuyen bd' Ha Long hdng lap mot chinh phu chdng lai khang chii'n Vdi bon bu nhin, hpc gia ngudi Phap Ph Devillers nhan xet "chinh phii Phap long trpng tuyen bo' trao tra dpe lap cho Viet Nam nhung sU thue la hp khong muo'n giao mpt quyen hanh thflc te nao ca" (19) Be lu sdng lay lat cho di'n chii'n tranh ki't thuc, tan cflng sU tham bai cila thUe dan Phap Tim kie'm t h a n g ldi q u a n sfl d i d a m p h a n h o a b i n h (1953-1954) Nam 1950 cue diin Ddng A co sfl chuyen bii'n ldn Thang ldi cua each mang Trung Qud'c tao dii"u kiin cho Viet Nam tie'p xuc vdi thi' gidi bin ngoai qua mo'i quan h i vdi cac nUdc xa hpi chii nghia (XHCN) Cupc khang chii'n d Viet Nam ehii yeu van la cupc chii'n tranh gifla nhan dan Viet Nam dUdc Trung Quo'c va Lien Xd ung hd cho'ng lai quan Phap xam lUde dUdc My va Anh viin trd Dieu khac vdi chien tranh tren ban dao Cao Ly, ndi bpc lp mdi mau thudn sau sdc gifla hai phe XHCN va TBCN, tren chii'n trUdng da diln sU giao chii'n true tie'p gifla quan dpi Trung Qud'c va Trieu Tien vdi quan dpi My va Han Quo'c Trong suo't ba nam chii'n tranh khdng phan thdng bai (1950-1953), tinh hinh chii'n trUdng Cao Ly rdi vao thi' gidng CO Di'n 27-7-1953, chien tranh Cao Ly ngUng lai vdi Hiip dinh dinh chii'n Bdn Mdn Bie'm, hai bin Bdc va Nam lai trd ve vi Rghien eihi Ljeh SIS', so 7.2Q14 trf xua't phat la vi tuyi'n 38 Dieu cho tha'y Trat tu hai cUc t r i n pham vi the gidi, ca hai phe deu chUa the chii'm Uu the t r i n chien trUdng diim ndng thUc sfl dd tap trung b chau Au gifla Ddng Au va Tay Au, Ddng DUc va Tay Dflc, Ddng Berlin va Tay Berlin Ca Lien Xd va My deu khong mud'n ddn sflc vao vung Ddng A xa xdi, nh&t \a sau My da rdi bd Trung Quo'c, chi cflu dUdc Dai Loan Cupc (finh chii'n d Cao Ly dUdc coi la giai phap kieu mau cho cac cupc chii'n tranh khac ma ca hai phe deu coi dd nhU mot khudn khd cho chii'n tranh Ddng DUdng Ngay sau Ban Mon Dii'm, 4-8-1953, Lien Xd lan dau tiin dua gpi y trieu tap hpi nghi nUdc ldn (ke ca Cong hoa Nhan dan (CHND) Trung Hoa) de giai quyi't cac va'n di" Viin Dong De'n cuo'i nam 1953, chien tranh Dong Dudng da budc vao nam thfl ma thflc dan Phap vdn khdng tieu diet dUdc lUc lUdng each mang Viet Nam Trong suo't cuoc chii'n tranh, 19 chi'nh phii ki' tii'p b Paris da cfl sang Ddng Dudng Cao iiy ve chinh tri va tU lenh quan dpi de "do'i dau vdi mpt chfnh phu nha't la ong Ho Chf Minh va mpt nha lanh dao quan sU nha't la Dai tudng Giap" (20) Nudc Phap luc da qua met mdi vdi cupc chii'n vo vpng b Dong Dudng, phong trao nhan dan phan ddi chii'n tranh lan rdng tfl dUdng phd' di'n nghi trUdng, lai phu thupc vao sfl vien trd ciia My da lin de'n 73% chii'n phi cho chii'n trUdng Tim "16'i thoat danh du" trd ddi hoi bflc thii't Tudng H Navarre la nhan vat dUdc giao trpng trach va Diin Bien Phu la tran dia dUdc chpn lUa cho "canh bac Dong DUdng" ciia ca Phap va My Navarre la vi tudng thfl co nhiim vu "tim mpt lo'i thoat cho ngo cut Dong Dudng", cd nghia la "tao cac dii"u kien trin linh vUc quan sU de eo mdt giai phap chinh tri danh du se dUdc Chinh phu quyi't dinh vao thdi diem thich hdp" (21) Do vay, Dien Biin Phu dfldc xay diing mot tap doan cfl diem kiin cd, "mot nhfm khdng Id" san sang "nghien nat Iflc lUdng Viet minh" Cupc khao sat cua doan cac bd trUdng (Qud'c phdng, Hai ngoai) cung nhieu tudng linh cao ca'p Phap va cd va'n My dem lai nidm lac quan, cflng "chia se niem tin vao k i t qua cua chii'n cue dang tien hanh" (22) Dau nam 1954, Hpi nghi tfl cudng (Anh, Phap, My, Liin Xd) ci Berlin thda thuan se hpp tai Genive (se mdi t h i m CHND Trung Hoa) d i ban ve giai phap chinh tri cho Trieu Tien va giai quyi't va'n de ngflng bdn d Dong DUdng Thai dp ciia Viet Nam ra't ro rang: "Cd sd ciia viic dinh chii'n la chinh phu Phap phai that tha ton trpng ndn dpc lap ciia nfldc Viet Nam" va "chu yeu la viec cua chinh phu VNDCCH vdi chlnh phu Phap" (23) Nhu vay, van de dam phan hda binh da trci kha nang hien thuc Cupc hanh trinh di'n Geneve dUdc khdi dpng va diin biin cang quyi't liet tren chii'n trUcfng Dien Bien Phil Trong suo't 56 dem (tfl 13-3 den 7-5) ea hai b i n deu ddn sflc de gianh chii'n thang vdi sfl viin trd ciia My, Anh cho Phap va cua Trung Qud'c, Lien Xo cho Viet Nam Mac ddu t r i n chii'n trUdng van chi la cudc giao chii'n gifla quan vien chinh Phap va quan dpi nhan dan Viet Nam nhUng ve tinh cha't, Dien Bien Phil da mang tinh qud'c te dam net va la nhan td quan trpng d i di tdi Hpi nghi Geneve Ca hai b i n deu muo^n tim kie'm Uu the hoa binh thdng qua tran chii'n quyi't Hit cl mien Tay Bdc Viet Nam H i e p d i n h G e n e v e - m o t giai phap hoa binh khong tron ven Hpi nghi Genive vi" Ddng DUdng co muc di'ch tim kie'm giai phap hda binh cho eu6c fjanh h-nnh Hm kiem hda bbih chii'n tranh Ddng DUdng Sau 75 dam phan, ba ban Hiip dinh ve ngflng bdn b Viet Nam, Lao, Campuchia dUdc ky ki't, hda binh dUdc lap lai t r i n toan ban dao NhUng dd la mdt nen hda binh nhu the nao thi nin xem nhflng nhan to' tac ddng din Hpi nghi Mot, khac vdi nhflng cupc dam phan tay ddi gifla Viit Nam va Phap nam 1946, Hpi nghi Genive la mdt hpi nghi qud^c ti' co dai bieu cua nUdc ldn, Ngoai trudng Liin Xd Molotov va Ngoai trUdng Anh Eden luan phien lam Chu tich Ngoai cac phien hop chinh thflc, cac cupc ban bac ve nhflng va'n de cu t h i chii yeu diin gifla trudng doan Trung Qud'c Chu An Lai va trUdng doan Phap M France (tfl sau 23-6) Vi" phfa Dong DUdng cd doan dai biiu cua Viet Nam Dan ehu Cong Hda (Pham Van Ddng), Qud'c gia Viit Nam tfle chinh quyen Bao Dai (Nguyin Qud'c Dinh) (24), Vudng quo'c Lao (Phui Sananikon) va VUdng qudc Campuchia (Tep Phan) (25) Co the tha'y tUdng quan lUc lUdng Hoi nghi, chi cd doan thupc phe XHCN ddi phUdng cd doan Chua ke rdng, mac dau Viet Nam gianh phan thdng tren chii'n trudng nhung chi la mdt ben dUde mdi dii Hpi nghi Phap gap nhieu tha't bai lai dong vai mot nudc ldn, cd vi the trin ban dam phan Dii"u ra't cd anh hUdng de'n tie'n trinh va ki't qua eua Hpi nghi Hai, khuynh hUdng bao trflm gifla cac nUdc ldn la tim each hda hoan, giam bdt cang thang d vung Ddng A theo mau hinh ngflng ban b ban dao Cao Ly - mdt hiip djnh dinh chii'n vdi su chia ddi da't nudc Nude Phap, nhU t r i n da phan tich ra't mud'n rut khdi cudc chii'n tranh "trong danh dii"; nudc Anh khdng mudn lan sdng each mang lan sang cae thudc dia cua ho Con Lien Xo, sau Stalin qua ddi, gidi lanh dao xua't hiin dudng ldi hda diu vdi phUdng Tay, chu trUdng hda binh thi dua phat trien kinh ti' gifla hai h i thdng chinh tri thay vi chay dua vu trang cang thdng va td'n kem Nudc CHND Trung Hoa sau lap phai tii'n hanh cupc chii'n tranh "khang My vien Trieu" keo dai ba nam, lai phai giup dd Viet Nam khang chii'n cho'ng Phap nen can cd thdi gian khdi phuc va phat trien kinh te nUdc Va lai sU tham dU mdt hpi nghi quo^c te dau tien cua nUdc Trung Hoa Nhan dan la cd hpi de bude len vu dai ehfnh tri quo'c te vdi vi thi' CUdng qud'c nen ra't can "sU mem deo" nha't dinh de thii't lap quan h i vdi Anh va Phap Nhflng tfnh toan dd chi phdi tien trinh cila Hpi nghi, luc dau r£lt cang thang nhflng sU nhUdng bp cang hoc Id ro net Su tan vd ciia Hoi nghi Genive ve Cao Ly (16/4 - 15/6) tao n i n mot ndi am anh ve ki't cue tuong tU ciia Hpi nghi Geneve vi" Dong Dudng Dau d ban dao Trieu Tien cung da cd Hiip dinh ngflng bdn Ban Mon Dii'm, cdn d Ddng Dudng thi chUa ed gi dam bao cho viec thii't lap hda binh Khong mud'n (trfl My) Hpi nghi tha't bai, dieu chi phdi din dam phan vdi nhflng nhan nhUdng khong co ldi cho Viet Nam Ba, My da tiing viin trd tien ctia, vu va cd' va'n eho Phap, mud'n tiep tuc theo dudi chii'n tranh d Dong DuPng de tflng bu6c gat Phap ra, ndm triic tii'p khu vUc Viic My ep Phap dUa Ngo Dinh Diem bai du trfl ba'y lau cua My - lin lam Thii tudng chinh phii Bao Dai (18-6) la mot bude thuc hien y trin Do vay My cd' tinh tha'p y nghia cua Hpi nghi Geneve, Ngoai trUdng Foster Dulles khdng tham du Hdi nghi, chi cfl Thfl trUdng B Smith lam trUdng doan nhieu dng cung vdng mat Trong cudc gap gifla Tdng thd'ng My Eishenhower va Thii tfldng Anh Churchill tai Washington (cuoi thang 6), My dua dieu kien rang budc Phap "khong dfldc di Rghien cihi IJeh s^ so 7.8014 qua gidi han" cudc dam phan Geneve Thai dp cflng rdn cua My se trUc tiep dfnh liu vao chien trUdng Ddng DUdng va viec c h u ^ bi lap khm quan sfl Ddng Nam A tao n i n m ^ lo ngai cho tat ca cac phfa hdi vi chi^n tranh se tiep tuc va gay gdt quyet liet hdn Den tuan cudi cflng cua Hpi nghi, sfl cd mat cua Dulles b Paris 14-7 de ban bac vdi M France va Eden cang gay tam 1;^ lo ngai ve kha nang My se pha hoai Hoi nghi va day manh chien tranh Ddng Dudng Mdi de dga dd tae dpng de'n Hdi nghi, tao nin sflc i p thuc d^y su hda hoan gifla cac trudng doan, trUdc hi't la gifla Trung Quo'c va Phap ke tfl sau cupc gap Chu An Lai Mendis France b Berne 23-6 Bdh, M France - nhan vat chu hoa lin lam Thu tudng thay Laniel 18-6 da dua 161 tuyen bd' se tfl chUe niu vdng mpt thang ke tfl 20-6 khdng ky dUdc hiip dinh D6 la mdt ly ve gidi han thdi gian, khdng mud'n mdt nhan vat hiiu chien se ndm quyen b Paris nen cd' tim mpi each de M France thue hien dupe ldi hfla dd Tfl nhflng nhan to' trin, giai phap chia cat tam thdi Viet Nam da hinh thanh, va'n de thao luan gay gat la gidi tuyi'n se ndm b dau Can cfl vao thflc tien chien trudng, Viet Nam dUa phUdng an vi tuyi'n 13 cdn Phap dfla vi tuyi'n 18 Cupc gap gifla Hd Chi Minh - Chu An Lai tai Liiu Chau (3 5/7) du kien nhan nhfldng di'n vi tuyi'n 16 Nhung phia Phap mud'n gifl vi tuyen 18 de gianh lay Da Nang, Hue va dUdng ndi Savanakhet vdi Quang Tri vdi ly de Lao cd dudng bien Sang 13-7 cupc gap (lin ddu tiin) gifla Pham Van Ddng vdi M France, phia Viet Nam ehfnh thflc dfla di" nghi vi tuyi'n 16, nhiing Phap van khang khang vi tuyi'n 18 Trong boi canh nhU vay, sU thue ep ve thdi gian budc phai di de'n nhan nhupng "Lap trudng cila Trung Qudc dan dan nhfeh lai gan vdi lap trudng cua Phap" nhUng "Vi^t minh thi khong td daii hiiu vdi va gi di tuan theo ldi khuyen dn hda ciia ngudi Trung Qudc" Nhflng d i n phut cuca cung, cupc hpp hep 20-7 gifla Chu An Lai, Molotov, M France, Eden va Pham Van Dong thi "lan nay, dUdi sflc ep ciia Lien Xd, Pham Van Ddng nhan vi tuyen 17, thdi han hai nam td chflc tdng tuyi'n cLf va cdng thflc khu ddng quan tam thdi ddi vdi Lao" (26) Viec ky ki't Hiep dinh dfldc chuan bi sin sang vao 20 gid tdi 20-7 NhUng chieu hdm dd, Tep Phan dai dien Vudng qudc Campuchia dua cac yeu sach mdi, doi thao luan lai nhdm keo dai thdi gian vUdt qua 20 Hai Chu tich Hdi nghi Eden va Molotov phai thuyi't phuc vdi mdt vai nhan nhupng Cudi cflng, kh6ng khf trang trpng, dung gid 20 phiit sang 21-7 l i ky Hiip dinh dinh chi chii'n sU b Viet Nam dUdc tii'n hanh vdi chfl ky cua Ta Quang Bflu - Thfl truSng Bd Quo'c phong VNDCCH va Thii'u tudng Delteil thay mSt Tdng tu lenh quan dpi Lien hiip Phap cl Dong Dudng Tuy vay, kim ddng hd phong H6i nghi vdn dflng lai sd 12, tflc 24 gicf 20-7, dung nhU ldi hfla cua Thu tUdng Phap M France Ngay hom sau, Hiep dinh dinh chi chii'n sU b Lao, b Campuchia lan lUdt dUdc ky Ban Tuyin bd cudi cflng cua Hpi nghi dfldc thdng qua (27) Ket l u a n Nhin lai chang dudng nam chien tranh de di tdi hda binh, co the riit doi dieu nhan xet sau day: - Trd ngai chu yeu ngan can kha nSng hda binh nam 1945 chinh la tU tudng thflc dan gidi lanh dao nfldc Phap thdi d6 Mac dau giai phap Hd Chi Minh h i t sflc mem deo va kiin nhan nhung phia Phap khdng cha'p nhan, tim mpi each de dfla quan tai chii'm Ddng Dudng bdng vu Iflc ^anh frinh Hm hian hda binh Cac cudc dam phan nam 1946 ddi vdi ho chi la phfldng each de tCfng bfldc thflc hiin da tam xam lupc Phai qua nhieu nam thift bai tren cac chien trudng, Paris mdi tinh ngd, tim dudng nit ehan khoi "vung Idy chii'n tranh danh dfl" Hai mfldi nam sau, thu gfli Chu tich Hd Chi Minh (8-21966) Tdng thdng De Gaulle tide nudi: "Gia nhu mpt sfl hidu biet tot hdn gifla ngudi Viit Nam va ngudi Phap sau dai chii'n the gidi thi ta cd the tranh dupc nhflng sfl bie'n tai ac dang giing xe da't nfldc Ngai hdm' nay" (28) Va ddn nam 1993, Tdng thd'ng F Mitterand phat bieu tai Ha N6i: "Ngay mai chung ta se nhd lai mpt khoanh khdc dau thfldng quan he cila chiing ta Va tdi den day de ddng lai mpt chfldng, hdn nfla, dd md mot chfldng mdi" (29) - Trong hai nam 1945-1947, Chu tich Hd Chf Minh nhii"u lan gfli thfl cho Tdng thd'ng va Ngoai trfldng My dd nghi Hoa Ky cong nhan nfldc Viit Nam ddc lap, dat quan he bang giao va ki't nap Viet Nam vao Liin hdp qudc Ddi lan, Ngfldi nhdc de'n viic nfldc My trao tra ddc lap cho Philippin (30) vdi mong mud'n Viet Nam cung dfldc hfldng chd d i tfldng tu Nhflng dudi lang kfnh eiia Trat tu thd gidi hai cflc, nha cam quyen Washington coi Hd Chf Minh la "ngUdi eua Moscow" n i n da chuyen tfl thai dp than thiin ban ddu sang "trung lap" de Phap tfl xfl ly va'n de Ddng Dudng, cudi cflng giup Phap ddy manh chien tranh xam lupc Viet Nam Di'n Hpi nghi Geneve, My la ngudi chdng l^i va tuyin bd riing ve sU khdng bi rang budc vao Hiep dinh, chudn bi cho cupc chii'n tranh tii'p sau Nam 1955, Chfnh phii VNDCCH de nghi chinh quyen sai Gdn tien hanh hiep thUdng de di tdi tdng tuydn cfl vao thang nam sau Nhung Ngd Dinh Diem khfldc tfl, trdng chd vao su giup da tfl Washington Kha nang hda binh thdng nha't dat nude hi khep lai, nguy cd chien tranh da dUdc bao trUdc - Vdi long mong mud'n lap lai hda binh d Ddng DUdng, lai ludn bi am anh bdi sU gay chii'n eua Hoa Ky, cac nUdc tham gia Hpi nghi cd tim nhflng giai phap hoa hoan, nhan nhfldng Doan VNDCCH phai cha^p nhan vi tuydn 17 vdi thdi ban tdng tuydn efl sau hai nam trfldc sflc ep cua cac nfldc ldn cl ca hai phia Hpc gia ngfldi Phap F Joyeaux nhan xet: "Sfl nhfldng bp ve gidi tuyen cd le la ki't qua cua sfl nhUdng bo dra vdi ddng minh hflng manh cua ho, dong thdi c6 le la sflc ep cua Trung Quoc ddi vdi hp" (31) Cai dap so' ma Bdc Kinh dat dfldc Geneve la m i t Ding Dudng gdm nUdc VNDCCH, VNCH, VUdng qud'c Lao, VUdng Qudc Campuchia, khac vdi dii"u mii"n Bdc Viet Nam suy nghi la tinh trang chia cat chi cd tinh cha't tam thdi, Viet Nam phai la mpt qudc gia thd'ng nha't Nhin lai, cd the thSfy day la mdt nhflng nguyin nhan ddn tdi sfl ran nflt quan he Viet - Trung bdc Id tfl nhflng nam 70 ciia the ky trfldc Diiu dd lam eho nen hda binh sau nam 1975 cua Viet Nam lai trd mong manh, bi de dpa Bi kich cdn keo dai trfldc tham vpng ba quyen cua ngfldi lang gieng phUdng Bdc Da't nUdc da di qua gan 80 nam Dpc lap, nhUng da cd thap nien nao ngfldi dan Viet dUdc hudng mpt nen hda binh trpn ven? Di'n hom nay, cudc hanh trinh tim kii'n hda binh van cdn dang tii'p tuc CHU THICH (1) William J Duiker: Les Etats Unis et I' Indochine frnncaise Trong cuon L Indochine francaise 1940-1945 Ed PUF tr 190 Che thac quan quae te la uy thac mot so nUdc quan 1^ quoc gia d6 thoi 22 gian qua tieh t6i doc lap (2) William J Duiker: Sdd, tr 191 (3) Dang Cong san Viet Nam (DCSVN): Vdn kiSn Ddng todn tap, tap 7, Nxb Chlnh tri Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2000, tr 151 (4) Vien Quan he quoc tg Bo Ngoai giao: Chu tick Hi Chi Minh vdi cong tdc ngoai giao Nxb Su that tr 51-52 (5) Philippe Devillers: Paris-Saigon-Hanoi Tdi lieu luu trS cua cuoc chii'n tranh 1944-1947 Nxb Tp Ho Ghi Minh, 1993, tr 40 (6) Speech of De Gaulle 30 Janvier 1944 (http:11en,wikipedia.orgt wiki IBrazaville_Confere nce_of_1944) Brazaville - Thu Congo, la thuoc dia cua Phap (7) D i n theo Philippe Devillers: Sdd, tr 84-85; Xem th&m Paul Isoart' Aux origines d 'une guerre cu6'n LTndochine francaise 1940-1944, Ed PressG universitaire de France (PUF), tr 46-47 (8) Joseph Buttinger: Vietnam - A political History New York 1968, tr, 205 Paul Doumer la To^n quyen Phap cf Dong Dudng tif 1897 de'n 1902 (9), William H Walnwright: Fails et evenements essentiels Trong cuo'n Le General De Gaulle et I 'Indochine 1940-1946 Ed Plon, Paris, tr 68 (10) Trong bao cao gfli ve Paris, Pignon va Alessandri nhan xet ve Ho Chi Minh la "nhan vat manh, dUdc kinh ne", "ngay cang to ro la ngUdi diing dau mdi ciia dat nUdc", "nhan vat hang d^u nhanh chong noi bat ro net cf san khau chinh tri chau A khong sanh kip" Con Sainteny sau viet Hoi ky "Do thong minh, hoc rong, hoat dpng phi thUOng, euoe song kho hanh, tuyet doi vo tu, khong ehut vu lcfi ca nhan, ong da dat dUdc uy tin va sU g^n giii nhan dan khong sanh kip Ra't dang tiec la nu6c Phap da eoi nhe, khong hieu het gia tri va siie manh eiia nhan vat nay" J Sainteny: Cdu chuyen ve mot nin hoa binh bi bo Id Nxb Cong an Nhan dan, Ha Noi 2003, tr 210, 221 224-225 (11) Tren thuc te, 18-3 tUdng Leelerc da d i n 1.200 quan Phap tfl Hai Phong len Ha Noi den 18-9 (tdc thang sau), quan Trung Hoa mdi rut het khoi Viet Nam (12) DCSVN: Van kiin Ddng todn tap, tap 7, sdd, tr 114 (13) DCSVN: Vdn kien Ddng todn tdp, tap 8, sdd tr 147 Rghien ciru Lich siir sd 7.2014 (14) "B6 ba" gdm Do d6c D'Argenlieu - Cao uy nim toan quyin, TuSng Valluy • Tong tU lenh quan doi Phap Dong DUdng va Pignon - Uy vien Lien bang phu trach nhiing van de chinh tri Nhom dUOc sU iing ho cua phai bao thu d Paris, r a siic pha hoai vi§c thUdng lUdng va rao riet chuan hi chien tranh (15) V6 Nguyen Giap: ChUn ddu vong vdy Nxb Quan dpi Nhan d^n, Ha Noi, 1995, tr 24 (16) Ho Chi Minh Todn tap, tap Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2000, tr 234 (17) Dan theo Nguyin Dinh Bin (chii bien): Ngoai giao Viet Nam 1945-2000 Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Noi, 2002, tr 77-78 (18) H6 Chi Minh Todn tdp, tap 5, sdd, tr, 12 (19), (28) Ph Devillers, sdd, tr 491, 27 (20) (21) H Navarre- Dong Duang hdp hot Nxb Cong an Nhdn dan, Ha Npi, 2004, tr 56, 106 (22) H Navarre: Thdi dii'm cua nhufng sii that Nxb Cong an Nhan dan, Ha Noi, 1994, tr 153 (23) H6 Chi Minh Todn tap, tap 7, sdd, tr.168-169 (24) Khi Ngo Dinh Diem lam thii tufing (18-61954) da thay trUcfng doan la T r l n VSn D5 (25), Ngay phien hpp dau tiSn, TruSng doan VNDCCH Pham Van Dong da len tieng doi phai CO sU tham gia cua dai bieu cac lUc lUdng khang chien Pathet Lao va Khmer Issarak Nhung cac dai bieu khac, ke ca Lien Xo va Trung Quoc, deu khong tan thanh, coi doan Vuong quoc Lao va VMOng quo'c Khmer la dai dien chinh thi3c ciia hai quoe gia Tuy vay, doan VNDCCH ciing CO mat dai dien Pathets Lao Nouhak vk dai dien Khmer Isarak Keo Manruy (26) Ho sd luu triJ Bp Ngoai giao Phap Din theo F Joyeaux: Trung Quoc vd viec gidi quyet cuoc chien tranh Dong DUdng ldn thii nhdt (Geneve 1954) " Nxb Thong tin ly luan Ha Noi, 1981, tr 470, 471-472 (27) Tham khao Tien Giang' Chu An Laid Hoi nghi Geneve Nxb Lich sfl Dang C6ng san Trung Quoc, 2005 Ban tieng Viet Tran Thu Mmh, Dudng Danh Dy dich (29) Diin vdn cua Tdng thdng F Mitterand tai budi chieu ddi cua Chu tich nUdc CHXNCN Viet Nam Bao Nhdn ddn 10-2-1993 (30) Sau thUcing co n h a n dinh sai lim coi Phillipin va nhieu nu6c khac la "thu6c dia kieu mdi" cua chii nghia de quoc (31) F Joyeaux: Sdd, tr 469