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Close to a person : gần gũi ai pleasure (n) niềm vui thích, niềm thú vị colleagues = coworkers = employees = workers = crew = fellows = peers = associates = agents = team members : đồng nghiệp Key A Dịch: Bà Hồng đã là 1 đồng nghiệp thân thiết của tôi trong 7 năm và được làm việc với cô ấy là 1 niềm vui thích. 103. A banquet is being held in honor of the governor ........... political career began in 1989 in an underground student movement and spanned almost quarter a century. A. who B. whom C. Which D. whose Whose + n political career : sự nghiệp chính trị in honor of : vinh danh ai honor SO for st : vinh danh ai đó vì điều gì underground student movement : phong trào sinh viên ngầm span (v quá khứ của spin ): kéo dài, mở rộng almost (adv ) gần như, hầu như almost quarter a century = almost quarter all of half of + mạo từ + danh từ almost + adjadvv almost everyone (everybody) everything no one nothing banquet = carnival = festival = celebration = anniversary = ceremony = luncheon = dinner = occassion = reception = function : bữa tiệc, lễ kỉ niệm, ngày lễ Key D Dịch: Một bữa tiệc được tổ chức để vinh danh ngài Thống Đốc người mà sự nghiệp chính trị bắt đầu từ năm 89 trong 1 phong trào sinh viên ngầm và kéo dài gần 1 phần tư thế kỷ. 104. The school announced that all handout materials will be supplied in class ............ now on.
VOCABULARY BY TOPICS FOR IELTS AND TOELF 1st edition ĐÔI LỜI Tài liệu tổng hợp nhằm mục đích giúp bạn ôn thi kì thi tiếng Anh tiêu chuẩn IELTS, TOEFL có thêm từ vựng idea cho kĩ Writing Speaking Tài liệu tổng hợp đăng lên web cá nhân thầy Domini Cole website dcielts.com Việc tổng hợp lại viết thành ấn phẩm miễn phí nhằm mục đích giúp bạn học tiếng Anh tra cứu dễ dàng Sách xuất định dạng PDF, EPUB PRC nhằm hỗ trợ tối đa bạn học đọc lúc nơi Tài liệu không để water mark, không để footer header, để tránh việc bạn in khó đọc (các bạn thông cảm kĩ diễn đạt tiếng Việt tôi) Tài liệu tổng hợp từ vựng theo số topic, giới hạn số topic, nhiên cập nhật tiếp thời gian tới Các cập nhật (do tự viết) đăng lên số trang cá nhân (có thể xem dưới), bạn truy cập vào để theo dõi lấy để làm tài liệu học tập Các từ vựng tài liệu có kèm ví dụ giải thích, thích cần thiết nên dễ hiểu bạn chưa biết từ vựng Đồng thời, thân từ vựng ví dụ lời gợi ý mặt idea cho bạn phần thi Writing hay Speaking Cách sử dụng cụ thể, phân tích cụ thể website ducthangbui.com thời gian tới, bạn ghé qua để tìm hiểu Đồng thời trang web cá nhân này, xuất miễn phí ấn tập hợp Collocation for IELTS, gồm cụm từ vựng hay hữu ích, giúp ích bạn nhiều trình học IELTS TOEFL Các bạn vào ducthangbui.com, mục tài liệu để tài, tài liệu hoàn toàn miễn phí Các bạn tìm thêm số tài liệu, chia sẻ kinh nghiệm, học bổ trợ cho IELTS, tiếng Anh TOEFL số kênh sau: Trang blog cá nhân: ducthangbui.com Facebook cá nhân: https://www.facebook.com/buidt Fanpage tôi: https://www.facebook.com/ieltsducthangbui Hi vọng tài liệu chia sẻ giúp ích bạn trình chinh phục IELTS Chúc bạn thành công Hà Nội 2016 Duc Thang Bui Contents GOVERNMENT Forms of government What central governments People within a government What local governments Thinking long-term and short short-term How people can influence governments IMMIGRATION Some common word combinations Arguments in favour of immigration Arguments against immigration 10 Measures and solutions 10 CLIMATE CHANGE 12 Talking about the size of the problem 12 Negative Effects 12 Causes 13 Possible solutions 13 Ways of taking action 14 How individuals can help 14 EMPLOYMENT 16 Employ - word formation 16 Work 16 Job 16 Career 17 Adjectives to describe jobs 17 ADVERTISING 19 Advert, advertisement or ad? 19 Different forms of advertising 19 Adjectives to describe advertising 19 Other related words 20 TECHNOLOGY 21 Progress words 21 Impact of technology 21 Technology and computer words 21 Technological Device 23 FAMILY 24 Types of family 24 Family resemblances 24 Family relationships 25 GLOBALIZATION 26 The world – the countries 26 How to say “global” 26 Co-operation and integration 27 A warning – local variations 28 Level of degrees 28 Types of education 28 Types of course 29 Forms of learning 29 Financial aid for students 29 CRIME 31 Types of crime 31 Punishments 31 The justice process 32 Other useful phrases 32 ENVIRONMENT 33 Environmental problems 33 The Environment 33 Pollution 33 Our effect on the natural world 34 Global warming 34 ENERGY 35 Type of Energy 35 Useful verbs go with Energy 35 Another idea about Energy 35 GOVERNMENT Forms of government central government: this is the national government of a country local government: this is the regional form of government that typically takes care of more local issues the authorities: this is a general term for all forms of government – note that we use it in the plural regulatory bodies: these are bodies which are sometimes set up by the government and sometimes self-regulatory and typically they control one specific area such as advertising Legislation is not always the answer enforcement agencies: these are bodies that have direct control of how laws are being obeyed This is something central government does not always itself An example of an enforcement agency is the body that monitors pollution in rivers international organisations: don’t forget these either many problems need global solutions and demand international cooperation from bodies like the UN NGOs: these are the opposite of governments! NGO stands for Non Governmental Organisation Almost always their work is charitable and very often in aid and development You are most likely to refer to them when countries help each other What central governments pass/introduce legislation: The time has come when the government needs to introduce new legislation to protect the privacy of citizens bring in/enact laws: One possible solution is for the government to bring in laws that prohibit the sale of tobacco to anyone under 21 adopt policies: One possibility is for the government to adopt policies that encourage mothers to return to work take measures/action: The situation is now so severe that the government must take measures to police the internet raise (and lower) taxes: One way to limit air pollution from aircraft would be for the government to raise airport tax have/provide a budget/funding: It is the responsibility of the government to provide more funding for research into renewable energy ban/prohibit: Most people would agree that there should be a ban on the sale of automatic weapons People within a government departments: The Health Department should ensure that doctors are not forced to work a 60-hour week political parties; This is one issue where all political parties should work together to provide a solution politicians: If enough people protested then politicians would have to listen and take action What local governments impose fines: Local councils should ensure that householders are fined if they they not recycle their waste properly provide resources/services: Local government needs to provide adequate resources for schools so that they can cope with the influx of children who speak English as a second language maintain: If local governments maintained the roads in a better condition, then there would be fewer problems with traffic congestion fund: Councils could fund local community projects where residents work as volunteers in schools and hospitals hire: It would certainly help if local councils hired more staff Thinking long-term and short short-term temporary: One idea is that the government could introduce a temporary restriction on immigration to determine what effect it would have on employment rates long-term The government needs to consider the long-term effect of a poorly trained workforce immediate Governments of wealthier countries should provide financial assistance to people in disaster zones to help with their immediate needs a stopgap measure While this may only be a stopgap measure, it would help if governments sent financial aid to disaster areas How people can influence governments lobby politicians: Individuals could help here by lobbying their elected representatives and MPs to try and force them to introduce legislation engage in peaceful protests/demonstrations It is possible that the government might be swayed by peaceful demonstrations asking for more action on the environment IMMIGRATION The key words for describing immigration are immigrant – the person immigrate – the verb immigration – the idea Note that immigrants (people who enter a country) are also emigrants (people who leave a country) and also migrants Some common word combinations illegal immigrants: – people who enter a country illegally economic migrants: – people who move country to earn more money migrant workers: – note that migrant can also work as an adjective immigrant community/population: – this can be used for people who have settled in country for some time influx of immigrants: – this is usually used in a negative sense meaning that there are too many immigrants first generation immigrant: – this is either an immigrant or a child on an immigrant [sometimes it is hyphenated as “first-generation”] Arguments in favour of immigration dynamism: Immigrants provide dynamism which is beneficial to the economy and helps growth and competitiveness For example, many immigrants set up their own businesses unskilled labour: In many countries there is a shortage of unskilled labour and the immigrant population is typically willing to work that the native population is not This is particularly the case in agricultural communities where immigrants provide seasonal labour in the harvest season skilled labour: A large proportion of young immigrants are highly-qualified university graduates and they work in fields where there is a shortage of skilled labour childcare: Another benefit that immigrants bring is that they often work in childcare or as home helps and this enables more mothers to return to work boost the economy: Most research shows that encouraging immigration actually provides a boost to the economy as immigrants are net contributors to the GDP There is also evidence that they actually claim fewer benefits and pay more tax than the native population principle of freedom of movement: There is also the consideration that the principle of freedom of movement is a human right and that people should be allowed to choose where they live short-term only: It should also be considered that many younger migrants return home once they have earned enough money and will never claim pensions in their host country Arguments against immigration integration: The major argument against immigration is that so many migrants fail to integrate with the local community and culture and this leads to social tension and even unrest local services and jobs: One common difficulty is that they increase the pressure on local services and create competition for local jobs and this creates ill-will claim benefits/social housing: One reason why people want less immigration is that immigrants not pay tax and still claim benefits and require social housing that is paid for by taxpayers schools: Another serious issue is that in some areas schools not have sufficient places for the children and so class sizes become unmanageable language: Related to this is the problem that many immigrants only have a basic command of the language and this can lead to difficulties in the classroom and elsewhere loss of trained workers: The impact on poorer countries who lose much of their trained workforce through emigration should also not be forgotten overcrowding/population: Many countries need to limit immigration because they are already suffering from over-population Measures and solutions taxes and law: One possible measure is to ensure that migrants pay taxes and are subject to the criminal justice system TECHNOLOGY Progress words When you write and speak about computers and technology, very often you will be asked to say how technology has changed or progressed Innovation /innovative: The cloud is one of the latest innovations in computer technology Advance: One major advance is in the use of computers in transport regulation Develop /development: It is not easy to predict how this technology is going to develop Progress: The 21st century has already seen considerable progress in computer technology Revolution /revolutionary/ revolutionise: It is undeniable that computers have revolutionised our lives Breakthrough: One of the greatest technological breakthroughs ever made was the microchip (Progress is an uncountable word, while advance is countable So you say that “digital technology is an advance” but you cannot say that “digital technology is a progress”) Impact of technology Another common topic is to talk about what effect computer technology has had on our lives Change: It goes without saying that the computer revolution has changed all our lives Affect/effect: Generally speaking , most technology has had a beneficial effect on our lives Influence/ influential: Few inventions have had a greater influence on mankind than the computer Impact: It remains to be seen what the long-term impact of this technology will be Technology and computer words It is very easy to keep on repeating the same word without knowing it One way not to this is to change the form of the word or to use it in a different phrase Technology: One of the disadvantages of consumers of modern technology is that it rapidly becomes obsolete Technological: Simple as it is, I believe that cell phone is the most significant technological innovation Technophobe: There are a monority of people who remain technophobes and not have mobile phones or even know how to text Technophile: Other, of course, and technophiles and will buy the latest gadget whether they need it or not Computer technology/ICT: Nowadays, one of the core subjects on any school’s curriculum is ICT and it is essential for school leavers to be computer literate Information technology/IT: While computers have many possible applications, their greatest use is to allow us to exchange information- hence the name information technology Digital native: Young people have an advantage by being digital natives and having grown up with laptops and mobile phones Computer literate: It is now almost impossible to work in an office, if you are not computer literate The computer age: In fact, we could now be said to live in the computer age Adjective and Technology Cutting- edge: One such cutting-edge innovation is the concept of the cloud State-of-the-art: It is not always, however, necessary to have the latest state-ofthe-art technology Labour-saving: Perhaps the most influential inventions are relatively simple labour-saving devices such as the vacuum cleaner Advanced: More advanced technology is not always the best High: An example of this is how some high tech solutions are less reliable than the technology they replaced Outdated: The pace of change in the computer industry means that hardware can become outdated or even obsolete “obsolete” is similar in meaning to “outdated”, but is a stronger word to show that the technology is so old that it cannot be used any longer It is normal to write “high tech” rather than “high technology” Technological Device Device: We now have more leisure time because of labour-saving devices in the home such as the dishwasher Equipment: A computer is no longer a luxury, but has become an essential piece of equipment for any student or employee Gadget: We should not forget that many technological gadgets not only make out lives easier but are also fun to use Appliance: Almost all modern kitchens have several electrical appliances that save our time (A “device” is often something fairly small that allows you to complete a task There is a strong collocation (very common phrase): “labour-saving device” “Equipment” is an uncountable word so you need to say “a piece of equipment” It is a very general use word that can be used to describe almost anything mechanical “Gadget” is a word often used to describe objects that are either small or have a less serious purpose “Appliance” is typically used in the phrase “electrical appliances” (eg irons and kettles) that are less advanced technology.) FAMILY Types of family Close-knit family: We’re a pretty close-knit family, we tend to talk to each other every day Immediate/extended family: While my immediate family is quite small, my more extended family is huge – I think I have over 15(first) cousins Cousins/ relates: I get on especially well with my (first) cousin We re only a year apart in age and have grown up together Only/middle child: I’m an only child and I think because of that I have a closer relationship with my mother than some other children Separated/divorced: In fact, my parents are divorced and I was brought up by my mother Step-brother/half-brother: I guess I’m closest to my step-mother just because we’re almost the same age In-laws: Strangely enough, I think I have a closer relationship with my motherin-law than my biological mother In British English, your first cousin is the son/daughter of your uncle/aunt Relatives is a useful word to describe your extended family A half-brother/sister is when you share a parent, while a step-brother/sister is when neither parent is in common, for instance when your parent marries someone else who already had children Your mother/father-in-law is the mother/father of your husband/wife Family resemblances These words are useful for describing things that you may have in common with other members of your family (Resemble is mostly used to describe physical similarities (look like), while take after can also be used to describe other personal characteristics (you both like reading) If you quarrel or squabble with someone, it is normally a fairly minor disagreement Sibling rivalry is when brothers and sisters compete with each other.) Run in the family: A love of the outdoors runs in the family Take after/resemble: People always say I take after my father, though I think I’ much more like my mum really Family trait: One of our family traits is that we all talk all the time Our family gatherings tend to be noisy affairs! Have things in common: I think one reason why we have grown apart is that we just don’t have that much in common Quarrel/squabble with: I used to quarrel with my sister all the time when we were kids, but we get on just fine now It was just the normal sibling rivalry Get together: Although we live in different towns now, we still try to get together whenever we can Family relationships Be close to: Actually, I’m closer to my father than my mother- there’s a special bond between us Get on/along with: Although I get along well enough with my sister, I wouldn’t describe our relationship as being particularly close Admire/ look up: I really admire my mum- she really has two jobs but you’d never know it The one in the office and another one at home Rely on/depend on: I suppose her best quality is that I can always depend on her to be there for me She’s never let me down yet Look after/ take care of: My older sister was a big influence too, she really looked after me when I was younger Bring up / raise: My mum and dad really shared the responsibility of bringing us up- they shared it between themselves Age difference: I get on best with my oldest brother despite the age difference between us GLOBALIZATION The world – the countries How you describe the different regions of the world? Here are a few basic alternatives to get you started: Developing countries: Poverty is still an issua in many developing countries Less developed countries: Many less developed countries suffer from a poor transport infrastructure The industrialized world: It is the responsibility of the industrialized world to provide financial support Richer nations: Richer nations exploited the natural resources found in Africa and Asia in colonial times Superpower: While the USA was the great ecomomic superpower of the twentieth century, it seems likely that the world economy will be dominated by China and India in the twenty first century You should note some very useful world phrases: all around the world, all over the world, in all four corners of the world, worldwide, the other side of the world How to say “global” Globalization is a good word, but you need some alternatives These options allow you to use the word “global” in different ways and thinks about different aspects of globalization The global village: It is often said that we live a global village, not least because it is so easy to communicate with people all over the world The global economy: One feature of the global economy is that countries are affected by economic problems in other parts of the world Global trade: The WTO has helped reduce tariffs on global trade and this has changed the marketplace International (co-operation): This problem requires International cooperation just because it reaches beyond the borders of any one country The world: Modern telecommunication system and the internet have made the world a much smaller place Local/national/domestic: If we are to find a solution to world poverty, it is necessary to look for domestic solutions and not just international aid Ubiquitous: For example, Coca Cola is now almost ubiquitous (Ubiquitous is a nice word that means “everywhere”) Universal: A negative aspect of globalization is that some cultures are losing some of their identity, as more and more people adopt a new universal culture Co-operation and integration One key feature of globalization is that nations work together and become more integrated Co-operate: For example, countries in the EU now co-operate together to control the level of immigration Integrate: One key feature of globalization is that economies around the world have become much more closely intergrated Multilateral/ unilateral: In the world today, it is not possible for governments to adopt policies on immigration unilaterally Communication: One of the major benefits of globalization is the ease of communication in the modern world Other problems related globalisation Loss of identity: While it can be argued that globalization leads to greater harmony, one drawback is that loss of cultural identity may follow Sweatshops/ outsourcing: Too many multinational corporations make their profits by outsourcing their production to countries where labour is cheap Indeed, at times this amounts to exploitation in swearshops, with the rich getting richer and the poor poorer National sovereignty: Many people object to globalization on the grounds that it interferes with national sovereignty UNIVERSITY EDUCATION A warning – local variations This list of vocabulary comes from the British educational system Different countries and cultures frequently use their own terminology For instance, in American English it is quite possible to describe university as “college” or “school” These words mean something quite different in British English Graduate Graduate (verb): Graduate from university A graduate (noun): A graduate of Oxford university/ a graduate in economics A postgraduate (noun): He’s a postgraduate student An undergraduate (noun): Undergraduates receive a grant A fresher (noun): Life can be difficult for freshers (it can replace the word “student” note the different prepositions “of a university” and “from university” and “in a subject” graduate is quite formal so in speaking you could use “I left university” instead a fresher is a first year student, Americans use “freshman”) Level of degrees A first degree: The degree undergraduate A bachelor’s degree: A synonym for a first degree A master’s (degree): He is doing a master’s in politics A PhD or a doctorate: Only a few students go on to a PhD Types of education Higher education : University education Further education: Normally for more vocational courses and may start from the age of 16 Adult education: This is normally for non-degree programmes and often is parttime notes if you receive a degree from a university, you are in higher education if you receive a diploma or certificate, you are in further education Types of course A full- time degree course: Most students follow a full-time degree course A part –time degree course: If you are in full-time employment, a part-time may be more suitable A distance course: In the age of the internet, more and more people are studying by distance A sandwich course: If you want practical experience, a sandwich course is the best option Forms of learning Lecture: The students make notes and listen to lecturer There may be a question and answer session at the end Seminar: Often led by a student on a particular topic Normally, the idea is everyone gets the chance to talk Often follows a lecture Tutorial: Sometimes teaching one-to-one with a tutor and sometimes the same as a seminar notes and common mistakes a lecturer gives or delivers a lecture and is sometimes used as a rank of university teacher a tutor is in charge of a seminar or tutorial we don’t use “class” or “lesson” in university education (although Americans use “class”) Financial aid for students Schoolarship: She won a schoolarship for her dissertation (a scholarship is won for academic merit) Grant: Because she came from a poor background, she was given a grant by local government (typically a grant is awarded either for a particular project or to allow a student to follow a course) Loan: Almost all British undergradutes now have student loans that they need to replay when they start earning CRIME Types of crime Petty crime: Less serious crimes such as shoplifting and pickpocketing Serious crime: When the sum involved is large or the consequences more serious Violent crime: Includes assault, mugging and armed robbery White-collar crime: Crimes committed by “office works”, for example fraud Organised crime: Large scale crime by crime organisations such as the Mafia, for example smuggling Crime against property Key words for Crime Another key word here is “offence” which is a close synonym for crime It is a slightly broader word as it includes behaviour that is not necessarily criminal You can also use the phrase “criminal behaviour“ Punishments Prison : Note the vers “to imprison” and the phrase “to send to prison” Serve a prison sentence/ custodial sentence: “Serious offender should be forced to serve at least a 3-year prison sentence” Community service (order): The offender has to work that helps the community rather than go to prison A fine: People who commit some petty crimes or road traffic offences should pay a fine (receive) a caution: If the offence is less serious then the offender may be let off with a caution (be puts) on probation: Sometimes first-time offenders are not imprisoned but are placed under supervision for a set period of time to ensure their good behavior A ban: Some driving offences such as “drink driving” are punished with a ban There is a common saying that “the punishment should fit the crime“ If you wish to practise this vocabulary, a standard exercise is to look at the crimes and decide what punishment you think they should receive In some countries, there is still capital punishment/the death penalty, while this is banned in other countries An occasional IELTS essay topic is to discuss the merits of capital punishment What are the arguments for and against it? Another topic you need to consider is crime prevention Is it more effective to send someone to prison or to prevent the crime in the first place? Linked into this idea is whether prison sentences act as a deterrent to criminals The justice process The details of this will vary from the country to country, but here are some of the main ideas: Pass a law/legislate against: This is the role of government Enforce the law: An alternative phrase here is “law enforcement”: this involves the courts and the police force Investigate a crime: The first step in the criminal process Arrest a suspect: Before the trial he is “a suspect”, during the trial he is a “defendant” and, if convicted, he is then “a criminal” Punish an offender: “Offender” is another useful word for “criminal” Pass a sentence: Normally this is the role of the judge “Sentence” is also a verb/noun, so a judge may “sentence a criminal” Convict a criminal: Another phrase meaning to find someone guilty and punish them The noun “conviction” is just as common Plead innocent/guilty: In a trial the defendant can either plead guilty or innocent A court case/trial: This is what happens in the court A trial is a criminal process, whereas a court case includes proceedings for civil (non-criminal) matters Other useful phrases Law-abiding citizens: Another way to say this is “to abide by the law” To fight crime: This is the role of the police force and the courts Another way of saying this is to “tackle crime” A crime wave: When there is a rise in crime, particularly of one type To turn to crime: Another way of saying to become a professional criminal Antisocial beharvior: Behaviour that may not be against the law but disrupts the community, being drunk in public The incidence of crime: How much crime happens Motive for crime: The reason why people commit crimes Juvenile delinquency: Antisocial behavior committed by people under the ager 18 A repeat offender: Someone who has been convicted more than once ENVIRONMENT Environmental problems Green (issues): A very common synonym for “environmental” Global warming : An example of man’s effect on the environment The greenhouse effect: Connected to global warming The natural world Deforestation: Cutting down forests Rainforests : A useful example when discussing environmental problems The Environment An ecosystem: The system where plants and animals support one another (Endangered) species: Examples include the Giant Panda Biodiversity: Variety of plant and animal file in a region A habitat: The natural habitat of an animal is where it lives The planet: A synonym for the Earth The Earth: Note the capital letter and “the” The natural world: Includes both animal and plant life Pollution Dump waste : If factories dump waste, they illegally deposit (normally dangerous) waste Acid rain: rain that is “poisonous” because of the poor air quality Factories and power stations: Two examples of sources of pollution Carbon Monoxide and carbon dioxide: Names of two gases useful of discussing acid rain and the green house effect Fumes/Emissions: These are the gases that are produced by cars and factories that cause pollution Chemicals and fertilisers: Useful examples of products that cause water pollution (Industrial) waste: We also talk about waste products Air/Water quality: This can be affected by pollution Smog : An extreme form of air pollution almost like fog Pollution: Remember “air and water pollution”: other forms of the word include “pollute” and “pollutants” I would have said that one of the most serious environmental problems today is of course pollution It’s a very pressing green issue and if you travel to any of the large cities in China, for example, you’ll find that there is very bad air pollution and there is a layer of smog hanging over the cities It’s just air pollution, there is also water pollution in many parts of the world, the quality of the water is not good because rivers have been contaminated by all sorts of industrial waste, by chemicals and fertilisers And what we need to is to recycle our waste and take care of the planet and try use renewable resources where we possibly can Our effect on the natural world When we’re the discussing the environment, it’s important not to forget that our actions have an impact not only on us but on the natural world and other species So, for example, certain species are now endangered because of our actions it’s not just because of hunting, but because we have destroyed their natural habitats: they not enough food or anywhere to live If we carry on in this way, the biodiversity of the planet is under threat Global warming What’s the greatest threat to the Earth today? I’d have to say it’s probably a combination of global warming and the greenhouse effect I don’t understand all the science behind it, but I understand it’s to with the build up of gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which means that the planet is slowly but steadily getting warmer and one of the results of this is that the polar icecap is melting and the levels of the oceans are rising And it’s caused I understand by deforestation, particularly of rainforests and particularly in the Amazonian Basin And what this means is that we may be doing irreparable harm to the planet and the future of the planet for our children and our children’s children looks really rather bleak ENERGY Type of Energy Clean energy: Energy that does not create pollution Wind turbines: Modern windmills used to create power from the wind Solar panels: The implement used to create solar energy Solar energy: Energy from the sun Fossil fuels: A collective term for coal petrol and gas Natural resources: For example water, coal and gas Renewable sources: Sources of energy such as wind power and solar energy Sources of energy: A good collocation Converse energy: Another way of saying “to save energy” Useful verbs go with Energy Threat: A threat to/be under threat/ to threaten/to be threatened by Contaminate: Almost the same meaning as poison: another form of the word is “contaminated” Another idea about Energy Another extremely important green issue is of course energy There are two points to be made here The first point is that the way we use energy is causing harm to the environment Most of us get energy in the form of electricity This electricity is produced by power stations These power stations emit all sorts of dangerous gases such as carbon monoxide up into the atmosphere And these gases cause acid rain which does harm to our ecosystem and environment the second point to make about energy is we need to make sure that we are using energy in a sustainable way There is a limit to the Earth’s natural resources and there is a danger that we use so much energy the Earth is no longer going to be able to provide us with sufficient coal and fossil fuels What we need to is look for more renewable sources of energy such as wind or perhaps solar energy from the sun [...]... global warming and the greenhouse effect I don’t understand all the science behind it, but I understand it’s to do with the build up of gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which means that the planet is slowly but steadily getting warmer and one of the results of this is that the polar icecap is melting and the levels of the oceans are rising And it’s caused I understand by deforestation,... suitable A distance course: In the age of the internet, more and more people are studying by distance A sandwich course: If you want practical experience, a sandwich course is the best option 6 Forms of learning Lecture: The students make notes and listen to lecturer There may be a question and answer session at the end Seminar: Often led by a student on a particular topic Normally, the idea is everyone... year by year and are at record levels illegal logging and deforestation: It should not be forgotten that illegal logging in the Amazon Basin is still a major factor in climate change burning fossil fuels: Individuals can make a small contribution by not burning wood and other fossil fuels CO2: The root cause of much global warming is the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere 4 Possible solutions wind and. .. such as shoplifting and pickpocketing Serious crime: When the sum involved is large or the consequences more serious Violent crime: Includes assault, mugging and armed robbery White-collar crime: Crimes committed by “office works”, for example fraud Organised crime: Large scale crime by crime organisations such as the Mafia, for example smuggling Crime against property 2 Key words for Crime Another key... role of government Enforce the law: An alternative phrase here is “law enforcement”: this involves the courts and the police force Investigate a crime: The first step in the criminal process Arrest a suspect: Before the trial he is “a suspect”, during the trial he is a “defendant” and, if convicted, he is then “a criminal” Punish an offender: “Offender” is another useful word for “criminal” Pass a... This can be affected by pollution Smog : An extreme form of air pollution almost like fog Pollution: Remember “air and water pollution”: other forms of the word include “pollute” and “pollutants” I would have said that one of the most serious environmental problems today is of course pollution It’s a very pressing green issue and if you travel to any of the large cities in China, for example, you’ll... is very bad air pollution and there is a layer of smog hanging over the cities It’s just air pollution, there is also water pollution in many parts of the world, the quality of the water is not good because rivers have been contaminated by all sorts of industrial waste, by chemicals and fertilisers And what we need to do is to recycle our waste and take care of the planet and try use renewable resources... comes when adverts target young children who are too easily influenced by them Consumers: It can also be argued that consumers are able to decide for themselves what to buy Brand awareness: Advertising is essential for companies that need to build their brand awareness TECHNOLOGY 1 Progress words When you write and speak about computers and technology, very often you will be asked to say how technology... term for coal petrol and gas Natural resources: For example water, coal and gas Renewable sources: Sources of energy such as wind power and solar energy Sources of energy: A good collocation Converse energy: Another way of saying “to save energy” 2 Useful verbs go with Energy Threat: A threat to/be under threat/ to threaten/to be threatened by Contaminate: Almost the same meaning as poison: another form... that is “poisonous” because of the poor air quality Factories and power stations: Two examples of sources of pollution Carbon Monoxide and carbon dioxide: Names of two gases useful of discussing acid rain and the green house effect Fumes/Emissions: These are the gases that are produced by cars and factories that cause pollution Chemicals and fertilisers: Useful examples of products that cause water