www.jobslinkbd.com Visuals ABOUTGRAPHS, WRITING AN D TABLES DIAGRAMS Gabi Duigu www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com @ Gabi Duigu 2001 All rights reserved Published by Academic English Press 9/13 Armstrong Street Cammeray NS\f 2062 Australia Ph:02 94376330 email:g.duigu@unsw.edu.au Distributedby: Melting Pot Press 10 GraftonStreet NS\( 2008 Chippendale Australia Ph: (5r) 29212 1882 F a x : 29 11 8 email:books@elt.com.au r s B N0 - 9 - - www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com : : l i : : : i ; ; : : : : l : : : : : : : : : : l : :!':::::::::::::::::|' : :: ::::!' ::-::::::::::::::::: l:l:::l::::::l.l.l : | | | : :ltl lf::::r:::a:a:t:t::.t: : .: .: Part1 t The Purposeof GraphsandTables .2 Part 2 \WritingaboutGraphsandThbles \ W r i t i n g t hI en t r o d u c t i o n 2.2 TimeExpressions 2.3 Expressions of Measurement 10 .13 15 Part3 \TritingtheReport 3.1 Contrast 3.2 Tiends 3.3 Correlations 25 ,.25 32 35 Part4 Using the Right sryle 4.1 Modifiers 4.2 Using the CorrectSryleand Avoiding Errors 39 39 48 Part5 Diagrams 5.1 VocabularyandGrammar U s i n g a g o o d s r y.l e AnswerK"y .55 55 56 59 www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com \With thanks to Maryanne Sheafor making the book possible,and for her enduring patience and encouragement Many of the graphs and tables in this book are basedon visualsfrom various issuesof the UNESCO Courier, to which very worthwhile publication grateful acknowledgment is made www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com :li:i.,:iii:.: !::ii'.t.iilil j::::aii,::::.::::itiii.J :::::::l :ltir,,:::::t:t:,,1::::::::::::::::t:t: :r::i:r;iil;:,:iti;;lir,:i t:ri;':f: t::ttt:l;:ti;ittiit lntroductionand Overview Many books exist that are guides to academicwriting for native speakers.There are also a number for non-native speakers.Of these,quite a few deal with the use of graphs, tablesand other visuals.However, they normally explain how to insert or use thesevisuals to make your work more interesting and easyto understand.They not usually explain how to write about thesevisual aids The primary purpose of this book is to help you with the \Writing Thsk I of the IELIS Academic test Howevet becauseit attempts to deal with the language required in a systematicway, you may find that much of the information it contains could be useful to you later during your studies,if you ever need to use graphs, tablesor the like in your work So perhapsyou should not give the book away as soon as you have passedyour IELIS )i()K)K)t()K 'Writing Thsk 1, it is In order to write about visuals,as required in IELIS Academic necessaryto understand what to write, as well as ltotl to write it The first section of this book therefore beginswith a discussionabout the main purpose and featuresof graphs, tablesand other visuals,and provides exercisesto practiseidenti$'ing these correctly The later sections then go on to deal with the languagerequired to write about them There are vocabulary lists, explanationsabout meaning and grammar, and exercises.There is also an Answer Key, and model answersare provided, so that the book can be used for self-studyas well as class-roomuse www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com Visuals:Writingabout Graphs,Tablesand Diagrams Since most of the IELTS Academic \Writing Thsk questions deal with graphs and rables,and since they require specific interpretation and writing conyentions,we will first focus on these A Note on terminology: The IELIS Handbook mentions diagrams and tables Clearly this includes graphs (the most common visual used in \Writing Task 1) under diagrams Other books talk about visuals to cover all of these.Youdo not need to worry about this as the label is usually given in the introduction to the task and you can simply use the sameword in your answer ThePurposeof Graphsand Tables In order to know how to something properly, it is necessaryto understand the parpose of that thing tWe actually need to know two things: a) the purpose of using graphs and tables;and b) the purpose of utriting about the graphs and tables that have been used \Wewill deal with the first one first 1.1UsingGraphsand Tables TASK1 'Which of the following statements you think best describe the purpose of providing graphs and tables in an academic text? a) to explain what is in the t€xt in a different way b) to provide information which is additional to that provided in the text c) to make it easierto understand the conceptsby using a visual rather than by just using words d) to give an overview or an impression or a summary e) to provide more exact details than is desirablein the text rc Answer Key www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com Visuals:Writingabout Graphs,Tablesand Diagrams 1.2 Writingabout Graphsand Tables In real life, the text usually comesfrst, and the graph or table is added to support the text In fact, most books that adviseon writing, explain how to use graphs or tables to illustrate the words more cleady However, in IELTS the reverseoccurs you are given the graph, table or diagram and must supply the words In Thsk candidatesare askedto look at a diagram or table, and to present the information in their own words Depending on the type of input and the task on their abiliry to: suggested,candidatesare assessed r organise, present and possibly compare data describe the stagesofa processor procedure describe an object or event or sequenceofevents explain how something works IELTS Handbooh, 1999 Note that the first of theseis the most common task found in the Test, and the one we are dealine with now TASK2 \(zhich of the following you think best describes the purpose of writing about graphs and tables (in real academic writing)? a) to explain what is in the graph or table in a different way which makes it easierto understand b) to give exactly the same information in words, in order to emphasiseit c) to expand on what is in the graph or table by giving additional explanations about the reasonsetc d) to draw attention to the most important asp€ctsof the information shown in the graph or table tc Ansuter Ke! www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com Visuals:Writingabout Graphs,Tablesand Diagrams 1.3 Understandingthe Purpose TASK3 Look at the following graph and the descriptions given underneath, and decide which one is the most suitable Try to explain why you think so AnnualUrbanGrowthRates Average ltsto-ts T l 1995-2000 ffiil 2020-2025 Asia Europe North Latin America America a) This gdph showsthe auerageannualurban groluth rate of continentsfrom 1970 to 2025 According to the graph, Africa had about 5o/oauerageannual urban groutth rate in 1970 and ouer 4%oauerageannual urban grozuthrate in 1995 and in 2025 the auerageannual urban grou.tthrate is expectedto bejust ouer3o/o.For Asia the auerageannual urban groutth rate wasjust ouer3o/o in 1970 and 1995 and it utas expectedto be about 2o/oin 2025 In Europe, by contrast,tlte auerageannual urban groutth rat€ was only about 1.5% in 1970 and it went down to about 0.5o/oin 1995, and in 2025 it utill be lessthan 0.2o/o.In Latin America tlte auerageannual urban groutth rate utentfrom just under 4o/oin 1970 to just ouer2%oin 1995 and it tuill probably bejust ouer 1o/oin 2025 In North America the auerageannual urban groluth rAte uAs about 1o/oin 1970 and 1995 and is ffiPectedto stay tlte samein 2025 b) Looking at the graph lae cdn seethat urban {ouath has happenedon all continentssince 1970 and that it is expectedto continue right up to 2025 The most dramatic grouth is in Africa, Asia and Latin America, becAusetbesecontinentshaue experiencedthe most deuelopmentand industrialisation since 1970, while Europe and North America show lessincreaseprobably becausethey already started being more urbanised In deuelopingcountriesmary)peoplefom the countrytsideare attrdcted t0 the cities to loohfor u,,orhand better opportunities in heahh and education, but this rapid urbanisation is causingmany problems and needsto be connolled www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com Visuals:Writing about Graphs, Tablesand Diagrams that since 1970 there has beenconsiderableurban grotuth in all ) The graph shou,,s continentspresented and that this trend is expectedto continue at least until2025 Houteuer,the ratefor eaclt continent ltas not beentlte same The deuelopingcounnies of Afica, Asia and Latin America experiencedtlte most dramatic growth rates in 1975, with Afica hauing around 5o/oPer Annum, Latin America just ouer 4%oand Asia ouer3o/o In 1995 theseratesdeneasedto just ouer 4o/oin Afica and doun to about 2o/ofor Latin Anterica, but Asia remained tlte same This grouth rate is expectedto decreaseby about 1% for all three continentsbjt the year 2025 Mennuthile North America is expectedto maintain its groutth rate of 1o/op.a ouer the entire period, tahile Europe, hauing started theperiod at about 1.5o/ogrowth rate is expectedto reducethis to only about 2% by 2025 a Ansuer Ke! differenttypesof Graphsand Tables 1.4 Understanding \7e now need to look more closelyat what graphs and tablesshow, and the differencesberween them a) 'What features the following graphs have in common? CigaretteConsumptionin China 1950- 90 WorldMeatProduction, Million Tons billions: 2000 t Pork 1500 ,.a( 40 20 't0 u Poultry -ta 30 / a Beef/Buffalo -'-+/ R A' ,.8' F-.::: .ts_+ 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 b) Vhat features the following graphs have in common? How are they different from the previous ones? Percentageof distributionof Internet-connected July1999 by incomeof countlies, computers, Waste1999 Household Paper& 21% Carboard Food& Garden Materials46% High-incomecountries95.1 =Plastic 8% Middleincome counldies4.7 / Low-incomecounti reso.z Metal 6% Glass8% Other'l l% www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com Visuals:Writingabout Graphs,Tablesand Diagrams c) 'What about these graphs? Percentaqe of all children - y e a - r sw h o w o r k 9 Europe AnnualWaterConsumption: World 150 Africa 120 tuia Latin America & Caribbean Oceania ffieoys Icitlt Thousands9o of Litres (percapita)6o 30 o d) 1950 1960 1970 1980 ',I990 2000 'What kind of information the following tables provide? How does this differ from the graphs? computers Internet-connected worldwide,1981-1999 1987 1988 '1989 1990 '1991 1992 1993 1994 r 09s 1996 1997 1998 1999 28,174 s6,000 159.000 313,000 617,000 1,136,000 2,056,000 3,864,000 6,642,000 12,881,000 19,5r+0,000 36,739,000 56.218,000 Thelargestnumberof foreignstudentsby country 1995 of origin,in the 50 majorhostcountries: 115,87'l China 69,736 62,324 45,432 43,941 41,159 39,626 37,629 36,515 34,908 32,411 28.280 27,749 Korea.Republicof Japan Germany Greece Malaysia lndia Turkey Italy Morocco France Canada United States a Ansuer Ke! Understanding graphs and rables involves understanding the following details: \X/hat is the information or data in the graph or table abo :ut?[ This infarrnation is norma$t suppheA uith ilte graplt or tabla,J r$fhat 2" are the units of rneasufemeflt used? \{hat is the area (place) involved ? \f,hat is the time-scale involved ? What is the purpose of the graph or table? www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com 50 Visuals:Writingabout Graphs,Tablesand Diagrams c) those that are used like topic sentences,but are actually empry of content Here are some examples: Thereare somedffirences behaeentltesefiao countries The trendsAre not tlte same From the graplt we can seetlte uarious rates of change (Suchsentences should simply be omitted.) In other words, you should aim to use the fewest number of words necessaryto convey your meaning If you feel that you are not writing enough (150 words for the IELfS exam) you should add more detail Avoiding Repetition Repetition is another very common form of redundancy and should be avoided for the same reasons:it is not academicin sryle Moreover, if you have a mistake in a phraseyour are using, and you continue to use that samephraserepeatedly,your workwill look bad Even if you use a phrase correcdy,you cannot gain good marks in a test if you not show your abiliry to use a variety of expressions There are examplesof repetition in the task given below First, however,let us look at some ways to avoid redundancy and repetition 4.2.4Usinga CompactStyle Present Participle clausesare extremely useful for a compact style For example: Between 1860 and 1900 the temperatureremained steady.During that time the temperatureroseand fe ll by no more than 0.1" Centigrade This can be written as: Between1860 and 1900 the temperature remainedsteady,rising andfalling by no more than 0.1" Centigrade Another rypical expressionis seenin this sentence: The US had byfar the greatestshare of the information technologt marhet, accountingfor 44% of Internet connections It is important to note that the present participle, ending in ing is active in meaning It does not indicate the present tenseat all, and can be used for any tense The past participle (ending in ed or rz) is used for the passiveand is very useful in academicwriting, but is not very likely to be neededin describing graphs and tables www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com Visuals:Writingabout Graphs,Tablesand Diagrams Presentparticiple clausesare also often used with prepositions and can include nouns and adverbs: The deuelopingcounnies of Afica, Asia and Latin America experiencedthe most dramatic growth, with Afica hauing around 5o/oper Annum Other parts of speech,such as prepositions, and even punctuation can also be used to make your style compact \When you are describing a graph or table, you need to make a generalstatement (e.g carbon emissionsincreasedsigntficantly) and also give the specific details to support that statement (e.g carbon emissionsincreasedto 6000 million tons).There are a number of simple ways to combine this information Here are some examples: (Seealso section 2.4.7 under Measurements, for other examplesof common phrases.) Note the use of the comma in the following: Carbon emissionsincreasedsignificantQ, to 6000 million tons Carbon emissionsincreasedby 600%, fom 1000 million to 6000 million tons Carbon emissionincreasedto 6000 million tons, an increaseof 600% The prepositions at and u.,ith are also useful By fo, the greatestproportion of electricity uas generatedby oiL at 59% Australia ctme next, u.,ith a total of 42,215 students Indonesia uas responsible for about one third of that Amount of riceproduction, at just ouer 46 million tonnes Bettueenlg20 and 1970 the businesssectorremained constantat around 10o/o ofthe utorkforce Parentheses, either by using bracketsor commas, are also yery common: Europe, utith the greatestconsumPtionper head of cigarettes(ouer2000) uas The greatestproportion of electricity, 59o/o, utasgenerated by oil It is also useful to give details by using narnely and that is or i.e.: The region utith the secondhighest consumption of cigarettesu)astlte Western Pacif.c, utith nearly 2000 per head, and it also recordedthe secondhighest number of tobaccorelated dzaths, namely 1.185 million etc Bangladuh and Viet Nam and Thaiknd had similar leuelsof production, i.e betueen20 and 30 million tonneseaclt Lessthan half as muclt, namely 260/o, wasproducedfom brozuncoal www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD 51 www.jobslinkbd.com 52 Visuals:Writingabout Graphs,Iables and Diagrams Note: A very common error is the use of such as instead of namely The expression such as introduces examples, NOT a complete list For a complete list, use namely Look at the following examples: Thereare a number of utaysof auoiding redundancy,suclt as usingparticiple clausesand phrasesbeginning taith at Therearefour tlpes of renewabh energ!, namely solar hydro, wind and biomass enerKy TASK25 Improve the following statements by removing the redundancy in any suitable way You will need to reduce the number of sentences l From the graphs we cAn seethat there has beena changein the rate of useof email in the UK The rate of changeof email useis sltounfrom theyear 1998 to theyear 2004 Email utasusedbyfeu people in the UK in 1998 but it was used by many people in 1999 and the number kept increasing.In 1998 the number of people using email in the UK was about 10 million and fu the yar 2000 the number had d.oubledto becomeabout 20 million The graph showsthis nend continuing until2002 and then a slight reduction in growth rate to 2004 The graph shous the trend in two 4tpesof marriages in Japan benueen1950 and 1990 The ttuo typesof marriages are hue marriages and ananged marriages Thepercentageof arranged marriagesdecreased and at tlte sametime the percentageof loue marriagesincreaseddramatically betuteen1950 and 1990 In 1950 only 22o/oof the popuktion had loue marriages,uthile 650/outerein ananged marriages,but by 1990 this proportion uas inuerted, utith 83o/obeing in loue maniages and only 15% hauing arranged marriages tc Ansuer Ke! www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com Visuals:Writingabout Graphs,Iables and Diagrams 4.2.5Focus Having consideredwhat to avoid, we will now look at some suggestionsfor ways of making your sryle both academicand varied by considering your focus Look at the following graph: from 1985- 2000 WorldSpendingon Advertising (in5USmillions) , Total 330,00_9 North America :rtr::: ffiffieutop" ffi Rsia/Pacific I utin America 282,ooo 242,OOO '193,OOO 'tl::1Lry You could focus on different aspectsof the graph in a number ofways, including: North America /tas been responsible for far more expenditurein aduertising than any other area in the utorld Ouer $333,000 million uas spent on aduertising in the world in theyear 2000 Betuteen1995 and 2000 the amount spenton aduertising in the uorld has more tltan doubled However, you need to be careful about using an abstract term as the subject of your sentence.This is becauseboth the grammar and the logic of your sentencecan easily become incorrect if your command of English is limited The problem usually lies in making the subject (the abstract term, such as expenditure)fit with the verb www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD 53 www.jobslinkbd.com 54 Visuals:Writingabout Graphs,Tablesand Diagrams TASK26 Test yourself by identi$'ing which of the following are not correct: A great changein aduertising expenditurein the uorld toohplace behaeen 1985 and 2000 The Amount of erpendinre for aduertisingincreasedsharply bettueen1985 and 2000 The highest expenditurefor aduertising was in North America North America had the highest expenditure on aduertising in the world Aduertising expenditureltad an increasein theyears betueen 1985 and 2000 Tltere uas a sharp increasein expenditureon aduertising in the utorld afier 1985 The loutestexpenditure on aduertising happened in Latin America The louest expenditureon aduertising uas spent 4t Latin America North America performed the highesta.mountspent on aduertising 10 The hutest amount of aduertising uas spent$956 million by Latin America rc Ansu.,erKey 4.2.6AvoidingGrammaticalErrors: Editing Before finishing your work, read what you have written carefully and look for errors in basic gramma! particularly those involving parts of speechand verb forms Many students approach English writing incorrectly by focusing on vocabulary but ignoring the need to use the correct parts of speech.tVhe n speakingit is easyto communicate without too much aftention to grammar, but errors with parts of speechare very noticeable in writing and quite unacceptablefor academicwork Many words can appear as nouns, verbs, adjectivesand adverbs.For example: compare comltar'ison comparatiue comparatiuely distinguish distinction distinct distinctly Often, however,there are no other parts of speechavailablefor a particular word For example, urban is an adjective,and there is no noun form Another yery common €rror is to use the passiveform when this is incorrect Sentence10 in Thsk 26 a6oveis an example of this kind or error {.Jsuallythe passive is not neededin describing graphs and tables Students of all nationalities often forget the s ending on plural nouns in English Tiy to take the time to check all your nouns Finally, you should also check all your verbs to make sure that you have the correct tense www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com :::::t;i:r:i::::1::lilr.ii::i:ii:i:l :::iitirii::::i:::i.,::::rtijti:i:i:;iii : )r:tl::t:t: iti;l:;::;:ritl::;i::::,.,,r :i i l.lNrl.tl.,i.'.t , :,,:.!,,:r]]:]|]:'.'.'': :':':,::]'],:'] ::::r'l :::l::., ,,:tt:t: t t lli:rll j,,rl::: ' Diagrams Diagrams occur infrequently in IELfS Academic \Writing Task 1, and as there is very little vocabulary and grammar that coversall rypes of diagrams this section is very short It includes three practice taskswith model answers The purpose of a diagram is normally to show a process,how a piece of equipment works, or the operational structure of a system 5.1Vocabularyand Grammar The vocabulary will mostly be closely related to the specialsubject matter being shown, and so you cannot prepare for that There are, however, two aspectsof the languagethat you will require for describing most diagrams and you should make sure that you know how to use them well: a) The verbs will normally be in the present tenseand the passiveform b) \Wherea processor structure is being presented,you will need a variery of connectorsshowing stagesor time www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com 56 Visuals:Witing about Graphs,Tablesand Diagrams 5.2 Usinga good style a) Do not attempt to describethe diagram in colourful or'interesting' language.There is no need for adjectivesor adverbs b) Avoid repetition (seeprevious section) and try to vary your language c) Do not simply usefrstly secondlythirdly etc or then to link different stages Here are some other possibilities: In thefrst/ second/ etc stage Next Theprocesscontinuestuith Afrerthis You can also use then after the subject ofyour sentence,instead ofat the beginning; e.g The uater is then transported d) Vary the use of nouns and verbs: e.g instead of : The uater is then purifed write: Thepurifcation of uater is the next stageetc TASK27 The diagram below shows career paths in the travel industry.-Vrite a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below Career Paths in theTravel Sector CHIEF EXECUTIVE ,rJo* ,t" / SMALL \ M^N^GER /' BRANCH \ nfoo*rlfl*MANAGER \ TRAVEL MARKEflNG ,XRX#* MANAGER TISENIORTRAVEL>/ \ICONSULTANT\./ \l(tnternationa-l/Australianl,/ operations) rRevdlsalrs TRAVEL5ALE5 SUPERVTsOR 'sIPERVTSOR I (Commercial (Tourism) | PrivateSector) PublicSectoror | Domestic Specialised \ | \ : rnnvtcorusutteut /TRAVEL CONSULTANT (lnternational Operations) + TRAVELCONSULANT (DomesticOperations) ,.2+ TRAVEL 5ALE5 ASSISTANT TRAVEL CLERK a Ansuer Key www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com Visuals:Writingabout Graphs,Tablesand Diagrams TASK28 The diagram below shows the nitrogen cycle 'W'rite a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below THENITROGEN CYCLE NITROGENIN THE SOIL NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA IN NODULESOF LEGUMINOUs PLANTS DEAD PLANTS ANIMALSand ANIMAL EXCRETA tc Answer Key www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD 57 www.jobslinkbd.com Visuals:U/ritingabout Graphs,Tablesand Diagrams TASK29 The diagram below shows the production of steam using a gas cooled nuclear reactor 'Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below A GosCooled NucleorReoctor heol exchonger hotgos duct chorgefubes steomto furboolternotor uroniumfuelelemenis grophitemoderotors pressurevessel concreteshleld a Anstuer Ke! Note: Many text booksfor English learnersdealwith the writing of and you should refer to theseif you needmore descriptionsof processes practice www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com Visuals:Writingabout Graphs,Tablesand Diagrams AnswerKey Part 1 c) and e) Generally,avisual is used to assistin making a concept clearer,but often, especiallywith tables,the purpose is to give more details.Actually, a), b) and d) are also correct! c) and d) Since the purpose of a graph or table is to make the text easierto understand, a) cannot be correct Giving exactly the same information (b) is definitely not the purpose However, sometimesfurther explanationsare given (c), and it is always necessaryto comment on the significanceof the visual (d) c) is the correct answer,becauseit givesa summary of the significanceof the graph In text a) the figures are simply expressedin words, which are much more difficult to understand than the graph itself while b) was written by someone who is going well beyond what is in the graph and is discussingcaus€s 1) Over 1000 million tons; 2) Too small to identify 3)Just under 1000 million tons; 4) More ($31,000 million, against$27,187 million; 5) Less ($29,815 against$9z,ooo million) Part2 goeswith a) and b) Although c) is possible,it is more common in spoken English, and it is better to use thatin front of the clause 2,3 andT all go with a) Again, c) is possible,but it is better to insert thatin written English 4,5 and all go with c) only .) 7.The following arenot the only possibleanswers,but arethe most likely ones: l between1950 and 1990 / fom 1950 to 1990 Afier 1960 / From 1960 (on / onutards) benteen1950 and 1970 / fom 1950 to 1970 / for 20 yearsafier 1950, and then/ afier tltat rosedramatically, throughoutthe 40 yearsfrom 1950 / fom 1950 to 1990 / fom 1950for t/te next40 years www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD 59 www.jobslinkbd.com 60 Visuals:\fdriting about Graphs,Tablesand Diagrams In this task there are three kinds of answers:a) those which are completely correct and which are, in fact, the most common expressions;b) those which are not quite wrong, but not very usual -they sound rather odd to native speakers of English; and c) those which are completely wrong The following are the most commonly used combinations: the number of the amount of smokers;lears employees; G!n; an€mplolment; production; grouth; arms sales; cigaretteconsumption;income; expenditure the size of the population the degreeof unemplolment; literacy; cigaretteconsumption the quantity of production; arms sahs; cigaretteconsumption the rate of unemplolment; Iiteracy; production; grou)th; cigarene consumption;expenditure (Better is: the unemplolment rate, tlte literacy rate, the grouth rate) the leuel of a) and b) a) and c) GDP; unemplolment; literacy; income; expenditure a) and c) b) a) and d) 7.b) and c) and d) 4.^) Part3 'per 1000 12 a) and b) and d) are all too vague, and in a) the phrase inhabitants' is not necessary The best sentenceis c) \fhile e) is OK, it is rather too formal 13 Conjunctions, within sentencesare: but, uthile, rultereas,abhouglt, euen tbough New sentencesmust be started with: Howeuer,Neuertheless,Yet, On the other hand, By contrast Prepositions are: unlihe, as opposedto, in contrast to, instead of, apartfom, for These must be followed by nouns, not clauses except 14.The following are not necessarilythe only correct answers,but they are the most likely ones: uthile both While / Whereas and as well as Houeuer exceptfor / apart fom change/ dffirence Similarly uthile 15 The following ar€ not necessarilythe only corr€ct answers,but they are the most likely ones: Houeuer exc€ptfor / apart fom but similar Meanwhile / On the other hand www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com Visuals:Writingabout Graphs,Tablesand Diagrams 17 I increased expanded has steadily decreased grew remained rose utasreduced 18 These are the most idiomatic combinations Others may occur which are not necessarilywrong, but are unusual or odd the number of + utorkers + all the verbs except: shrank; dropped; reduced the quantitlt of + consumPtion + all the verbs except reduced theproportion + tlte uorhforce; the banking sector;( the) uorkers; consumPtion; production; + all the verbs except dropped; reduced the rate of + consum?ilon;Production; emplqlment + all verbs except reduced the leuel of + the same as above for the rate of thepercentageof + the utorkforce;the banking sector;(the) utorkers;consumption; production + rose;fell; inneased; decreased;declined; greu; dropped;fluctuated the size of + the uorkforce; the banhing sector r increased;decreased; declined; grew; expanded; shranh; fluctuated the amount of + consumPtion;Production; emPlqtment + all the verbs except reduced Note: reduced cannot be used in any of the above becauseit is a transitive verb and must have an object! It is possibleto use it in the passive;e.g.the number of workersuas reducedafrer the businessshrank 20 This is one possiblemodel answer: There is a clear correlation betuteenthe leuel offemale literacy and the leuel of population growth in the uorld The graph showsf.guresfom selectedcountries betuueen1998 and 2000 The bighestpercentageoffemale literacy wasfound in Thailand and Colombia, which also had among* the lowestpopulation grouth rates,narnely l.4o/o and 1.8o/orespectiuely.The otlter countriesnamed u,,ith high literacy rdtesare Sri Lanka, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic, each uith ouer 80%ofemale literaqt, and in eachcasethepopuktion groutlt rate is under 2o/o By contrast, thosecounnies utith uery low leuelsoffemale literacy shotu extremely high f.guresfor population grouth Afghanistan, with only 9o/oof utomen being literate, /tas an enormousgrouth rate, namely 4.5o/oand the YemenArab Republic, with an euenlouer number of literate uaomen(8%), is secondon the list, utith 3.j% population grotatlt The other coun*ies listed shouta similar Pattern It seemsuery likely that this correlation is not accidental, and that higherfemale literacy leadsto greater useoffamily planning methods www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD 61 www.jobslinkbd.com 62 Visuals:Witing about Graphs,Iablesand Diagrams 21 L The top ten spendersand top ten earnersare nearly the same NI except for Japan, UK, Germany, Canada and Netherlands earned more than they spent The top destinationsin terms of numbers of visitors did not completely coincide with the top earnings Here is a possiblemodel answer There is a strong correlation betuteentlte countries that were the top 10 spenders andthose utho ouerethe top 10 earnersin tourism in 1998 Allthe top spenders excePtJaPan and the Netherlands uere also arnong the top 10 earners,abhough UK Germarytand Canada earned lessthan they spent Interestingfit,tlte correlation betuteenthe top eArnersand the mostpopular drstinations is not so direct While the US earned more than twice as much as France ($74 billion as against $29.7 billion), France actually had 70 million arriuals as opposedto47.1 millionfor the US Houteuer,in the caseof haly and Spain the earningsand number of arriuals u)eremore closelycorrelated the costof tourism in somecountriesis clearly much higher tltan in Neuertheless, others,so tltat uthile Mexico and Poknd receiuedaround 19 million uisitorseach (pkcing tltem aboueCanada and Ausnia), they not dPPearamong the top elrners, while Ausnalia, uhich earned $8.6 billion, doesnot aPPearamong the top ten destinationsfor arriuals Part4 22 l a) significant; An enormous b) signifcantly; enormously;a great deal c) a great deal; signifcantly; enormously d) significant;enormous more than signifcantly; xeadily 23 dramatic/ (noticeable)/ (remarkable); (dramaticalll / remarkably; noticeable; about rather 24.The following are suggestedanswersonly: enormously/ drariaricallyi" relatiuelyI quite; uery/ extremely: just ouer; slightly; more tltan / uell ouer www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD www.jobslinkbd.com Visuals:Writingabout Graphs, Tablesand Diagrams 25,Here are two suggestedversions.Note that in the first casethe last sentence of the original is kept, and in the second caseit is only slighdy modified, since there is no redundancy th€re l The graph shoulsAn enormousinnease in tbe rate of email usein the UK betueen 1998 and 2004 In 1998 there were about l0 million email usersand by 2000 thisfgure had doubled The graph showsthis trend continuing until 2002 and then a slight reduction in growth rate to 2004 The graph showsthat betu,teen1950 and 1990 there uas a dramatic change in the rate of arranged marriagesin Japan Whik at the beginning of this period about 650/oof the population uterein arranged marriages,and only around 22o/o had loue marriages,by 1990 this proportion taasinuerted, uith B3o/obeing in loue marriagesand on$ 15%oinuolued in arranged marriages 26 The incorrect sentencesare: This is not an incorrectsentence,but it is an'empry'one: it conveysnot real information 2,3, and arc correctbut is not very good in sryle Expenditure cannot hauean increase.It can, however, increaseasinsentence2 is correct 7.Here the verb happenis inappropriate You can replace itby wasfound You cannot spendexpenditure- the noun andverb not go tog€ther The verb perform is incorrect here You could sayNorth America was responsible for the highestamount of expenditureon aduertising 10 The verb spendis in the passivehere, so it cannot have an object!A correct version would be: The lowestamount tltat utassPentu)d.s$956 million, by Latin America Or: $956 was spent by Latin America, and this uas the louest Amount Part5 Diagrams The following are suggested model answers: 27 Nitrogen mouesin a cyclethrough the air plants and animals and the soil, and back into the air Tbe action of lightning and offee-liuing nitrogen-f.xing bacteria carriesthe nitrogen into the soil At tlte sametime somenitrogen-fixing bacteria in the nodulesof leguminousplants take the ninogen directlyfom the air The nitrogen in the soil is taken up by non-leguminousgreenplants, wltile leguminouspknts deriue (get) nitrogerudirectlyfom the bacteria in their nodules.Both typesof pknts are consumedby animak Tlten, wheruthe animak and plants die, or tlte animals excretetheir food, the ninogen is returned to the soil, where it is acted on by dennifiting bacteria Thesecausethe nitrogen to be returned to the air and the cyclecontinun www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD 63 www.jobslinkbd.com 64 Visuals:U/ritingabout Graphs,Tablesand Diagrams 28 Tbprogressin the trauel industry there are tu)o careerpaths that can befollowed Beginning as either a trauel salesassistantor a nauel clerk, an employeecanfrst becomea trauel consubantfor domesticolterationsand then bepromoted to international operations.From there it is possibleto mouein three directions Ti,auelconsubantscan becomesenior trauel consuhants,but fom that position there is no further direct promotion They can abo cltooseto moueeither in the direction of the commercialpriuate sector,or tourism and thepublic or specialised domesticsector.In tlte priuate sectorthe next stePis to trauel salessuperuisorand fom there to small agenc! manag€r or branch manager.In the tourism sectorone can either bepromoted to nauel administration manager or marketing manager \Vhile both small agenc! mdnagersand marketing managerscan moueuP to CEO leueldirectly for branch managersand trauel administration managers there is still another stage,that of senior manager,to go through beforereaching the top 29 A gas-coolednuclear reActorconsistsof the reactor itself and a heat exchanger The reactor contains uranium fuel elementswhich are surrounded by graphite moderatorsand topped by chargetubesfor loadingfuel elements,and boron control rods The tuhole reactor is contained in a pressureuesselsunounded by a concreteshield From the reActorthe hot gasflou.,sthrough a duct into the heat exchanger.There a pipe brings in water uhich is heated to stedm,and this thenflouts out to the turbo-ahernator Meanu)hile the hot gas sinks to the bottom of the heat excltanger and passesthrough a gas blouter uhich pushesit into a coolgas duct and back to the reactor www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD [...]...www.jobslinkbd.com Visuals: Writingabout Graphs,Tablesand Diagrams Let us look at the graphs and tablesshown above once more, and answer the following questions: 'What 1 are the units of measurementused? 2.'W-hat is the area (place) involved ? 3 Vhat is the time-scaleinvolved ? 4 \What is the purpose of the graph or table? After examining the graphs and tables above you will have noticed... increased , the production of sheepand goat meat remained steadyt/trougltout the period at around 5 million tons rc Answer Kel www.facebook.com/groups/EnglishLanguageCare www.facebook.com/JobsLinkBD 31 www.jobslinkbd.com 32 Visuals: Writingabout Graphs,Iables and Diagrams 3.2 Trends:Increaseand Decrease Graphsas Landscape Becauseof the appearance of graphs,the following geographicand descriptive er